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ON TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT OF LYGAEOIDEAN FAUNA (LYGAEOIDEA: HETEROPTERA: HEMIPTERA) OF GORUMARA NATIONAL PARK AND CHAPRAMARI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Somnath Dhali* and Nilay Ray**

* Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur, Paschim Burdwan, West Bengal, INDIA, PIN – 713214. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6219-8882 ** Associate Professor, P. G. Dept. of Zoology, Hooghly Mohsin College, Chinsurah, Hooghly, West Bengal, INDIA, PIN – 712101. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0767-7180

[Dhali, S. & Ray, N. 2021. On taxonomic account of Lygaeoidean fauna (Lygaeoidea: Heteroptera: Hemiptera) of Gorumara National Park and Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 16 (1): 233-254]

ABSTRACT: The present communication is dedicated to the systematics of 11 Lygaeoidean species distributed in 8 genera under 2 families viz. Lygaeidae containing 5 and Rhyparochromidae containing 6 species, filed for the first time from Gorumara National Park and Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary. Of these, two Lygaeids namely Aethalotus indicatus Distant and Astacops occidentalis Distant and two Rhyparochromids namely Lachnophorus singalensis (Dohrn) and Pseudopachybrachius undulatus (Dohrn) are recorded from the State, West Bengal for first time. The important diagnostics, body parts’ measurements, illustrations with photographs of dorsal habitus, camera lucida drawings of different body parts and distribution across the world as well as state wise within India for each of the recorded taxa are presented in this paper. Furthermore, the present converse also includes the keys to the families, tribes, genera and species of the records.

KEY WORDS: Lygaeoidea, new record, Gorumara National Park, Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal, India

The superfamily Lygaeoidea of the infra-order Pentatomorpha comprises of more than 4200 described species belonging to over 500 genera, distributed in 16 families across the world (Henry et al., 2015). The representatives of the 8 families, namely Artheneidae, Blissidae, Cymidae, Geocoridae, Heterogastridae, Lygaeidae, Pachygronthidae and Rhyparochromidae are supposed to know and comprised with more than 292 species under 112 genera from India (Saha et al., 2016). The entire perception on the group and the current taxonomic status and distributional pattern of the recorded taxa for the present communication are from Scudder (1963), Slater (1964), Malipatil (1978), Harrington (1980), Schuh & Slater (1995), Slater & O’Donnell (1995), Henry (1997, 2009), Péricart (2001), Cassis & Gross (2002), Kondorosy et al. (2014, 2016), Henry et al. (2015), Kment et al. (2017) and Dellapé & Henry (2020). The information gathered from the previous studies from India unfolds the knowledge on the total number of known species is confined to the monographic works of Distant (1903, 1910). Although, most notable regional works on Indian Lygaeoidean bugs from the country were done by Mukhopadhyay (1988), Chakraborty & Ghosh (1994), Hegde (1995),

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Ghosh et al. (2006), Saha & Bal (2010), Chandra & Kushwaha (2012, 2014), Gupta & Singh (2014), Saha et al. (2016). The adjoining reserve forests to have with tropical savannas and grasslands, both the Gorumara National Park (GNP) and Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary (CWLS), are extended in the Terai-Duar region of Indo-Malayan Biogeographic (Olson & Dinerstein, 2002). For details, please visit https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Gorumara_National_Park and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapramari_ Wildlife_Sanctuary.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The extensive surveys were carried out in different beats/localities like Bichabhanga, Bodhuram, Dhupjhora, Medlajhora, Chukchuki, Gorumara, Jatraprasad, Murti, Khunia, Chandrachur of Gorumara National Park and Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary during 2016 to 2019. At least twice field visits in each of 3 main seasons namely, summer (February to May), rainy (June to September) and winter (October to January) were made except the period of 15th June to 15th September, as the forests remain closed during at that period of a calendar year. Insects net sweeping, bush beating under inverted umbrella, numerous pit fall traps and hand picking techniques were used for collection of the samples. UV light traps in evening time were also used for this purpose. After collection, the samples were kept in 70% alcohol in glass vials for preservation and the necessary data as the localities from where bugs were collected; collectors’ name and date of collection were noted down in the field. On returned to the laboratory of the Hooghly Mohsin College, Chinsurah, Hooghly, the bugs were stretched, dried, pinned, labeled and preserved in insects’ cabinet for further study. For morphological study, the collected sample was taken under the stereo zoom binocular microscope (Zeiss Stemi SV6). Photographs and drawings of body parts of each species were made with aids of necessary attachments to the microscope. All measurements were taken in millimeter. Abbreviations used for body parts’ measurements are as AbL- Abdominal length; AtL- Antennal length total, AtS1-Antennal 1st segment, AtS2-Antennal 2nd segment, AtS3-Antennal 3rd segment, AtS4-Antennal 4th segment; AOL- Ante ocular length; HdL- Head length; HdW- Head width across eyes; IOD- Inter ocular distance; IOcD- Inter ocellar distance; POL- Post ocular length; PrL- Pronotal length; PrW- Pronotal width across humeral angles; RsL- Rostral length total, RsS1-Rostral 1st segment, RsS2-Rostral 2nd segment, RsS3-Rostral 3rd segment, RsS4-Rostral 4th segment; ScL- Scutellar length; ScW- Scutellar width at base; ToL- Total length; WnL- Wing length; WnW- Wing width across membrane.

RESULTS

Systematic account of the members of Superfamily Lygaeoidea from Gorumara National Park (GNP) and Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary (CWLS) is documented herewith.

