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ECNG2006 (EE25M) Introduction to microprocessors Course Notes Contributors: K. Hall F. Mohammed C. Radix A. Sinanan A. Williams K. Edwards A. Joseph O. Regalado K. Narine I. Mohammed Y. Panchu S. Patrick A. Abdool C. Arneaud N. Harrichand H. Lawrence D. Caberrea P. Pollucksingh c Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, U.W.I. , St. Augustine March 11, 2008 ECNG2006 (EE25M) March 11, 2008 2 Contents Course Outline 8 Coursework Portfolio 20 Course Perceptions Questionnaire 21 Prerequisite Skills Questionnaire 23 I Microprocessor Overview1 1 Microprocessor Basics1 2 Microprocessor System Basics 11 3 Microprocessor support circuitry 21 4 Microprocessor architecture 30 5 Typical Microprocessor instructions 39 II Microprocessor-based system development1 6 Software tool chain1 7 Development support (hardware)9 8 Microprocessor families and forms 17 III PIC16 Introduction1 9 PIC16F877 Overview2 10 MPLAB Overview 13 IV Numbers & Data1 11 Real numbers 1 12 Integer arithmetic 13 13 Real number arithmetic 22 c DECE, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad ECNG2006 (EE25M) March 11, 2008 3 14 Data structures 27 V Algorithms on PIC161 15 Basic operations1 16 Code comparison 41 17 Compiler limitations 57 VI Interfacing Peripherals1 18 Interfacing Idioms1 19 Interrupt Basics 14 20 Typical peripherals 28 21 Digital troubleshooting 37 22 PIC16 peripherals 45 VII System Issues1 23 Interrupt issues 1 24 µP interface/timing issues 24 25 Power/Signal issues 35 26 µP choice/comparison 42 27 Case study 50 28 Design guidelines 57 VIII Communication1 29 Communication protocols1 30 Bit-banging vs. hardware 12 31 I/O on the PC 17 c DECE, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad ECNG2006 (EE25M) March 11, 2008 4 32 PC to µP serial link 20 33 µP Parallel Interface 46 IX Appendices1 A Data Sheets 1 B Glossary 3 C Study tips 15 c DECE, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad ECNG2006 (EE25M) March 11, 2008 5 References Dictionary.com. Internet. Http://dictionary.reference.com/. Mathworld. Internet. Http://mathworld.wolfram.com/. 1991. Can specification version 2.0. Http://www.interfacebus.com/CAN 2 Spec.pdf. 1993. The free on-line dictionary of computing. Internet. Http://www.foldoc.org/. 1994-2000. PCW Compiler Help files. 1995. 80C51 family architecture. http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/acrobat/various/80C51 FAM ARCH 1.pdf; http://www.grifo.com/press/DOC/Philips/FAMARCH.PDF. 1997. PICmicro Mid-Range MCU Family Reference Manual. Technical Reference Document 33023a, MicroChip Technology Inc. 1999. HD44780U (LCD-II) (Dot Matrix Liquid Crystal Display Controller/Driver). Datasheet, Hitachi. 1999. MPASM USERS GUIDE with MPLINK and MPLIB. Manual DS33014G, MicroChip Tech- nology Inc. 2000. MPLAB ICD USERS GUIDE. Manual DS51184D, Microchip Technology Inc. 2000. MPLAB IDE, SIMULATOR, EDITOR USERS GUIDE. Manual DS51025D, Microchip Technology Inc. 2000. The I2C-bus specification. http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/acrobat/various/I2C BUS SPECIFICATION 3.pdf. 2001. At90s8535 summary. Available at www.atmel.com. Rev. 1041HS - 11/01. 2001. Atis telecom glossary 2000. Internet. Http://www.atis.org/tg2k/t1g2k.html. 2001. PIC16F87X Data Sheet: 28/40-Pin 8-Bit CMOS FLASH Microcontrollers. Technical Refer- ence Document 30292c, MicroChip Technology Inc. Arnold, Ken. 2001. Embedded controller hardware design. LLH Technology Publishing. Awtrey, Dan. 1997. Transmitting data and power over a one-wire bus. Sensors Reprint downloaded from www.dalsemi.com. Ball, Stuart R. 2000. Embedded microprocessor systems. Butterworth-Heinemann. Barr, Michael. 1999. Choosing a compiler: The little things. WebPage: http://www.netrino.com/Articles/CrossCompilers/. |||. 2000. Language lessons. WebPage: http://www.netrino.com/Connecting/2000- 03/index.html. Buchanan, William, and Austin Wilson. 2001. Advanced pc architecture. Addison-Wesley. c DECE, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad ECNG2006 (EE25M) March 11, 2008 6 Cady, Fredrick M. 1997. Microcontrollers and microcomputers: Principles of software and hardware engineering. Oxford University Press, Inc. Fisher, Matt. 2000. Protecting binary executables. Webpage: http://embedded.com/2000/0002/0002feat1.htm. Hartman, Hope J. 2001. Developing students' meta-cognitive knowledge and skills, chap. 3, 33{68. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Horowitz, Paul, and Winfield Hill. 1989. The art of electronics. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. Katzen, Sid. 2003. The quintessential pic microcontroller. Springer. 2nd printing. Kernighan, Brian W., and Dennis M. Ritchie. 1988. The C Programming Language Second Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mazidi, Muhammed Ali, and Janice Gillespie Mazidi. 1995. The 80x86 ibm pc & compatible com- puters volumes i & ii: Assembly language design and interfacing. Mitra, Sumit. 1997. Power-up considerations. Application Note AN522, DS00522E, Microchip Technology Inc. Noergaard, Tammy. 2005. Embedded systems architecture. Newnes. Palmer, Mark. 1997a. An520: A comparison of 8-bit microcontrollers. Application Note DS00520D, Microchip Technology Inc. |||. 1997b. Power-up trouble shooting. Application Note AN607, DS00607B, Microchip Tech- nology Inc. Contributions: Richard Hull & Randy Yach. Peri, Vamsi, and Dan Simon. 2005. Fuzzy logic control for an autonomous robot. In Annual meeting of the north american fuzzy information processing society (nafips 2005) 26-28 june 2005, 337{ 342. Downloaded from http://academic.csuohio.edu/simond/pubs/Vamsi.pdf on March 7th 2007. Predko, Myke. 2000a. Debugging your applications, chap. 12, 561{569. In Predko(2000d). |||. 2000b. Designing your own picmicro R mcu application, chap. 11, 547{560. In Predko (2000d). |||. 2000c. Picmicro R mcu application design and hardware interfacing, chap. 6, 253{316. In Predko(2000d). |||. 2000d. Programming and customizing picmicro R microcontrollers. McGraw-Hill. |||. 2001. Picmicro R microcontroller pocket reference. McGraw-Hill. Stallings, William. 1996. Computer architecture and organization. 4th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. |||. 2000. Computer architecture and organization. 5th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Vahid, Frank, and Tony Givargis. 2002. Embedded system design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Wakerly, J. F. Digital design principles and practices. 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall. c DECE, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad ECNG2006 (EE25M) March 11, 2008 7 Wilmhurst, Tim. 2001. An introduction to the design of small-scale embedded systems. Palgrave. Wolf, Wayne. 2000. Computers as components:principles of embedded computing system design. Morgan Kaufmann. c DECE, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad ECNG2006 (EE25M) March 11, 2008 8 ECNG2006(EE25M) – Course Instructor: Introduction to Microprocessors Name: Ajay Joshi The University of the West Indies Email: [email protected] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Phone: ext. 3144 Last Review: December 2, 2005 Office: Room 325 Office Hours: as posted on door Course Support Name: Aaron Joseph Email: Given at Later Date Phone: ext. 3156 Office: Room 329 Office Hours: Tuesday and Thursday 1pm-3pm Aims To cultivate the student’s ability to utilize, comprehend the operation, and criticize the efficacy of, a microprocessor in an applied context. Objectives At the end of this course the student will be able to: • in general, or (given relevant diagrams and specifications) for a particular system, identify, and describe the role of, the components of (a) a microprocessor, (b) a microprocessor-based system, (c) a development suite (hardware, software) for a microprocessor-based system. • illustrate how data can be represented in (and accessed from) memory, implement arithmetic and data manipulation operations in assembly language, and assess how well code will perform in a given context, given the architecture and instruction set of a microprocessor • design and implement an appropriate interface between a microprocessor-based system and a peripheral device (or another microprocessor-based system), given relevant datasheets and suitable parts • select (and critique the selection of) a microprocessor-based system for an application, given relevant datasheets and application requirements Course Overview Microprocessors have been one of the most widely used methods of incorporating flexibility and intelligence into automated devices. Their general-purpose nature, speed and size have made them one of the most common components in Electrical Engineering. It is therefore necessary to develop a good understanding of their operation and how they can be used as building blocks for automated systems and control applications. This course explores the inner workings of a microprocessor from the programmer's perspective, as well as treating with external hardware