CIVIL WAR TO CIVIL RIGHTS
Trail to Freedom Many slaves saw the arrival of the Union army in Stafford, opposite Fredericksburg, in April 1862 as a chance for freedom. Over the next few months, slaves from Fredericksburg, Stafford, Spotsylvania, and the surrounding counties fed to the Union army. It was likely the largest single exodus[mass departure] of slaves in America up to that time. However, the crossing of the Rappahannock was not the end of their journey, but the beginning. African Americans worked to gain true freedom for the next 100 years. This booklet tells some local stories of the struggles and achievements along that “trail to freedom.”
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3TAFFORD s 3POTSYLVANIA s &REDERICKSBURG s +ING 'EORGE s #ULPEPER s #AROLINE s /RANGE Black History Month Events TO CIVIL WAR CIVIL RIGHTS at Germanna Community College #REDITS About This Resource This resource guide is The articles contained within The creators of this resource The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Revisited presented by this resource are intended to believe that illustrating the The Trail to Freedom provide a few examples of broader story through local February 17 FebruarZrBook Club Discussion - FebruarZr Think Fast Trivia Game Work Committee: local history, as they ft into the stories will not only help 12:00- 1:30 PM Student Lounge Speaker Diane Freedom Summer larger national story of African students to make a stronger Fredericksburg Area Campus Nash, Freedom 8:30 AM Fredericksburg Area Campus Mr. James W. Anderson American history from the Civil connection to history, but also RiderFOR and Civil ALL YOUR STAFFING 23rd USCT & Friends of War to the Civil Rights era. understand the important role Fburg Area Battlefeld FebruarZrProgram of Praise Rights Leader FebruarZrPreacher Moss List of Contributors: The frst section summarizes the Fredericksburg region 7:00 - 9:00 PM Daniel Technology Center 12:30 PM NEEDS CALL . . . Inspirational Talk Ms. Debbie Aylor the national story as outlined played in our nation’s history. Culpeper Fredericksburg 12:00 -1:00 PM Sealy Auditorium Spotsylvania Tourism Manager The Fredericksburg Area LOCALLY OWNED Museum & Cultural Center in the Virginia Standards It is written at a student level Area Campus Fredericksburg Area Campus Ms. Denise Benedetto FebruarZrSoul Food Potluck Lunch University of Mary Washington of Learning. The rest of the so that teachers may use it Open to the public Serving the region for Women of the Civil War 11:30 AM - 1:00 PM Student Presentations, FebruarZrMovie Night: National Park Service document divides the 100 to support both reading and and free of charge. more than 20 years! Living Historian Locust Grove Campus Mississippi Burning 23rd Regiment, United States years of history into four major history learning. A timeline Mr. Luigi Benedetto Colored Troops Open Eye Beating Heart Film eras and provides local stories is provided across the bottom FOR ALL YOUR STAFFING7>Üi`ÊÃ>ÊLÕÃiÃà Stafford County Historical that reinforce the concepts in of each era. Key vocabulary Cindy DUFFER–Matern - Owner and Video Productions For more information go to www.germanna.edu Society the Standards. These eras are is highlighted, lesson ideas NEEDS540-604-5000 CALL . . . Ms. Jane Conner John J. Wright Education Emancipation, Reconstruction, are included, and additional Culpeper ÜÜÜ°>ÌViÃÌ>vw}°VFredericksburg LocustCER GTIroFvIeED GOVERNMENT Online Stafford County Historical Society & Cultural Center LOCALLY OWNED Segregation, and the Civil information is provided in the CONTRACTOR AGENT #51ZH6 Mr. Steward Henderson Central Rappahannock Rights Movement. inset boxes. Serving the region for 23rd USCT Regional Library FOR ALLFOR YOUR ALL STAFFING YOUR STAFFINGmoreFOR than ANY20 years! REASON Moncure Conway Foundation • Temp to Perm Jobs Ms. Tramia “Mia” Jackson Fredericksburg Area Museum & The Montpelier Foundation NEEDS CALLNEEDS . . . CALL . . . Try Before You Hire Cultural Center Virginia Historical Society FOR ALL YOUR STAFFING7>Üi`ÊÃ>ÊLÕÃiÃà • Long term needs while conducting employee National Baseball Hall of Fame Cindy DUFFER–Maternsearch - Owner Ms. Margaret Clay Library, Cooperstown NY 540-604-5000LOCALLY OWNED “M.C.” Moncure NEEDS CALL . . . • Seasonal Staffng National Association Stafford Tourism Manager ÜÜÜ°>ÌViÃÌ>vw}°VServing CtheERTI FregionIED •G OSpecialVER forNME ProjectsNT for the Advancement of CONTRACTOR AGENT #51ZH6 LOmoreCALLY OWNE thanD 20 •years! Short Term Needs Mr. Erik Nelson Colored People City of Fredericksburg Spotsylvania County Public ServingFOR ANY the REASONregion for Such as vacation- Êfll- in/-Ê6 Senior Planner Schools moreUÊ/i«ÊÌÊ*iÀÊLà than 20 years! • Payroll Services UÊ`ÊÃÃÃÌ>Ìà Virginia Commonwealth Try7>Üi`ÊÃ>ÊLÕÃiÃà Before You Hire Branch: 4737 Jeff. 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UÊ/i«ÊÌÊ*iÀÊLà The Trail to Freedom Committee would also like to thank the Image courtesy of UÊ`Ê• WarehouseÃÃÃÌ>Ìà Try Before You Hire students from the University of Mary Washington and Virginia The Free Lance-Star. • MedicalCorporate: 640 Lake Caroline Dr. Woman-owned smallUÊ }ÊÌiÀÊii`ÃÊÜ iÊ business Branch: 4737 Jeff DavisUÊVVÕÌ} Hwy. Commonwealth University for researching and compiling the • Information TechnologyRuther Glen Cindy Duffer-Matern—OwnerV`ÕVÌ}Êi«ÞiiÊÃi>ÀV FredericksburgUÊ ÕÃÌiÀÊ-iÀÛVi stories and articles within this booklet. This project would not be Did you know? Corporate: 640 Lake Caroline Dr., Ruther Glen possible without their contributions. UÊ-i>Ã>ÊÃÌ>vw} UÊ } ÌÊ`ÕÃÌÀ> You can trace the routes of enslaved people who traveled to freedom UÊ-«iV>Ê«ÀiVÌà UÊ*À`ÕVÌÊÜÀiÀà Ms. Melina Downs, UMW Ms. Megan Dodd, VCU CERTIFIED GOVERNMENT at www. 