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Superfamily LYGAEOIDEA

Key to families: 1. Body colour bright, usually either with orange or red or yellow or black markings; head without trichobothria; hemelytra mostly impunctate (except the members of the subfamily Ischnorhynchinae); anterior femora usually unarmed; suture between abdominal sternal segment 4 and 5 usually not forwardly curved; spiracles of abdomen mostly dorsally placed…………………………………………………………………………….....………. LYGAEIDAE Shilling - Body colour dull, usually either with brown or mottled brown or black or white markings; head with trichobothria; hemelytra mostly punctate; anterior femora usually incrassate and armed with stout spines; suture between abdominal sternal segment 4 and 5 usually forwardly curved; position of spiracles on abdomen variable…………………………………………… ……………………………………………………..…………. RHYPAROCHROMIDAE Amyot & Serville

Family LYGAEIDAE Shilling, 1829 Subfamily Lygaeinae

Key to genera: 1. Eyes pedunculated or stylated; rostrum reaching up to the mid coxae…………….……………. 2 - Eyes not pedunculated nor stylated; rostrum passing the mid coxae and sometimes extending up to the hind coxae……………………………………………………………………….……………. 3

2. Eyes pedunculated; ocelli about twice (sometimes only one and a half times) as far removed from each other as from eyes; pronotum punctate; 1st tarsal segment of posterior leg shorter than 2 apical segments taken together…………………….……………. Aethalotus Stål - Eyes stylated; oeclli much closer to each other; pronotum impunctate; 1st tarsal segment of posterior leg longer than 2 apical segments taken together….……………. Astacops Boisduval

3. Opening of metathoracic scent gland and osteolar peritreme well developed; posterior margin of metasternum obliquely truncate; femora usually unarmed in both sexes…………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………….……… Graptostethus Stål - Opening of metathoracic scent gland and osteolar peritreme obsolete; posterior margin of metasternum straight or somewhat roundly truncate; femora usually spinose in male………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….………. Spilostethus Stål

Genus Aethalotus Stål, 1874 1874. Aethalotus Stål, En. Hem. 4: 98, 100 Diagnosis: Body usually oblong; head triangular, much shorter than broad and deflected anteriorly; eyes pedunculate, ocelli about twice (sometimes 1.5 times) as far removed from each other as from eyes; 1st antennal segment short, not passing the apex of head; rostrum moderate in length, not passing the hind coxae; pronotum trapezoidal shaped, punctate; scutellum equilateral; femora unarmed. Type species: Astacops afzelii Stål Distribution: Afro tropical, Indo-Malayan, Palearctic (Distant, 1910; Slater, 1964; Péricart, 2001).

Aethalotus indicatus Distant, 1909 (Fig. 1 & Fig. 12 (a-g) 1909. Aethalotus indicatus Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 3: 318 1910. Aethalotus indicatus Distant, Faun. Brit. India, Rhynch. 5: 3-4 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 6.21; HdL= 0.94, HdW= 1.59; AOL= 0.44; POL= 0.19; AtL= 3.40, AtS1= 0.36, AtS2= 0.86, AtS3= 0.82, AtS4= 1.36; IOD= 1.00;

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IOcD= 0.50; RsL= 2.25, RsS1= 0.59, RsS2= 0.79, RsS3= 0.48, RsS4= 0.39; PrL= 1.19, PrW= 1.59; ScL= 0.84, ScW= 0.78; WnL= 4.04, WnW= 1.23; AbL= 3.25. Diagnostic characters (Fig. 1): Body oblong, sub-elongate, piceous black, scarcely punctate, with small grey hairs. Head: Head (Fig. 12a) almost triangular, dark piceous, much shorter than broad, anteriorly deflected, stylus longer than jugum, broadly and longitudinally impressed between the ocelli, impression marginally ridged; antennae (Fig.12b) piceous black, pilose, 4 segmented; eyes dark piceous, pedunculate, large, globose, sessile; ocelli reddish, transparent, about twice as far removed from each other as from eyes; rostrum 4 segmented, piceous, reaching mid coxae. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 12c) piceous black and with lateral margins excluding basal angular areas dull sanguineous, trapezoidal, shorter than broad, strongly transversely impressed, lateral margins very scarcely sinuate, basal margin nearly straight, humeral angle almost rounded; scutellum (Fig. 12d) piceous black, triangular, with central longitudinal ridge; fore wing (Fig. 12e) - corium piceous black, membrane blackish, hyaline with simple veins; sternum black, pro-sternum dull sanguineous, meso and meta-sternum black, pro-sternal plate flat, meso sternal plate medially raised, meta-sternal plate medially longitudinally slightly sulcate, metathoracic scent gland ostioles small and obliquely placed; legs (Fig. 12f) of moderate in size, black, unarmed, pilose, coxae and trochanters dull ochraceous, hind femora slightly thickened, tarsi 3 segmented, 1st tarsal segment shorter than apical 2 segments taken together. Abdomen: Dorsum of abdomen black, lateral margins smooth, venter (Fig. 12g) dull yellowish ochraceous with 3 apical segments blachish, spiracles sub lateral, connexivum smooth. Material examined: 1 female, Bichabhanga (GNP), 16.iv.2016, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Chukchuki (GNP), 19.v.2017, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Jatraprasad (GNP), 17.iv.2019, coll. N. Ray. Distribution: India: Newly recorded for West Bengal; Borneo, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand (Distant, 1910; Slater, 1964; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Genus Astacops Boisduval, 1835 1835. Astacops Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe 2: 637 Diagnosis: Eyes stylated; ocelli usually much closer to each other; pronotum obsoletely or not punctate, lateral angle pronotum anteriorly rounded; scuteller carination distinct; 1st tarsal segment of posterior leg longer than 2 apical segments taken together. Type species: Astacops australis Boisduval Distribution: Australasian, Indo-Malayan (Distant, 1903; Slater, 1964; Slater & O'Donnell, 1995; Cassis & Gross, 2002).

Astacops occidentalis Distant, 1903 (Fig. 2 & Fig. 13 (a-g) 1903. Astacops occidentalis Distant, Faun. Brit. India, Rhynch. 2: 4 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 13.21; HdL= 2.41, HdW= 2.59; AOL= 0.95; POL= 0.82; AtL= 7.78, AtS1= 0.57, AtS2= 2.43, AtS3= 2.21, AtS4= 2.57; IOD= 1.64; IOcD= 0.86; RsL= 4.37, RsS1= 1.19, RsS2= 1.07, RsS3= 1.13, RsS4= 0.98; PrL= 1.77, PrW= 3.27; ScL= 1.46, ScW= 1.33; WnL= 9.00, WnW= 2.72; AbL= 8.18. Diagnostic characters (Fig. 2): Body elongate, somewhat ovate, pale sanguineous and pilose.

