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Structure Activity Relationship In VOL. XXVII NO. 3 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 221 NOTE STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP mycin B (XVII) that was devoid of any IN SIXTEEN MEMBERED MACROLIDE antimicrobial property. ANTIBIOTICS It would seem from the comparison of ac- tivity of various leucomycin congeners, having S. RAKHIT and KARTAR SINGH different acyl substituents on mycarose as in A1, A5, A7 and A9, that the polarity of the Department of Microbiology, Ayerst Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 6115, molecule plays an important role in the struc- Montreal, Canada ture activity relationship at least in vitro. The present study was undertaken in an (Received for publication August 16, 1973) attempt to understand the role of various functional groups of the leucomycin molecule, Leucomycin (Kitasamycin) is a macrolide at a molecular level. Since the macrolide antibiotic having activity against gram-positive antibiotics are known to manifest their activity bacteria and certain Mycoplasma strains. Com- by combining with the ribosome, thus inhibit- parison of antimicrobial activities of the vari- ing the biosynthesis of proteins, experiments uos leucomycin congeners (I-X) indicates a were designed to ascertain their role in protein clear structure-activity relationship among biosynthesis in the whole cell system as well them. The acylation of the 3-hydroxy group as in a cell free system. If a compound does somewhat reduces the in vitro activity while not inhibit the biosynthesis of protein in a the acylation of the 4"-hydroxy group of whole cell system but is active in a cell-free mycarose produces higher activity. The ac- preparation, it is probably because it is unable tivity is dependent on the length of the acyl to enter the cell due to some subtle structural group and follows the order, isovaleryl> peculiarity. The inability of an analogue to butyryl > propionyl > acetyl > free[A1 > A5 > A7 inhibit protein biosynthesis in either system >A9>V]1). Work done on the structural would indicate the requirement of a particular modifications of leucomycins and their an- functional group in the molecule for biological alogues by OMURA2) and also in our labora- activity. As already mentioned, the aldehyde tory has established certain requirements in group seemed to be important for in vitro the structure of these sixteen-membered ma- activity. That this group plays a vital role crolides for biological activity. Thus reduc- at the molecular level for antimicrobial ac- tion of the double bonds was shown not to tivity, was established by the fact that the affect the activity. As expected, oxidation of dihydro derivatives (XII, XIII) did not in- the 9-hydroxy group thus producing analogues hibit the biosynthesis of protein in intact cells of carbomycin B (XI) did not affect the ac- of Bacillus subtilis. They also did not have tivity. Reduction of the aldehyde to the cor- any effect in a cell-free system, whereas the responding carbinol (XII, XIII) almost com- original antibiotic showed appreciable activity pletely abolished the antimicrobial activity. in both systems. This would indicate that Thiosemicarbazide or a SnIFF base" obtained the aldehyde group of the sixteen-membered from the macrolide retained their activity macrolides are somehow involved in complex- probably because of their facile in situ conver- ing with the ribosome. sion into the original aldehyde function. The Although the solubility and the polarity of dimethyl acetal (XVI) obtained from nid- carbomycin and 2'-isovaleryl demycarosyl damycin by treatment with methanol in pres- carbomycin (XVIII) were found to be very ence of mild acid, was found to be devoid similar, the latter compound was devoid of of activity. Acylation of 2'-hydroxy group any antimicrobial activity. It did not inhibit of mycaminose of niddamycin (XV) did not the biosynthesis of protein either in a whole affect the activity appreciably. Removal of cell or in a cell-free system, indicating that the neutral sugar mycarose by mild acidic acylated mycarose has also other roles than treatment yielded the corresponding demy- that for the transport of the antibiotic into carosyl leucomycin or demycarosyl carbo- the cell. The importance of mycarose moiety 222 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS MAR. 1974 50 ml acetone, 1 ml of acetic an- hydride was added and the solu- tion was kept at room temperature for 2 hours. The solution was con- centrated to a small volume and poured into ice water, the pH was adjusted to 8 by adding sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate ex- Components R R1 R2 R3 tract was