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Branch: 4737 Jeff Davis Hwy. Corporate: 640 Lake Caroline Dr. Fredericksburg Ruther Glen Tour a rich heritage in your very own backyard CIVIL WAR TO CIVIL RIGHTS Introduction In 1862, more than 12,000 African Americans fed The 1896 Supreme Court decision, Plessy v. Local African 1 slavery and crossed the Rappahannock River, seeking 5 Ferguson, upheld segegration laws in the South. This freedom with the Union army deployed in Stafford. case allowed discrimination against African Americans to continue. While slaves fed to freedom, American History 2 some whites and free blacks 6 In the early 1900s, many tried to pass laws abolishing slavery. African Americans from City of Fredericksburg Spotsylvania Department of Stafford Economic the South began the “Great Department of Tourism Economic Development & Tourism Development & Tourism Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, and Migration,” or move north VisitFred.com VisitSpotsy.com Stafford350.com Frederick Douglass demanded for new jobs. In Harlem, freedom for enslaved people. New York, African American Frederick Douglass artists, writers and musicians Louis Armstrong On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln celebrated their culture through art, music and dance. 3 signed the Emancipation Langston Hughes, Jacob Lawrence, Bessie Smith and Proclamation, and so the Louis Armstrong were just a few of those artists. This war to restore the Union also movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance. became a war for freedom. 7 During WWII, African American soldiers fought The Proclamation allowed against the racism of Adolf Hitler in segregated units African American men to join abroad. Experiencing racism at home, African Americans the Union army in the fght for began calling for more equal rights. During the 1950s freedom. After two more years and 1960s, they held sit-ins and freedom rides to expose of fghting, the Civil War ended injustice. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. became in a victory for the Union. The a leader in the struggle. He gave his famous ‘I Have a 13th Amendment abolished Dream’ speech at the March on Washington in 1963. Dr. slavery in the United States. King called for new laws to prevent discrimination based African Americans gained their rights as citizens when the on race, color, religion, gender or national origin. As a 14th Amendment was passed in 1868. result, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed. During Reconstruction, the Federal government created 4 The Freedmen’s Bureau. In Virginia, the Bureau One hundred years after the provided food, schools, legal protection, and medical care for 8 Civil War, Congress passed African Americans. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments two laws – the Civil Rights to the US Constitution established that all citizens were free, Act of 1964 and the Voting equally protected under the law, and that black males could Rights Act of 1965 – outlawing vote. However, many southern states passed laws-- “Black efforts to take away the rights Codes” and other laws -- that denied rights to African guaranteed by the 14th and 15th Americans. The laws limited African Americans’ ability Amendments. Despite this, the Celebrate 350 to vote, go to school, or work for fair pay. Schools, public struggle for equality continues. Years with Us! transportation, and businesses remained segregated. President Barak Obama VisitFred.com Era 1—Emancipation Era 1—Emancipation Era 1—Emancipation
Emancipation Key Vocabulary During the Civil War, the United States was divided by the issue of slavery. Slavery was part of the national economy, Secede—to remove or separate. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850—A law designed to help south- and a large part of Southern culture. Some people in the North thought that slavery should be abolished. Many southern erners recover slaves who fed to free states. states seceded from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America. President Abraham Lincoln wanted to keep the Abolish—to offcially end or stop something, such as a law. country together. Many enslaved men and women fed the southern states. On January 1, 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Abolitionist—a person who wanted to end slavery. Cavalry—troops mounted on horseback. Emancipation Proclamation offcially promising freedom to enslaved men and women in the Confederate states. In 1865, the Emancipate—to free from slavery. Regiment—a military unit. 13th Amendment extended this promise to all African Americans by abolishing slavery throughout the U.S. Moncure Conway John Washington 23rd United States Colored Troops Moncure Conway was born on John Washington lived the frst 24 On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The March 17, 1832 in Stafford County, years of his life as an enslaved man Proclamation invited African American men who escaped slavery, or were already free, to Virginia. He was a minister, in downtown Fredericksburg. As enlist in the Union Army. Many Virginia men from Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania, Stafford, and abolitionist, and writer. He lived a child, he spent hours working for the surrounding counties joined the 23rd Regiment, United States Colored Troops (USCT). in the South where many people, his owner, Catherine Taliaferro. John On May 15, 1864, The Union 2nd Ohio cavalry was chased by General Thomas Rosser’s including his own family, owned constantly looked for ways to feel Confederate cavalry brigade at the intersection of Catharpin