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Head: Head (Fig. 13a) sub triangular, shorter than width across eyes, pale sanguineous, medially raised, stylus little longer than jugum; antennae (Fig. 13b) piceous excluding basal segment owing to dark sanguineous, 4 segmented; eyes reddish sanguineous, stylated, globose and sessile; ocelli transparent; rostrum black, piceous excluding basal segment, 4 segmented, reaching the mid coxae, 1st rostral segment sanguineous and not reaching the base of the head. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 13c) sub quadrate, anteriorly narrowed, broader than long, pale sanguineous, transversely sinuate anteriorly, mid longitudinally carinate, anterior margin concave, lateral and basal margins nearly straight, humeral angle rounded; scutellum (Fig. 13d) triangular, sanguineous, distinctly carinate, anteriorly transversely depressed; forewing (Fig. 13e) - corium sanguineous, membrane brownish and fuliginous with simple veins; pro sternum reddish ochraceous and flat, meso and meta sternum pale sanguineous, meso and meta sternal plate weakly sulcate, obliquely truncate, meta thoracic scent gland ostioles small with short peritreme, sub lateral, close to coxae; legs (Fig. 13f) piceous, black, coxae close to each other, femora unarmed, 1st tarsal segment of hind leg longer than 2 apical segments taken together. Abdomen: Abdomen above piceous black, venter (Fig. 13g) - disc of 3rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments beneath black, connexivum smooth, with thick silky pubescence. Material examined: 1 female, Murti (GNP), 18.iv.2016, coll. S. Dhali; 1 male, Gorumara (GNP), 20.v.2017, coll. N. Ray. Distribution: India: Assam, Newly recorded for West Bengal; Bangladesh (Distant, 1903; Scudder, 1963; Slater, 1964; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Genus Graptostethus Stål, 1868 1868. Graptostethus Stål, Hem. Fabr. I. K. svenska Vet. Akad. Handl.: 73, 74 Diagnosis: Antennae with 2nd segment usually longer than 3rd; rostrum with basal segment almost reaching or just passing prosternal margin at anterior; pronotum with posterior margin straight, central carina either absent or sub obsolete; scutellum tumid and beyond middle obtusely carinate; osteolar peritreme well developed; metasternum marginally and obliquely truncate at posterior, its angles acute but their apices rounded; femora unarmed. Type species: Cimex servus Fabricius Distribution: Afro tropical, Australasian, Indo-Malayan, Palearctic (Distant, 1903; Slater & O'Donnell, 1995; Péricart, 2001).

Key to species: 1. Rostrum considerably passing the base of posterior coxae; corium and clavus without black markings; tarsal basal segment longest among all 3 segments.…….. incertus (Walker) - Rostrum about reaching posterior coxae; corium and clavus with black markings; tarsal apical segment longest among all 3 segments………………………..……………. servus (Fabricius)

Graptostethus incertus (Walker, 1872) (Fig. 3 & Fig. 14 (a-g) 1872. Lygaeus incertus Walker, Cat. Hem. Het. B. M. 5: 64-65 1879. Graptostethus trisignatus Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 (5): 130 1964. Graptostethus incertus (Walker) Slater, Cat. Lygaeidae World: 116 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 10.11; HdL= 1.50, HdW= 1.89; AOL= 0.75; POL= 0.25; AtL= 4.58, AtS1= 0.77, AtS2= 1.32, AtS3= 0.95, AtS4= 1.54; IOD= 1.16;

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IOcD= 0.84; RsL= 3.80, RsS1= 1.00, RsS2= 0.93, RsS3= 0.97, RsS4= 0.90; PrL= 1.86, PrW= 2.95; ScL= 1.36, ScW= 1.59; WnL= 6.64, WnW= 2.50; AbL= 4.35. Diagnostic characters (Fig. 3): Body somewhat oblong, red and pilose. Head: Head (Fig. 14a) almost triangular, red with a narrow transverse black patch at base; antennae (Fig. 14b) piceous black, 4 segmented, 2nd antennal segment much longer than 3rd; eyes dark piceous, globose and sessile; ocelli transparent, closer to eyes than to each other; rostrum black, passing the posterior coxae, basal rostral segment reaching the anterior margin of prosternum. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 14c) sub-quadrate, anteriorly narrowed, red with 2 large globular black spots at base, humeral angle almost rounded; scutellum (Fig. 14d) triangular, piceous black; forewing (Fig. 14e) - corium red, membrane blackish hyaline with simple veins, apical margin of membrane greyish white; sterna red, each sternal segments with black spots on either side of lateral margin; meta thoracic scent gland opening and osteolar peritreme well developed, posterior margin of meta sternum obliquely truncate; legs (Fig. 14f) moderate in size, piceous black, unarmed, femora slightly thickened, basal tarsal segment sub equal to the apical 2 segments taken together. Abdomen: Dorsum of abdomen piceous black, venter (Fig. 14g) piceous, lateral abdominal margin smooth, spiracles sub laterally placed on venter, connexivum almost smooth. Material examined: 1 female, Gorumara (GNP), 16.iv.2016, coll. N. Ray; 1 female Khunia (GNP), 30.xii.2016, coll. N. Ray; 1 female, Chapramari (CWLS), 22.v.2017, coll. S. Dhali; 1 male, Badhuram (GNP), 06.vi.2018, coll. S. Dhali. Distribution: India: Meghalaya, Nagaland, West Bengal; China (Distant, 1903; Mukhopadhyay, 1988; Chakraborty & Ghosh, 1994; Péricart, 2001; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Graptostethus servus servus (Fabricius), 1787 (Fig. 4 & Fig. 15(a-g) 1787. Cimex servus Fabricius, Mant. Ins. 2: 300 1879. Graptostethus servus (Fabricius) Distant, Trans. R. Ent. Soc.: 50 1903. Graptostethus servus (Fabricius) Distant, Faun. Brit. India, Rhynch. 2: 8 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 8.97; HdL= 1.13, HdW= 1.84; AOL= 0.56; POL= 0.13; AtL= 4.14, AtS1= 0.60, AtS2= 1.18, AtS3= 0.91, AtS4= 1.45; IOD= 1.16; IOcD= 0.66; RsL= 3.57, RsS1= 0.95, RsS2= 0.87, RsS3= 0.91, RsS4= 0.84; PrL= 1.88, PrW= 2.62; ScL= 1.31, ScW= 1.65; WnL= 5.94, WnW= 2.06; AbL= 3.45. Diagnostic characters (Fig. 4): Body somewhat ovate, pale fuzzy sanguineous, and pilose. Head: Head (Fig. 15a) almost triangular, pale sanguineous with a large almost triangular black spot extending from base to apex; antennae (Fig. 15b) piceous black, 4 segmented, 2nd antennal segment longer than 3rd; eyes dark piceous, globose and sessile; ocelli transparent, nearer to eyes than to each other; rostrum black, reaching the posterior coxae, basal rostral segment just passing pro-sternal anterior margin. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 15c) sub-quadrate, anteriorly narrowed, sanguineous with anteriorly placed a transverse and sub-basally placed 2 angulated on either side fasciae black, 2 rounded black spots on either side of central disc of pronotum which almost attached to the sub-basal fasciae, humeral angle almost rounded; scutellum (Fig. 15d) rounded and black; forewing (Fig. 15e) - corium

Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) 239 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ______with a large almost triangular black spot on entire central area including sub claval region and apically transversely luteous, lateral corial margin pale sanguineous, membrane piceous black with simple veins except basal spot and apical marginal areas owing to greyish white; sterna pale sanguineous with large irregular black spots on lateral margin of each segment; legs (Fig. 15f) moderate in size, black, unarmed, femora slightly thickened. Abdomen: Abdominal dorsum and venter (Fig. 15g) black, laterally luteous, spiracles sub lateral, connexivum almost smooth. Material examined: 1 female, Medlajhora (GNP), 21.x.2016, coll. N. Ray; 1 female, Chukchuki (GNP), 19.v.2017, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Badhuram (GNP), 23.x.2018, coll. S. Dhali; 2 female, Chapramari (CWLS), 21.iv.2019, coll. S. Dhali. Distribution: India: Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, West Bengal; Albania, Algeria, Arabia, Australia, China, Congo, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji Island, France, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Israel, Italy, Japan, Leone, Madagascar, Malaysia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nigeria, North & South Korea, Portugal, Sierra, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sumatra, Syria, Taiwan, Tibet, Turkey, Yemen, Yugoslavia (Distant, 1903; Slater, 1964; Mukhopadhyay, 1988; Chakraborty & Ghosh, 1994; Péricart 2001; Cassis & Gross, 2002; Ghosh et al., 2006; Chandra & Kushwaha, 2012; Saha et al., 2016; Sheikh & Thomas, 2017; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Genus Spilostethus Stål, 1868 1868. Lygaeus (Spilostethus) Stål, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. 7(11): 72 Diagnosis: Pronotum with lateral margins rolled and posterior margin straight; scutellum more or less distinctly carinate from about middle to apex; clavus posteriorly sub ampliated; metathoracic scent gland orifices obsolete; posterior margin of metasternum straight or somewhat roundly truncate; femora usually spinose in male. Type species: Cimex pandurus Scopoli Distribution: Afro tropical, Australasian, Neo tropical, Indo-Malayan, Palearctic (Distant, 1903; Slater & O'Donnell, 1995; Péricart, 2001; Cassis & Gross, 2002).

Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius, 1794) (Fig. 5 & Fig. 16(a-g) 1794. Lygaeus hospes Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 4: 150 1903. Lygaeus hospes (Fabricius) Distant, Faun. Brit. India, Rhynch. 2: 6 1914. Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius) Bergroth, Ent. Mitteil. 2: 356 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 12.99; HdL= 1.69, HdW= 2.08; AOL= 0.77; POL= 0.35; AtL= 5.14, AtS1= 0.53, AtS2= 1.65, AtS3= 1.35, AtS4= 1.76; IOD= 1.31; IOcD= 0.92; RsL= 3.67, RsS1= 0.97, RsS2= 0.90, RsS3= 0.93, RsS4= 0.87; PrL= 2.45, PrW= 3.64; ScL= 1.59, ScW= 1.82; WnL= 8.82, WnW= 3.00; AbL= 6.15. Diagnostic characters (Fig. 5): Body somewhat ovate, sanguineous red, and pilose. Head: Head (Fig. 16a) sub triangular, sanguineous with black spots at apex and inner margin of both eyes; antennae (Fig. 16b) black, 4 segmented, 2nd antennal segment slightly longer than 3rd; eyes piceous black, globose and sessile; ocelli transparent and reddish, closer to eyes than to each other, ocellar area black; rostrum black, passing the hind coxae.

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Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 16c) sub quadrate, anteriorly much narrowed, sanguineous with a transverse black fascia at anterior margin, 2 broad longitudinal black fasciae on laterally both sides of pronotal disc which connected to the anterior fascia; scutellum (Fig. 16d) triangular, black and apically luteous; forewing (Fig. 16e) - corium and clavus sanguineous, outer claval margin and inner corial margin black, corium with a large, globular, centrally placed black spot attached to its lateral margin, membrane blackish with simple veins sternal plates black; legs (Fig. 16f) of moderate size, black, femora unarmed and thickened, mid and hind basal tarsal segment longer than 2 apical segments taken together. Abdomen: Abdominal dorsum and venter (Fig. 16g) black, laterally luteous and with transverse black spots on segmental sutures, spiracles sub lateral, connexivum smooth. Material examined: 1 male, Jatraprasad (GNP), 07.vi.2018, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Chapramari (CWLS), 08.vi.2018, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Khunia (GNP), 18.iv.2019, coll. S. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, West Bengal; Australia, China, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Zealand, North and South Korea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan (Distant, 1903; Mukhopadhyay, 1988; Chakraborty & Ghosh, 1994; Ghosh et al., 1997; Péricart, 2001; Chandra & Kushwaha, 2012; Saha et al., 2016; Sheikh & Thomas, 2017; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Family RHYPAROCHROMIDAE Amyot & Serville, 1843