washed with water, dried over Na2SO4. Removalof solvent I Leucomycin AI H COCH2CH(CH3)2 OH CHO gave 205mg of product that was II Leucomycin A:3 COCH3 COCH2CH(CH3)2 OH CHO crystallized from ether, hexane, III Leucomycin Aa COCH3 COCH2CH2CH3 OH CHO m.p. 97-10]'C. i '; "" 280nm IV Leucomycin A5 H COCH2CH2CH3 OH CHO E',"° 496. N.M.R. 6 CDCl3, 2.41 V Leucomycin A6 COCH3 COCH2CH3 OH CHO (6Htypical shift of NCH3 from VI Leucomycin A7 I-I COCH2CH3 OH CHO 2.52 due to acylation of adjacent VII Leucomycin A8 COCH3 COCH3 OH CHO hydroxy function) 9.7 (1H-CHO). VIII Leucomycin A3 H COCH3 OH CHO Niddamycin dirnethyl acetal Ix Leucomycin U COCH3 H OH CHO (XVI). X Leucomycin V H H OH CHO A solution of 100mg of nid- XI Carbomycin B COCH3 COCH2CH(CH3); -0 CHO damycin in 5 ml of 0.25% metha- nolic HCI was left at room tem- XII Dihydro- COCH3 COCH2CH(CH3), OH CH.OH leucomycin A3 perature for I hour. After this, XIII Dihydro- H COCHsCH(CH3)2 -0 CH,OH the pH was adjusted to 8, and pour- niddamycin ed into ice-water and extracted with XIV Niddamycin H COCH2CH(CH3)2 0 CHO ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate was XV 2'-Acetyl H COCH2CH(CH3)2 0 CHO washed with water, dried over niddamycin Na2SO4. Removal of solvent gave XVI Niddamycin H COCH2CH(CH3), 0 ,OCH3 100 mg solids that was recrystal- acetal `OCH3 lized from ether, hexane m.p. 85-- XVII Demycarosyl COCH3 0 CHO 86'C. 280 nm. Ei°„ 495. carbomycin B N.M.R. 6 CDC13 3.1, 3.2, 3.4 (3- XVIII 2'-Isovaleryl dernycarosyl carbomycin B OCI-I3), no aldehyde proton. was further established by the fact that other Demycarosylcarbomycin B (XVII). demycarosyl derivatives (XVII, XVIII) were This was prepared from carbomycin B as de- found to be non-inhibitory in a cell-free system. scribed by OMURAet al.7i in case of leucomycin Leucomycin fraction V (X) that is deacylated A3. The product was purifiedby chromatography on mycarose has about 1/30th the activity of over silica gel (Merck) using 20 % acetone in benzene as solvent system. M.p. 109-111-C. fraction Ar (I), whereas both of them were i.;roO`'280 nm, E; ; 500. N.M.R. d CDC132.52 found to inhibit the synthesis of protein in cell-free system4). These results indicate that (6HN CH3) 9.5 (1H CHO). the lipophylic acyl groups on mycarose are 2'Isovaleryl-demycarosyl carbomycin B (XVIII). merely needed for the transport of the molecule This was prepared by acid hydrolysis of into the cell. This is also indicated from the 2'isovaleryl carbomycin B. M.p. 1I0-112'C. 7 "011280 nm, E'%,,, 495. N.M.R. 6 CDCI3 9.5 comparative biological activities of various leucomycin fractions", the higher biological (1HCHO), 2.4 [6H, NCH3 typical shift due to activity being related to the number of carbon 2' acylation]. atoms of the acyl group. Acknowledgements Experimental Technical assistance of Mrs. MERRILYN 2'Acetyl niddamycin (XV). MUSTARD and Miss SHEILA HANG-SING is grate- To a solution of 200 mg of niddamycin in fully acknowledged. VOL. XXVII NO. 3 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 223 Table 1. MIC of various macrolide derivatives and their effect on protein biosynthesis Inhibition of protein synthesis M.I.C. a Poly-U phenylalanined Inhibition of 14C leucineo Compound incorporation in B. subtilis incorporation in a cell-free B. subtilis E. coli system S. pyogenes (ATCC 11774) ug/ ml at 10 ug/ml %inhibition u g/ml ED50 (ug/ml)b ED50 (ug/ml) ( %) at 10 ug/ml I >98 1.0 63 2.0 0.16 1.25 XI 93 4.0 68 5.4 0.62 5.0 XII 12 >100 8.4 >10 100 XIII 17 29.0 26 >10 50.0 XIV >98 1.6 58 6.0 0.62 1.25 XV 86.2 0.94 35.8 > 20 1.6 12.5 XVI 8 35.0 12 >10 25-50 XVII 33 15.0 None >10 25.50 V VTTT None None >10 > 100 a The compounds were dissolved in 1%J citric acid and the solution was diluted with water or buffer to the required concentration. Minimum inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) was determined by using the serial dilution method. Staphylococcus pyogenes strain used was sensitive to leucomycin and resistant to penicillin G. b For determination of the concentration required to cause 50% inhibition (ED50) the assay was done in the presence of at least 4 different concentrations of the compound. Percent inhibition was plotted against concentration and ED50 read from the curve. Incorporation of 14C-leucine into Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus subtilis ATCC 11774 was cultivated in 2% glucose-1% yeast extract medium at 30°C. This growth was used to inoculate fresh medium and the cells in logarithmic phase of growth were collected by centrifugation. The cells were suspended in 0.4% glucose-0.2% yeast extract to give an absorbancy of 3.0-3.5 at 660 nm. The effect of the compound on incorporation cf 14C-leucine in B.
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