and Old Plank Roads in slaves. free. He loved the Rappahannock, Spotsylvania, Virginia. They sent for help. The closest regiment was the 23rd USCT, two Moncure attended Harvard and often went there to swim with miles away. The black soldiers quickly came to the rescue of the white Union cavalry and Divinity School in Boston, MA. his friends. When he grew older, pushed back the Confederates. This made them the frst U.S. Colored Troops to fght in combat While at Harvard, police arrested Ms. Taliaferro rented him out for against the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. This battle, among others, proved to the a runaway slave named Anthony odd jobs, as a “twister” in a tobacco white troops on both sides that black soldiers would fght. Proudly the 23rd USCT fought for Burns. Anthony was from Stafford factory and as a barkeeper at the freedom on their home turf. John Washington Shakespeare Hotel, once located on Moncure Conway and Moncure knew him. Did you know? Under the Fugitive Slave Law, Anthony Caroline Street. John’s mother taught him to read and write. As an enslaved man, John fell in love with a free black woman, Today, local reenactors still honor the 23rd USCT’s bravery at special events. was sent back to Virginia. After this, Corporal Nimrod Burke You can visit them at www. 23rd-usct.com. Moncure decided to speak out against Annie Gordon, and married her. They belonged to Shiloh slavery and joined the abolitionist Baptist Church (Old Site) and were married for 56 years. Aquia Landing movement. He became a minister and gave In April 1862, John Washington boldly crossed the Between April and September 1862, over 12,000 enslaved men sermons against slavery. Two churches Rappahannock River to freedom. He later was reunited with and women escaped across the Rappahannock River to freedom dismissed him for his views. Annie and they lived the rest of their lives in Washington, under the protection of the Union Army. Many found paying jobs D.C. and Massachusetts. John wrote the story of his life, John with Federal forces in a whole range of duties, such as railroad Even though Moncure had to leave his construction workers, cooks, wagon drivers, horse and mule Washington’s Civil War: A Slave Narrative. home, he stood up for what he thought was handlers, and scouts. Others moved along this “Trail to Freedom” Anthony Burns right during his life. from Falmouth by rail to Aquia Landing, and then by steamship up Lesson Idea: Primary sources are the original documents from the Potomac River to Alexandria and Washington. Did you know? an era. This booklet contains many primary sources, including Every year during the third week of September visitors can photographs, paintings, and political cartoons. Examine them as Aquia Landing A second wave of unknown numbers departed through Union lines see living historians act out Civil War events at the Moncure you read this booklet to better understand and investigate each following the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Ironically, Conway House in the program, Yankees in Falmouth. Visit era. A question to think about in this section is: Did you know? Aquia Landing had been the site of several earlier slave escapes, www.tourstafford.com after Falmouth. Why do you think Corporal Nimrod Burke is posing with his pistol Aquia Landing was recognized as an important site by the most notably that of Henry “Box” Brown, an enslaved man from You can also read John Washington’s Civil War: A Slave across his chest in the photograph on the next page? National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom in 2009. Richmond who escaped by mailing himself to Philadelphia in a Narrative at your local library. wooden box. 1832 1854 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1865 Moncure Conway is born Anthony Burns is arrested Civil War begins John Washington crosses Pres. Abraham Lincoln signs the USCT “pushes” back 13th Amendment Civil War Ends and tried in Boston the Rappahannock River Emancipation Proclamation the Confederates frees the slaves Era 2—Reconstruction Era 2—Reconstruction Era 2—Reconstruction
Reconstruction Key Vocabulary The purpose of Reconstruction was to help the South reunite with the Union and rebuild the divided nation in the years Reconstruction—The period after the Civil War Sharecropper—A farmer who raises crops for the owner following the Civil War. Tensions were high in the South as the Union military took control of the southern states (1865-1877) in which the former Confederate states of a piece of land and is paid a portion of the money and unwanted Northerners or “carpetbaggers” traveled to the region. Congress also experienced diffculties as many were reorganized and readmitted into the Union. from the sale of the crops. Congressmen could not agree on how to reconstruct the nation. These strains were made worse by the assassination of Freedmen—Former slaves who were freed by the 13th Carpetbaggers—Northerners who traveled to the South Abraham Lincoln. This placed Andrew Johnson, a southern Democrat, as President. Despite the many disputes about Amendment which banned slavery. after the war to seek some type of opportunity. They Reconstruction, the creation of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were important in protecting newly freed slaves’ Freedmen’s Bureau—a government agency that included teachers, ministers, Freedmen’s Bureau agents, rights during this period. Federal and local organizations were created to ensure that freedmen’s new rights were protected. provided food, schools, and medical care for freed or businessmen. Many were resented by Southerners. African Americans and others in Virginia.