Key to tribes: 1. Pronotal margins laterally carinate or explanate; abdominal spiracles located dorsally on segment 3 and 4 and ventrally on segment 2……………….……………………. Rhyparochromini - Pronotal margins laterally rounded; abdominal spiracles on segment 2-4 located dorsally… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. Myodochini

Tribe Rhyparochromini

Key to genera: 1. Pronotal disc strongly transversely constricted near the middle……………. Metochus Scott - Pronotal disc either depressed or transversely impressed behind the middle…………………. 2

2. Head not or scarcely broader than the apex of pronotum; pronotum depressed and with lateral margin non laminate; fore femora thickened…………….……………. Elasmolomus Stål - Head much broader than the apex of pronotum; pronotum with distinct transverse impression medially and with lateral margin laminate; fore femora incrassate…………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….……………. Lachnophorus Reuter

Genus Metochus Scott, 1847 1847. Metochus Scott, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 14(4): 433 Diagnosis: Head much broader than apex of pronotum; antennae with basal segment passing the apex of head and not longer than 1st segment of rostrum; eyes extending a little beyond anterior margin of pronotum; pronotum long, constricted near middle, lateral margins narrowly carinate or sub carinate and strongly sinuate; fore femora incrassate and spined beneath. Type species: Metochus abbreviatus Scott

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Distribution: Afro tropical, Indo-Malayan (Kondorosy et al., 2014; 2016).

Metochus uniguttatus (Thunberg, 1822) (Fig. 6 & Fig. 17(a-g) 1822. Pendulinus uniguttatus Thunberg, Hem. Rost. Cap. 4: 6 1903. Dieuches uniguttatus (Thunberg) Distant, Faun. Brit. India, Rhynch. 2: 82 1915. Metochus uniguttatus (Thunberg) Bergroth, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24: 174 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 12.55; HdL= 1.88, HdW= 1.85; AOL= 1.04; POL= 0.23; AtL= 8.91, AtS1= 1.27, AtS2= 2.55, AtS3= 2.64, AtS4= 2.45; IOD= 0.85; IOcD= 0.62; RsL= 4.67, RsS1= 1.37, RsS2= 1.53, RsS3= 1.21, RsS4= 0.56; PrL= 2.36, PrW= 3.05; ScL= 2.14, ScW= 1.64; WnL= 8.27, WnW= 2.45; AbL= 5.33. Diagnostic characters (Fig. 6): Body elongate, blackish piceous, scarcely punctate and pilose. Head: Head (Fig. 17a) triangular, convex, black with 2 transverse laevigate spots just before ocelli, centrally raised, anteriorly deflected, tylus longer than jugum; antennae (Fig. 17b) 4 segmented, piceous with basal ochraceous annulations on apical segment; eyes brown, globose and sessile, ocelli reddish, closer to eyes than to each other; rostrum brownish ochraceous, 4 segmented, extending beyond the mid coxae.

Figures 1-6. 1. Aethalotus indicatus Distant, 1909; 2. Astacops occidentalis Distant, 1903; 3. Graptostethus incertus (Walker, 1872); 4. Graptostethus servus (Fabricius, 1787); 5. Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius, 1794); 6. Metochus uniguttatus (Thunberg, 1822).

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Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 17c) piceous black, transversely constricted behind middle, anterior lobe convex, posterior lobe nearly transverse, humeral angle obscure rounded; scutellum (Fig. 17d) triangular, piceous black, apically ochraceous; forewing (Fig. 17e) - clavus piceous, lateral claval margins ochraceous, corium dark ochraceous with brown punctures, a large rounded centrally placed piceous spot on corium that connect to the piceous apical margin, lateral corial margin impunctate, membrane brownish with simple veins; sterna piceous; legs (Fig. 17f) piceous excluding base of femora which are ochraceous, fore femora slightly thickened and spined beneath, basal tarsal segment much longer than apical 2 segments taken together. Abdomen: Dorsum brownish ochraceous, venter (Fig. 17g) dark brown, spiracles laterally placed, connexivum fuscous and smooth. Material examined: 1 female, Chukchuki (GNP), 19.v.2017, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Murti (GNP), 08.vi.2018, coll. N. Ray; 1 female, Dhupjhora (GNP), 24.x.2018, coll. N. Ray; 1 female, Bichabhanga (GNP), 16.iv.2019, coll. S. Dhali. Distribution: India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Uttaranchal, West Bengal; China, Indonesia, Malaya Archipelago, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Verlaten Island (Distant, 1903; Mukhopadhyay, 1988; Chakraborty & Ghosh, 1994; Kondorosy et. al., 2014; Chandra & Kushwaha, 2012, 2014; Saha et al., 2016; Sheikh & Thomas, 2017; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Genus Elasmolomus Stål, 1872 1872. Elasmolomus Stål, Öfv. Vet.-Ak. Förh. 29: 58 Diagnosis: Head short, triangular; antennae with basal segment short, but passing the apex of head and much shorter than 1st rostral segment; eyes nearly or quite touching the anterior margin of pronotum; pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra strongly punctate; pronotum broad, depressed, its lateral margin laminately ampliated; fore femora moderately thickened; 1st tarsal segment of posterior leg twice or more longer than 2 apical segments taken together. Type species: Cimex sordidus Fabricius Distribution: Australasian, Indo-Malayan, Palearctic (Distant, 1903; Slater & O'Donnell. 1995; Cassis & Gross, 2002).