issues such as interfacing, and c DECE, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad ECNG2006 (EE25M) March 11, 2008 9 selection criteria for microprocessors. Exercises and examples are based on the PIC 16F877 microcontroller. The syllabus follows: Microprocessor architecture (PIC16F877); Microprocessor development and support systems(MPLAB); Binary, integer and floating point arithmetic operations; (PIC16Cxxx) assembly language programming; Interfacing (PIC16F877): I/O ports, Timers, Interrupts, A/D conversion, PWM; System Issues; Serial/Parallel Communication. c DECE, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad ECNG2006 (EE25M) March 11, 2008 10 Prerequisites There are no departmental pre-requisites, however, it is presumed that the student has acquired the necessary pre-requisite skills in the preceding electronics and computer systems courses. It is presumed that the student is able to: • correctly interpret syntax of simple C programs, representation
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    INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA MECÁNICA Y ELECTRICA UNIDAD CULHUACAN “COMUNICACIÓN ENTRE MICROCONTROLADORES BAJO EL PROTOCOLO ZIGBEE” TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO EN COMUNICACIONES Y ELECTRÓNICA PRESENTAN: ENRIQUE CRUZ VELÁZQUEZ CARLOS FELIPE SANCHEZ GUERRERO Agradecimientos Agradezco a mis padres, hermanos, profesores y compañeros por haber sido parte fundamental en mi formación moral y profesional. Por haberme brindado su apoyo y confianza incondicional. Especialmente quiero agradecer a mis asesores, los profesores Fermín Valencia Figueroa y Eusebio Ricárdez Vázquez cuyos consejos y observaciones sirvieron de guía para la culminación de la presente tesis. Enrique Cruz Velázquez A Dios antes que a nadie por ayudarme en esta etapa que felizmente concluyo, porque cada vez que sentía que este camino se hacia pesado él estaba conmigo; por brindarme salud y darme a mi y a mi familia esta oportunidad de saborear estos momentos tan importantes en mi vida. A mi familia que me han dado todo su apoyo no sólo económico, sino moral, espiritual y emocional. Porque cada vez que me desanimaba ellos estaban ahí siempre con un buen consejo y sobre todo con un mensaje alentador y porque se que mis logros son sus logros, por lo que puedo decir que juntos llegamos al final de esta etapa. Muchas gracias, los quiero mucho, con todo mi corazón, que Dios nos siga llenando de bendiciones y a trabajar en lo que viene. ¡GRACIAS! A mis amigos que siempre estuvieron conmigo en las buenas y en las malas y que juntos fuimos trazando un camino y sobre todo a aquellos que se pusieron la camiseta conmigo para sacar a flote este proyecto, porque no solo fue una cuestión de compañerismo sino de amistad.
  • 3 Literature Survey : Protocol Verification & Modeling

    3 Literature Survey : Protocol Verification & Modeling

    2-Wire Time Independent Asynchronous Communications By Pj Radcliffe B.Eng. (Melb), M.Eng. (RMIT) A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Science, Engineering & Technology Portfolio RMIT University Melbourne, Victoria Australia Submitted November 2006 Abstract Communications both to and between low end microprocessors represents a real cost in a number of industrial and consumer products. This thesis starts by examining the properties of protocols that help to minimize these expenses and comes to the conclusion that the derived set of properties define a new category of communications protocol : Time Independent Asynchronous ( TIA) communications. To show the utility of the TIA category we develop a novel TIA protocol that uses only 2-wires and general IO pins on each host. The protocol is analyzed using the Petri net based STG ( Signal Transition Graph) which is widely use to model asynchronous logic. It is shown that STGs do not accurately model the behavior of software driven systems and so a modified form called STG-FT ( STG For Threads) is developed to better model software systems. A simulator is created to take an STG-FT model and perform a full reachability tree analysis to prove correctness and analyze livelock and deadlock properties. The simulator can also examine the full reachability tree for every possible system state ( the cross product of all sub-system states), and analyze deadlock and livelock issues related to unexpected inputs and unusual situations. Reachability pruning algorithms are developed which decrease the search tree by a factor of approximately 250 million.