The Freedmen’s Bureau Sharecropping George Gilmore The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen’s Bureau) Sharecropping became very common in the South during George Gilmore was provided food, shelter, clothing, medical needs, and education to freedmen in the Reconstruction. It provided jobs to poor whites and freed born into slavery South from 1864–1872. The Bureau founded schools throughout Virginia, which slaves in rural areas like Spotsylvania and Caroline counties. in the early 1800s. allowed newly freed slaves, regardless of their age, to receive an education. Sharecroppers worked someone else’s land and earned a share He was born at of the proft from the crop. This system however, left many Montpelier, the home In 1865, the Freedmen’s Bureau came to Fredericksburg and opened a headquarters sharecroppers in debt to their landowners if the crop did not of President James on Princess Anne Street. Many whites and freedmen argued over land and labor do well. Many were forced to stay and work on the owner’s Madison, in Orange, rights in the South. The Fredericksburg Freedmen’s Bureau land for very little pay. Sometimes these landowners refused to Virginia. After nearly court spent much of their time addressing these cases. pay the sharecroppers for their work. This was recorded in one 50 years of living Did you know? Freedmen’s Bureau case in 1867, when John Hoffman did not as a slave, Gilmore pay Charles Holmes for working almost a year on his land. became free at the The Freedmen’s Bureau offce was located in the Freedmen’s Bureau end of the Civil War. Farmer’s Bank Building (later the National Bank of George Gilmore Cabin Fredericksburg building)? He built a cabin in Lesson Idea: the early 1870s for his wife and children out of Confederate soldiers’ huts. The Union Branch of the True Vine Learning about the past involves using all of your skills, including reading, math, and science. Can you solve the word He supported his family through carpentry, saddle making, and The Union Branch of the True Vine was an organization formed near the White problem below? farming. Gilmore was one of six African Americans in Orange Oak area in Stafford, County. With the help of the Freedmen’s Bureau, it provided Costs for 1 Year County who could read and write. On February 28, 1901, James community support to freedmen farmers. The Union Branch established schools Rent for House ...... $5 Madison’s nephew sold 16.1 acres to Gilmore for $560. At the and churches, as well as helping to rebuild people’s homes. Its members helped Rent for Tools ...... $1 age of 95, Gilmore died as a free man who owned his own farm to work farmers’ crops and raise their livestock when they were unable to do so. Seed to Plant Crop ...... $2 and house, a long way from being born as an enslaved man. They took care of the sick and helped bury the dead when needed. Leaders of Feed for Animals ...... $1 this organization were important members of the African American community As a sharecropper in Caroline County, you signed a contract in Stafford. This included York Johnson, the frst pastor of Bethlehem Primitive with the owner to get 10% of the proft from the crop. Use the Did you know? Baptist Church (which split from White Oak Church, 1868). This church still serves chart above to determine your total cost. How much does the You can visit George Gilmore’s home and the recently restored 1910 segregated train station at James Madison’ today as the “home church” of the Union Branch of the True Vine. entire crop need to sell for in order for you to make any money? Montpelier. Visit www.montpelier.org. Union Branch of the True Vine Lodge
1865 1865 1865 1868 1869 1876 1877 1901 13th Amendment abolishes Abraham Lincoln Freedmen’s Bureau offce opens 14th amendment gives Freedmen 15th amendment gives former Presidential election of Rutherford Compromise of 1877 George Gilmore slavery in the U.S. is assassinated in Fredericksburg equal rights under the law slaves the right to vote B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden ends Reconstruction. purchases 16.1 acres Era 3—Segregation Era 3—Segregation Era 3—Segregation
Segregation Key Vocabulary During the Segregation era, “Jim Crow” Laws separated African Americans from white residents because of their skin color. Segregation—The seperation of people based on race, The Great Migration—Millions of African Americans Many African Americans moved north in the Great Migration in hopes of escaping discrimination and fnding jobs. Booker religion, class or ethnic group. traveled to northern and western states trying to escape poverty and discrimination, wanting to fnd better jobs, T. Washington encouraged the African American community to accept segregation while seeking an industrial education. Civil Rights—The rights each person has as a citizen of the housing, and school opportunities. W.E.B. Du Bois wanted equality in education. He also believed accepting segregation would limit African Americans to United States. low paying jobs. Both leaders promoted the education of African Americans. Local leaders agreed and helped establish “Jim Crow” Laws—Laws passed to discriminate against Harlem Renaissance— A cultural movment of African schools such as John J. Wright in Spotsylvania, H.H. Poole in Stafford, and Ralph K. Bunche in King George. African Americans