Elasmolomus pallens (Dallas, 1852) (Fig. 7 & Fig. 18(a-h) 1852. Rhyparochromus pallens Dallas, List Hem. Brit. Mus. 2: 567 1903. Aphanus sordidus (Fabricius) Distant, Fauna Brit. India, Rhynch. 2: 79 1964. Elasmolomus pallens (Dallas) Slater, Cat. Lygaeid. World: 1224 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 9.43; HdL= 1.27, HdW= 1.71; AOL= 0.69; POL= 0.09; AtL= 5.31, AtS1= 0.69, AtS2= 1.62, AtS3= 1.46, AtS4= 1.54; IOD= 0.91; IOcD= 0.64; RsL= 3.87, RsS1= 1.11, RsS2= 0.92, RsS3= 0.97, RsS4= 0.87; PrL= 1.82, PrW= 2.73; ScL= 1.77, ScW= 1.68; WnL= 6.31, WnW= 2.00; AbL= 5.06. Diagnostic characters (Fig. 7): Body ovate, ochraceous with brown punctures. Head: Head (Fig.18a) dark castaneous, sub triangular, tylus medially raised; antennae (Fig.18b) dull ochraceous, 4 segmented, basal segment passing the apex of head, 2nd and 3rd antennal segment apically piceous, 4th segment basally ¼th luteous and apical ¾th fuscous; eyes dark castaneous, globose, sessile; ocelli transparent, closer to eyes than to each other; rostrum ochraceous, 4 segmented,

Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) 243 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ______passing the anterior coxae, basal rostral segment castaneous, apical segment piceous. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig.18c) sub quadrate, anteriorly narrowed, ochraceous with brown punctures, anterior pronotal lobe castaneous, humeral angle almost rounded; scutellum (Fig.18d) ochraceous with brown punctures, basal area of scutellum castaneous black; forewing (Fig.18e) – clavus and corium ochraceous with thick brown punctures, membrane hyaline, opaque, basally castaneous with simple veins; sterna castaneous, lateral and posterior margins of prosternum luteous, posterior margin of metasternum with 2 luteous spots, metathoracic scent gland opening (Fig.18g) sinuate; legs (Fig.18f) ochraceous with brown punctures, anterior femora thickened and spinose, basal tarsal segment always longer than apical 2 segments taken together. Abdomen: Dorsum piceous brown, venter (Fig.18h) pale castaneous, lateral margin luteous, spiracles lateral, connexivum smooth. Material examined: 1 female, Murti (GNP), 22.ix.2016, coll. N. Ray; 1 male, Bichabhanga (GNP), 19.v.2017, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Chapramari (CWLS), 25.x.2018, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Gorumara (GNP), 17.iv.2019, coll. S.Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Uttaranchal, West Bengal; Australia, Cape Verde Island, China, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nigeria, Okinawa, Philippines, Senegal, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand (Distant, 1903; Slater, 1964; Mukhopadhyay, 1988; Chakraborty and Ghosh, 1994; Ghosh et al., 1997; Cassis and Gross, 2002; Chandra & Kushwaha, 2012, 2014; Saha et al., 2016; Sheikh & Thomas, 2017; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Genus Lachnophorus Reuter, 1887 1887. Lachnophorus Reuter, Ent. Tidskr. 8: 98 Diagnosis: Body oblong, pilose; antennae with basal segment passing the apex of head, 4th antennal segment as long as or longer than 2nd; rostrum with basal segment not reaching the base of head, 2nd and 3rd segments sub equal, extending up to the middle of mesosternum; pronotum slightly narrowed and rounded anteriorly, with transverse impression behind middle, anterior margin sinuate, lateral margins sub erect and laminate; scutellum elongate triangular; fore femora incrassate. Type species: Lachnophorus guttulatus Reuter Distribution: Afro tropical, Indo-Malayan, Palearctic (Distant, 1903; Kment et al., 2017).

Lachnophorus singalensis (Dohrn, 1860) (Fig. 8 & Fig. 19 (a-f) 1860. Rhyparochromus singalensis Dohrn, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 21: 404 1903. Lachnophorus singalensis (Dohrn) Distant, Faun. Brit. India, Rhynch. 2: 69 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 9.45; HdL= 1.38, HdW= 1.47; AOL= 0.75; POL= 0.09; AtL= 6.31, AtS1= 0.95, AtS2= 1.91, AtS3= 1.59, AtS4= 1.86; IOD= 0.73; IOcD= 0.46; RsL= 2.89, RsS1= 0.72, RsS2= 0.81, RsS3= 0.82, RsS4= 0.54; PrL= 1.85, PrW= 2.31; ScL= 1.68, ScW= 1.09; WnL= 6.18, WnW= 1.71; AbL= 5.20. Description (Fig. 8): Body oblong, piceous black, punctate.

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Head: Head (Fig. 19a) piceous, pilose, sub triangular, much shorter than pronotum, tylus longer than jugum, margin indistinct; antennae (Fig. 19b) moderately uniform, 4-segmented, pilose, piceous excepting the bases of 1st and 4th segments which being ochraceous; eyes dark brown, large, globose, sessile; ocelli transparent, closer to eyes than to each other; rostrum piceous, basal segment not reaching base of head, extending up to middle of meso-sternum. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 19c) piceous, with lateral margins ochraceous, punctate, posterior lobe thickly so, moderately transversely impressed just behind the middle, anterior lobe moderately convex, slightly narrowed and rounded anteriorly, anterior margin sinuate, lateral margins sub erect and laminate, posterior margin nearly straight; scutellum (Fig. 19d) elongate, triangular, piceous, with 2 elongate sub lateral ochraceous spots, finely punctate, apically pointed or acuminate; forewing (Fig. 19e) – clavus and corium dark brownish, coarsely punctate, corial lateral margin and outer angular area whitish, opaque and impunctate, membrane hyaline, opaque, dusky and with simple veins; sterna piceous, metasternum elevated, metathoracic scent gland osteioles oblique; legs (Fig. 19f) of moderate length, pilose, anterior femora incrassate, armed with spines beneath, tarsi 3-segmented, basal segment of fore tarsi almost more than twice as long as 2 apical segments taken together. Abdomen: Dorsum piceous, spiracles located dorsally on segment 3 and 4 and ventrally on segment 2, lateral margins smooth. Material examined: 2 female, Chapramari (CWLS), 08.vi.2018, coll. S. Dhali; 1 male, Gorumara (GNP), 17.iv.2019, coll. S. Dhali. Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Newly recorded for West Bengal; Afghanistan, Angola, Benin, Cape Verde I, Central Africa, Ghana, Guinea, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Distant, 1903; Slater, 1964; Kment, et al., 2017; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Tribe Myodochini

Key to genera: 1. Head broader than long, dorsally convex; fore coxae of both sexes armed with at least one spine, fore trochanter unarmed…………………………………. Pseudopachybrachius Malipatil - Head as long as broad, dorsally almost flat; fore coxae and trochanter not as above………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………. Gyndes Stål

Genus Pseudopachybrachius Malipatil, 1978 1978. Pseudopachybrachius Malipatil, Aus. J. Zool. Suppl. 56: 63 Diagnosis: Head broader than long, constricted behind eyes, sides of anteocular part of head between eye and the base of antenna parallel, vertex almost convex; antenniferous tubercles narrowed anteriorly; pronotum nude or covered by short decumbent pubescence and only few long hairs; pronotal collar wide, more so in middle, anterior lobe narrower than and never than twice as long as posterior lobe, posterior lobe finely punctate; fore coxae of both sexes armed with single spine, fore trochanter unarmed. Type species: Rhyparochromus gutta Dallas

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Distribution: Afro tropical, Australasian, Indo-Malayan, Neo tropical (Mukhopadhyay, 1988; Cassis & Gross, 2002; Baranowski & Slater; 2005; Henry et al., 2015).