characterized by unequal opportunities American painters, artists, writers, poets, and musicians who in housing, work, education, and government. made African American culture the main subject of their art. Did you know? In 1910, Virginia law stated that any person with one-sixteenth or more African American blood would be label as “colored”. Dr. Urbane Bass Palmer C. Hayden The Right to Vote John Preston “Pete” Hill In 1907, Dr. Urbane Bass became The 1902 Constitution of Virginia required all citizens to pass a John Preston Hill, nickname Pete, was the frst African American literacy test and pay a poll tax in order to vote. This “Jim Crow” born October 12th, 1882 in Culpeper, physician in Fredericksburg law often prevented African Americans and poor whites from Virginia. He lived there with his mother since the Reconstruction period. voting. Many black residents could not read or write, or afford and his two brothers until the family He set up the Commerce Street the $1.50 tax. Reverend B.H. Hester and the Reverend A.L. moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as Pharmacy (now William Street) in Johnson taught night school in Fredericksburg to help adults part of the Great Migration. downtown Fredericksburg. Bass mainly treated African Americans learn to read and write. Sadie Combs and Cora Jackson Wright During the Segregation era, African who couldn’t pay for a doctor. provided a night school in Spotsylvania County. These night Americans were not allowed to play These families would barter with schools would often take place in local churches. Residents on white major league baseball teams. food or a service. Bass traveled to also helped each other in different ways; Warren W. Lee Sr. Therefore, the Negro National Baseball Baptism Day, 1945, Museum of African American Art would drive people to voting stations if they couldn’t get there his patients’ homes, doing surgery League was established in 1885. Harlem Renaissance painter Palmer C. Hayden was born on themselves. on the kitchen table if necessary. John Preston Hill At the age of 16, Pete started playing January 15, 1890, and grew up along the Potomac River in Dr. Urbane Bass When the United States entered Widewater, Virginia. Hayden began drawing when he was four The chart below shows how the number of voters decreased professional baseball for the Pittsburgh Keystones. When he World War I in 1917, Dr. Bass volunteered to be sent to France years old, often making doodles on his slate board during class. when the voting tax and test became required in 1902. How many turned 19 years old, he became an outfelder for the Cuban to be a doctor for the army. He was killed while caring for the African Americans, in each county, stopped voting between 1900 X-Giants in New York and later played for the Philadelphia wounds of soldiers on the battlefeld in 1918. After his death, he Hayden left home when he was sixteen to travel to Washington and 1902 because of poll taxes and literacy tests? Giants. Hill was known for his famous left-handed swing, was given the Distinguished Service Cross for his bravery and D.C. There he tried to get work as an artist, but was rejected because of his skin color. He worked many different jobs, 2500 scoring runs in 115 out of 116 games. After the major leagues, is the frst African American commissioned offcer to be buried including as a laborer for the Ringling Brothers Circus, before 2153 Colored Voters Pete managed several baseball teams. He even started a minor in the Fredericksburg National Cemetery. 2000 league team named the Buffalo Red Sox in New York. joining the army. White Voters Did you know? After the army Hayden moved to New York City and dedicated 1500 1463 Did you know? In 1920, the Bass family dedicated a stained-glass his life to creating art that showed the everyday life of African 1075 998 1000 Hill was named the fourth best outfelder in Negro League history. window to Dr. Bass in the sanctuary of Shiloh Americans. He was also one of the frst black artists to use 681 Baptist Church (New Site) on Princess Anne Street. African themes in his paintings. 500 353 Timelines help us organize events in order so that Where on the timeline below would the beginning of literacy tests 153 65 Lesson Idea: Did you know? and poll taxes in Virginia go? What previous court case made 0 we can see relationships between events. Sometimes they go left to Scenes in Virginia and New York inspired many of Hayden’s 1900 1902 1900 1902 these restrictions legal? What organization was later founded to right, like in this booklet. Sometimes they run top to bottom. Use paintings. Baptism Day (above) depicts a baptism in Widewater Culpeper Fredericksburg fght discrimination against African Americans? the timeline below to answer the following questions: (Stafford) Virginia.” 1877 1896 1898 1901 1907 1909 1910 1926 Reconstruction Plessy v. Ferguson Pete Hill joins the Pittsburg, Booker T. Washington Dr. Bass becomes the frst W.E.B. Du Bois helps Start of the Great Migration Hayden’s frst solo Ends Keystones at age 16 writes Up From Slavery black doctor in Fredericksburg create the NAACP exhibition in New York Era 4—Civil Rights Era 4—Civil Rights Era 4—Civil Rights Civil Rights Key Vocabulary Segregation—The seperation of people based on Massive Resistance—The process of resisting the desegregation of The Civil Rights era was an important period in our nation’s history. Court cases like Brown v. Board of Education race, religion, class or ethnic group. schools throughout Virginia. challenged the “Jim Crow” laws, and segregation in schools and other public places. Virginia refused to integrate schools Integration—Full equality of people of all races in NAACP —National Association for the Advancement of Colored for a number of years in what was called massive resistance. National leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dr. the use of public facilities and services. People was one of the earliest national civil rights organizations. James Farmer fought for integration and equality for all. Organizations like the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) helped organize African Americans to protest peacefully against unfair practices and Desegregate—To abolish racial segregation. Discrimination—The practice of unfairly treating a person or group brought lawsuits challenging discrimination. Sit-in—A form of non-violent protest to bring of people differently from other people or groups of people. attention to an issue. Desegregation of Stafford NAACP The NAACP played an important Fredericksburg Sit-ins Freedom Riders County Schools role in the Civil Rights movement. In the summer of 1961, thirteen protesters arrived in Fredericksburg on On September 1, 1960 Local branches helped organize events like the Fredericksburg sit-ins a Greyhound Bus. They were known as fve African American Freedom Riders. They wanted to test a students (Gordon White, in 1960 and gave legal help in civil rights cases. Supreme Court decision called Boynton Gary Mercer, Vines v. Virginia, which established that Cunningham, Lois Mae, In the early 1950s, the famous civil segregation of travel facilities was illegal. Stevenson Tyler, and rights attorney Thurgood Marhsall, Fredericksburg was not one of these Rudolph Beverly) tried who argued the Supreme Court case places and did not stop black Freedom to enroll in the segregated Brown v. Board of Education, visited Riders from using white facilities. One Stafford High School. the 7117 branch in Spotsylvania Students at a sit-in of the leading members of this protest James Farmer The superintendent, T. County to meet with people from Beginning in July of 1960, young members of the Fredericksburg Thurgood Marshall NAACP and local high school students from Walker Grant High was James Farmer. Farmer was the director of CORE (The Benton Gayle, claimed the community. Thurgood Marshall Congress of Racial Equality), the non-violent interracial group their applications were became the frst black justice on the Supreme Court in 1967. School, organized sit-ins at the segregated lunch counters of Woolworths, Peoples Drug Store, and Grants Pharmacy. that planned the Freedom Rides. Years later, after the Civil Rights submitted too late and Unit 7058 of the NAACP, located in Culpeper County was Movement, Farmer served as a professor at the University of They were reminded by Miss Gladys Poles Todd and other they were denied. founded in 1953. This branch, like the branches in Spotylvania, Mary Washington NAACP members to dress neatly and were told not to touch Cynthia Monague walking to school Before this, these students Stafford, and Fredericksburg, helped African Americans in the (formerly Mary any merchandise in case they were accused of theft. When the went to H.H. Poole, the segregated school for black students. area fnd lawyers and other assistance in civil rights cases. Washington College) students sat at the white only lunch counters waiting to be served, Students at H.H. Poole received most of their materials as hand- in Fredericksburg Did you know? the stores would usually shut down portions of the counter or set me-downs from Stafford High. The actions taken by the fve until he retired in blankets on the seats. students encouraged other African American students to also Ralph Bunche High School in King George County was founded 1998. He received apply to Stafford schools. as a result of a 1947 NAACP lawsuit, which challenged the The lunch counters were reopened only when a white customer the Presidential In 1961, Cynthia and Dorethia Montague were the frst students equality of black and white schools, Margaret Smith v. King wanted to sit down. This caused the businesses to lose customers Medal of Freedom in to enroll in the newly desegregated Stafford Elementary School. George County Schools. The NAACP won the case and the and money. These combined actions worked and by the end of 1998 from President school was built. It was closed in 1968 when King George The next year, twenty-fve African American students enrolled the summer all of the local lunch counters in Fredericksburg Bill Clinton. integrated schools. Today, Ralph Bunche High School is listed served African American customers. at Stafford High. Many believed that this was possible because on the National Register of Historic Places. of the actions of the fve students. Gary Mercer, one of the fve Did you know? Did you know? Lesson Idea: Reading and writing about the past is a big part of “pioneers” said: “We made the attempt because someone had to The Spotsylvania & Culpeper branches of the NAACP still what historians do. Can you read the articles in this era and write a The 50th