Key to species: 1. Pronotal anterior lobe distinctly longer than posterior lobe; almost rounded humeral angle; corium without any pale levigate spot……………………………..……………. guttus (Dallas) - Pronotal anterior and posterior lobe almost sub equal in length; humeral angle obtusely acute; corium with a pale levigate luteous spot encircled with brown near the apex of claval suture……………………………………………………………………………..……………. undulatus (Dohrn)

Pseudopachybrachius guttus (Dallas, 1852) (Fig. 9 & Fig. 20(a-g) 1852. Rhyparochromus gutta Dallas, List. Hem. Brit. Mus. 2: 573 1903. Pamera vincta (Say) Distant, Faun. Brit. India, Rhynch. 2: 52 1978. Pseudopachybrachius guttus (Dallas) Malipatil, Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. 56: 64 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 4.31; HdL= 0.70, HdW= 0.84; AOL= 0.29; POL= 0.16; AtL= 2.46, AtS1=0.32, AtS2= 0.73, AtS3= 0.59, AtS4= 0.82; IOD= 0.45; IOcD= 0.27; RsL= 1.45, RsS1= 0.34, RsS2= 0.43, RsS3= 0.45, RsS4= 0.23; PrL= 0.91, PrW= 1.27; ScL= 0.86, ScW= 0.79; WnL= 2.68, WnW= 0.84; AbL= 2.26. Diagnostic characters (Fig. 9): Body elongate ovate, castaneous, scarcely punctate, and pilose. Head: Head (Fig. 20a) castaneous black, sub triangular, centrally raised, anteriorly deflected; antennae (Fig. 20b) fuscous, 4 segmented, basal segment passing the anterior margin of head; eyes dark fuscous, globose and sessile; ocelli transparent, close to eyes than to each other; rostrum dark castaneous, passing the fore coxae, 4 segmented. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 20c) medially transversely sulcated that divide it into 2 lobes, anterior lobe darker than posterior, humeral angles almost rounded; scutellum (Fig. 20d) triangular, castaneous, medially and apically raised; forewing (Fig. 20e) – clavus and corium dull ochraceous with brown punctures, corial lateral margin impunctate, apical margin fuscous, membrane hyaline greyish with simple veins; sterna castaneous black; legs (Fig. 20f) fuscous, fore femora thickened and spinose. Abdomen: Dorsum casteneous black, lateral margins luteous, venter (Fig. 20g) black, connexivum almost smooth. Material examined: 1 female, Chapramari (CWLS), 22.v.2017, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Bichabhanga (GNP), 23.x. 2018, coll. N. Ray; 1 female, Khunia (GNP), 18.iv.2019, coll. S.Dhali. Distribution: India: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal; Australia, China, Formosa, Japan, Marianas, Myanmar, Ryukyu Island, Samoa, South Africa, Sri Lanka (Distant, 1903; Slater, 1964; Mukhopadhyay, 1988; Chakraborty & Ghosh, 1994; Cassis & Gross, 2002; Chandra & Kushwaha, 2014; Saha et al., 2016; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Pseudopachybrachius undulatus (Dohrn, 1860) (Fig. 10 & Fig. 21(a-g) 1860. Plociomerus undulatus Dohrn, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 21: 404 1903. Pamera undulata (Dohrn) Distant, Faun. Brit. India, Rhynch. 2: 53 1964. Pachybrachius undulatus (Dohrn) Slater, Cat. Lygaeidae World: 1143

1980. Pseudopachybrachius undulatus (Dohrn) Harrington, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.: 96 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 4.35; HdL= 0.61, HdW= 0.82; AOL= 0.27; POL= 0.05; AtL= 2.50, AtS1= 0.42, AtS2= 0.69, AtS3= 0.54, AtS4= 0.85; IOD= 0.42; IOcD= 0.22; RsL= 1.47, RsS1= 0.35, RsS2= 0.44, RsS3= 0.47, RsS4= 0.21; PrL= 0.84, PrW= 1.11; ScL= 0.39, ScW= 0.57; WnL= 2.88, WnW= 0.81; AbL= 1.81. Diagnostic character (Fig. 10): Body somewhat oblong, blackish custaneous, obscurely punctate and pilose. Head: Head (Fig.21a) black, pilose, sub triangular, shorter than broad, much shorter than pronotum, tylus longer than jugum, margin indistinct; antennae (Fig. 21b) moderately uniform, 4-segmented, scarcely pilose, 1st – 3rd segments dark ochraceous and 4th segment fuscous, 1st and 3rd sub equal and 2nd and 4th sub equal in length; eyes dark brown, large, globose and sessile; ocelli transparent, closer to eyes than to each other; rostrum piceous, basal segment not reaching the base of head, extending up to the middle of meso sternum. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 21c) piceous, punctate, strongly transversely sulcate just behind the middle, anterior lobe blackish castaneous, moderately convex, slightly narrowed and rounded anteriorly, anterior margin sinuate, lateral margins sub erect and laminate, posterior lobe fuscous, longitudinally sulcate medially, lateral margin nearly sinuate and posterior margin nearly straight, humeral angle obtusely acute; scutellum (Fig. 21d) triangular, piceous but its apex ochraceous, finely punctate, apically pointed or acuminate; forewing (Fig. 21e) - clavus and corium ochraceous with brown punctures, corial lateral margin impunctate, apical margin brown fuscous, with a luteous spot near inner angular area; membrane pale semi-hyaline, with some pale fuscous marginal spots and simple veins; sternum dark piceous, metasternum elevated, metathoracic scent gland osteioles oblique; legs (Fig. 21f) of moderate length, pilose; fore femora around basal ⅔ rd black and apically rest portion ochraceous, incrassate, armed with spines beneath, tarsi 3-segmented. Abdomen: Dorsum piceous, abdominal spiracles of segment 2-4 located dorsally, venter (Fig. 21g) castaneous, connexivum smooth. Material examined: 1female, Khunia (GNP), 22.ix.2016, coll. N. Ray; 1 female, Jatraprasad (GNP), 20.v.2017, coll. N. Ray. Distribution: India: Punjab, Newly recorded for West Bengal; Australia, China, Christmas Island, Myanmar, Sri Lanka (Distant, 1903; Slater, 1964; Slater & O'Donnell. 1995; Cassis & Gross, 2002; Gupta & Singh, 2014; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

Genus Gyndes Stål, 1862 1862. Gyndes Stål, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 23: 314 Diagnosis: Head contracted behind eyes, sides of anteocular part of head between eye and the base of antenna parallel, vertex region almost flat; pronotum nude or covered by short decumbent pubescence and only few long hairs; pronotal collar wide, more so in middle, anterior lobe narrower than and never attain two times longer than posterior lobe, posterior lobe finely punctate. Type species: Rhyparochromus malayus Stål Distribution: Australasian, Indo-Malayan, Palearctic (Cassis & Gross, 2002).

Gyndes pallicornis (Dallas, 1852) (Fig. 11 & Fig. 22(a-g) 1852. Rhyparochromus pallicornis Dallas, List. Hem. Brit. Mus.2: 573 1903. Pamera pallicornis (Dallas) Distant, Faun. Brit. India, Rhynch. 2: 52 1978. Paraeucosmetus pallicornis (Dallas) Malipatil, Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. 56: 67- 72 Measurements: ♀ : ToL= 6.81; HdL= 1.16, HdW= 1.19; AOL= 0.59; POL= 0.16; AtL= 3.46, AtS1= 0.41, AtS2= 1.05, AtS3= 0.82, AtS4= 1.18; IOD= 0.59; IOcD= 0.44; RsL= 2.34, RsS1= 0.54, RsS2= 0.66, RsS3= 0.71, RsS4= 0.43; PrL= 1.69, PrW= 2.13; ScL= 1.09, ScW= 1.32; WnL= 3.95, WnW= 1.32; AbL= 2.58. Diagnostic characters (Fig. 11): Body somewhat ovate, castaneous black, punctate and pilose. Head: Head (Fig. 22a) sub triangular, black, medially raised, anteriorly deflected, and finely punctate; antennae (Fig. 22b) 4 segmented, castaneous, 4th segment basally fuscous; eyes dark castaneous, globose and sessile; ocelli transparent, closer to eyes than to each other; rostrum piceous, 4 segmented, extending up to middle of mesosternum. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 22c) almost centrally transversely sulcated that divide it into 2 halves, anterior lobe longer than posterior, humeral angle rounded; scutellum (Fig. 22d) black excluding extreme luteous apex; forewing (Fig. 22e) - corium and clavus castaneous with scarcely punctures, lateral margins of corium luteous and impunctate, membrane fuliginous with simple veins; sterna dark castaneous; legs (Fig. 22f) moderate in size, dark castaneous, anterior femora thickened and spinose; mid and hind tibiae excluding base and apices luteous.

Figures 7-11. 7. Elasmolomus pallens (Dallas, 1852); 8. Lachnophorus singalensis (Dohrn, 1860); 9. Pseudopachybrachius guttus (Dallas, 1852); 10. Pseudopachybrachius undulatus (Dohrn, 1860); 11. Gyndes pallicornis (Dallas, 1852).

Abdomen: Dorsum and venter (Fig. 22g) piceous, spiracles laterally placed at venter, connexivum smooth. Material examined: 1 male, Gorumara (GNP), 29.xii.2016, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Murti (GNP), 22.v.2017, coll. S. Dhali; 1 female, Murti (GNP), 18.iv.2019, coll. N. Ray. Distribution: India: Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal; Australia, Borneo, China, Indonesia, Japan, Java, Nepal, Philippines, Myanmar, South Africa, Sri Lanka (Distant, 1903; Slater, 1964; Mukhopadhyay, 1988; Slater & O'Donnell. 1995; Cassis & Gross, 2002; Chandra & Kushwaha, 2014; Saha et al., 2016; Dellapé & Henry, 2020).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are thankful to the officials, Forest Department, Govt. of West Bengal for giving permission to carry out the project. We must thank the Principal, Hooghly Mohsin College providing us the laboratory facilities. Thanks are extended to all colleagues of Zoology Department of the College for their assistance.

Figure 12(a-g): Aethalotus indicatus Distant, a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Addomen, ventral view.

Figure 13(a-g): Astacops occidentalis Distant, a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Addomen, ventral view.

Figure 14(a-g): Graptostethus incertus (Walker), a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Addomen, ventral view.

Figure 15(a-g): Graptostethus servus servus (Fabricius), a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Addomen, ventral view.

Figure 16(a-g): Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius), a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Addomen, ventral view.

Figure 17(a-g): Metochus uniguttatus (Thunberg), a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Addomen, ventral view.

Figure 18(a-h): Elasmolomus pallens (Dallas), a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Scent gland opening; h. Addomen, ventral view.

Figure 19(a-f): Lachnophorus singalensis (Dohrn), a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg.

Figure 20(a-g): Pseudopachybrachius guttus (Dallas), a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Addomen, ventral view.

Figure 21(a-g): Pseudopachybrachius undulatus (Dohrn), a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Addomen, ventral view.

Figure 22(a-g): Gyndes pallicornis (Dallas), a. Head, dorsal view; b. Antenna; c. Pronotum; d. Scutellum; e. Forewing; f. Anterior leg; g. Addomen, ventral view.

LITERATURES CITED

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