anniversary of the Freedom Rides was in the summer of do it”. Over the next several years, schools in Fredericksburg, exist today. Visit their websites at www.naacpspotsylvania.org/ 2011. There is a documentary about the Freedom Riders available at: paragraph telling 3 ways people fought to end segregation? Spotsylvania and other counties integrated. and www.naacpculpeper.com/ www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/ 1909 1954 1958-59 1961 1961 1963 1964-65 1985 NAACP is Brown v. Board of VA calls “Massive Resistance” Freedom Riders pass Stafford County schools Dr. King gives his famous Civil Rights and Voting James Farmer begins to Founded Education case to integration of schools through Fredericksburg begin desegregation “I Have a Dream” speech Rights Acts are passed teach at UMW CIVIL WAR TO CIVIL RIGHTS CIVIL WAR TO CIVIL RIGHTS Emancipation: Schools, Norman. Virginia Shade: An Powell, Richard J., and David A. Bailey. Images of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Segregation Downs, Melina. Interview with Norman African American History of Falmouth, Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Catalogue. Accessed April 9, 2013. http:// Hayden, Palmer C(Payton Cole Hedgemon). Schools. Interview. Moncure Conway House, Virginia. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2012. Renaissance. London: Hayward Gallery, Introduction & Emancipation www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003674596/ Baptizing Day. 1945. Oil on Canvas. February 22, 2013. Segregation: 1997. Andrews, John. Anthony Burns. Engraving. Louis Armstrong, head-and-shoulders Museum of African American Art, Los Reilly, Conor. “The Story is Really From Library of Congress Prints & portrait, facing left, playing trumpet. 1953. “Emancipation Proclamation.” PBS. Bearden, Romare and Harry Henderson. A Angeles Amazing: Urbane Bass.” Free Lance– Photographs Online Catalogue. Accessed Photo. From Library of Congress Prints & (Accessed February 19, 2013.) http://www. John Preston Hill. Photograph. “Hill, Pete History of African-American Artists: From Star (Fredericksburg), February 21, 2004. January 14, 2014. http://www.loc.gov/ Photographs Online Catalogue. Accessed pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1549.html. Baseball Hall of Fame Preserving History. 1792 to the Present. New York: Pantheon (Accessed June 23, 2013.) http://news. pictures/item/2003689280/ April 9, 2013. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/ Accessed August 2, 2013. http://baseballhall. “Frederick Douglass.” PBS. (Accessed Books, 1993. google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=200 item/00652636/ Acquia (i.e. Aquia) Creek Landing, Va. org/hof/hill-pete. Image courtesy of the February 19, 2013.) http://www.pbs.org/ Blair, J.F. The Negro in Virginia. Winston- 40221&id=gDQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5QgGA Digital ID: (digital fle from original item) Moncure Conway. 1860. Oil on National Baseball Hall of Fame Library, wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html. Salem, N.C.: Virginia Writers’ Program, AAAIBAJ&pg=4627,5566016. ppmsca 33253 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ Canvas. Moncure Conway Foundation. Cooperstown NY “Gilmore.”James Madison’s Montpelier. 1994. ppmsca.33253. Reproduction Number: LC- Accessed February 26, 2013. http:// Civil Rights: Urbane F. Bass, M.D.].1918.Photoprint. (Accessed April 4, 2013.) http://www. Bunie, Andrew. The Negro in Virginia DIG-ppmsca-33253 (digital fle from original encyclopediavirginia.org/media_ “About James Farmer.” Will you? Get on History of Medicine (NLM). Accessed montpelier.org/research-and-collections/ Politics, 1902-1965. Charlottesville, V.A.: item) LC-B8184-7446 (b&w flm copy neg.) player?mets_flename=evm00000523mets. the Bus: Freedom Riders 50th Anniversary January 22, 2014. http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/ people/african-americans/post-emancipation/ University Press of Virginia, 1967. Repository: Library of Congress Prints and xml Celebration. (Accessed Jan 13, 2014.) http:// Photographs Division Washington, D.C. luna/servlet/view/search?q=B02454 gilmore. Fitzgerald, Ruth Coder. A Different Story: O’Sullivan, Timothy H. Rappahannock freedomrides.umw.edu/about-james-farmer/. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp Urbane Bass Stained Glass, 1920. Image John Hennessey, e-mail messages to Melina A Black history of Fredericksburg, Stafford, River, Virginia. Fugitive Negroes fording Beals, Jonas. “Stafford School courtesy of Shiloh Baptist Church (Old Site) Downs, March –April 2013. and Spotsylvania, Virginia. Greensboro, Frederick Douglass, 1879. Photo. National the Rappahannock.(During Pope’s retreat). Pioneers Honored.” Free Lance– Matt Reeves, e-mail messages to Melina N.C.: Unicorn, 1979. Archives, Frank W. Legg Photographic 1862. Photo. Library of Congress Prints & Star (Fredericksburg). February 24, Civil Rights Downs, March – April 2013. Collection of Portraits of Nineteenth-Century Photographs Online Catalogue . Accessed Gordon, Allan M. Echoes of Our Past: The 2009. (Accessed Jan 14, 2014.) http:// Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, Notables Collection FL. Accesed April 9, February 19, 2013.http://www.loc.gov/ Cynthia Montague walks toward Stafford Narrative Artistry of Palmer C. Hayden. Los fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2009/022009 2013. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/ pictures/item/cwp2003005824/PP/ Elementary School on Sept. 5, 1961, 11th ed., s.vv. “Abolitionist.” “Cavalry.” Angeles: The Museum of African American /02242009/447201. documented-rights/exhibit/section2/detail/ President Barack Obama. Photo.The White accompanied by her parents (right) and “Regiment.”Merriam-Webster, Inc, 2003. Art, 1988. Brown, Elexxus.” Stafford Pioneers frederick-douglass.html House. Accessed April 9, 2013. http://www. family friend William Braxton. 1961. http://www.merriam-webster.com/.(Accessed Hall, Jim. “Doctor’s Example Shines, Remembered.” Stafford High School. General Order No. 143, 1863. National whitehouse.gov/administration/president- Photograph. From Jonas Beals, “Stafford February 2013) Church Window Marks City Life, Wartime October 2010. http://stafford.high. Archives Records of the Adjutant obama School Pioneers Honored.” Free Lance-Star Schools, Norman. “Moncure Conway Death.” Free Lance–Star (Fredericksburg), schoolfusion.us/modules/groups/ General’s Offce. Accessed March Stolbridge& Co. Lith. Abraham Lincoln (Fredericksburg). February 24, 2009. Image (1832-1907).” Encyclopedia Virginia. February 24, 1990. (Accessed July 16, homepagefles/cms/133872/File/October%20 23, 2013. http://blogs.archives.gov/ and his Emancipation Proclamation.1888. courtesy of the Free Lance-Star. (Last modifed April 5, 2011.) http:// 2013.) http://news.google.com/newspapers?n 2010%20newsletter.pdf. todaysdocument/2011/05/22/may-22- Chromolithograph. From Library of Fredericksburg Sit-ins.1960. Photograph. encyclopediavirginia.org/conway_moncure_ id=9fRKRCJz75UC&dat=19900224&prints creation-of-the-us-colored-troops/ Dyson, Cathy. “Stafford Desegregation Congress Prints & Photographs Online Free Lance-Star. Image courtesy of the Free daniel_1832-1907#start_entry. ec=frontpage&hl=en. Pioneers Remembered.” Free Lanc– Gilmore Cabin and Farm. Photo. James Catalogue. Accessed April 9, 2013. http:// Lance-Star. Steward Henderson, interview by Melina “Hill, Pete.” Baseball Hall of Fame Star (Fredericksburg), September Madison’s Montpelier website. Accessed www.loc.gov/pictures/item/97507511/ James Farmer at a meeting of American Downs, February 28, 2013. Preserving History. (Accessed August 2, 7, 2010. (Accessed Jan 14, 2014.) March 22, 2013.http://www.montpelier.org/ Reconstruction Society of Newspaper Editors, bust portrait, research-and-collections/people/african- Trail to Freedom. (Accessed February to 2013.) http://baseballhall.org/hof/hill-pete. http://fredericksburg.com/News/ Gilmore Cabin and Farm. Photo. Image courtesy seated at a table before a microphone. 1964. americans/post-emancipation/gilmore April 2013.) http://www.trailtofreedom.com/. Kirkland, Kevin. “John Preston ‘Pete’ Hill FLS/2010/092010/09072010/573157/mobile. of The Montpelier Foundation. James Photograph. From Library of Congress Print John Washington. Photo. “John Had Storied Career in Black Baseball.” Hennessey, John. “Sit-in Corner.” Madison’s Montpelier. Accessed March 22, & Photograph Collection Online Catalogue. Reconstruction: Washington and the Emergence of a Voice Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 8, 2010. Fredericksburg Remembered (blog). 2013.http://www.montpelier.org/research- Accessed January 22, 2014. http://www.loc. Hakim, Joy. Reconstruction and Reform for Fredericksburg’s Slaves, Part 1.” (Accessed July 19, 2013.) http://www.post- http://fredericksburghistory.wordpress. and-collections/people/african-americans/ gov/pictures/item/2003688125/ 1865-1870. New York: Oxford University Fredericksburg Remembered, a blog by gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/john- post-emancipation/gilmore Freedom Rides map. Courtesy of the com/2011/08/04/sit-in-corner-july-1960/. John Hennessey. Accessed April 9, 2013. Press, 1999. preston-pete-hill-had-storied-career-in-black- Todd, Gladys Poles. “Sitting in With the Sit- http://fredericksburghistory.wordpress. Union Branch of the True Vine Lodge. Associated Press Littlefeld, Keith Edward. Economic baseball-258609. Ins.” In A Different Story: A Black History of Photograph.(Virginia, 1940) Offcial portraits of the 1976 U.S. Supreme Challenge and Mercantile Enterprise in a com/2010/06/09/john-washington-and-the- O’Brion, Catherine Greer. Coping with Jim Fredericksburg, Stafford, and Spotsylvania, Waud, A.R. The Freedmen’s Bureau. Court: Justice Thurgood Marshall.1976. Southern Urban System: A Case Study of emergence-of-a-voice-for-fredericksburgs- Crow. Charlottesville, V.A.: C.G. O’Brion, Virginia, by Ruth Coder Fitzgerald. slaves-part-1/ Illustration. Harper’s Weekly, July 25, Photo. From Library of Congress Print & Fredericksburg, Virginia, 1835-1880. Ann 1990. Greensboro, N.C.: Unicorn, 1979. 1868. From Library of Congress Prints & Photograph Collection Online Catalogue. Arbor, MI: UMI Company, 1999. Lindsley, H.B. Harriet Tubman, full-length portrait, standing with hands on back of Photographs Online Catalogue. Accessed Accessed January 22, 2014. http://www.loc. a chair. 1860-1875. Photo. From Library January 22, 2014.http://www.loc.gov/ gov/pictures/item/2002721282/ pictures/item/92514996/ CIVIL WAR TO CIVIL RIGHTS
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