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CHAPTER 4 Industrial and Utilitarian Aspects of Fluorine Chemistry 3M MN04855110

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CHAPTER 4 Industrial and Utilitarian Aspects of Fluorine Chemistry 3M MN04855110 CHAPTER 4 Industrial and Utilitarian Aspects of Fluorine Chemistry BY H. G. BRYCE f~Iinnesota ~Vlining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota I. Introduction ....................................................... 297 II. Historical and Economic Factors ..................................... 298 III. Characteristic Properties of Fluorocarbons .............................. 302 A. Bond Energies and Bond Distances ............................... 302 B. Boiling Points and Melting Points ................................ 303 C. Surface Energy ................................................ 304 D. Stability ...................................................... 309 E. Electrical Properties ............................................ 312 F. Polarity of Oxides or Nitrides and Effect of Structure ............... 312 G. Solubility ..................................................... 314 IV. Refrigerants and Propellants ......................................... 316 A. Properties ..................................................... 317 B. Refrigeration Characteristics ..................................... 320 C. Applications for Specific Compounds ............................. 323 V. Heat Transfer Media ................................................ 323 A. Heat Transfer Processes ........................................ 323 B. Miniaturization ................................................ 324 C. Application of FIuorocarbon Fluids to Heat Transfer Problems ....... 325 D. Properties of Fluorocarbon Fluids ................................ 331 VI. Gaseous Dielectrics .................................................. 346 A. Factors affecting Dielectric Strength .............................. 347 B. Applications for Sulfur Hexafluoride .............................. 350 C. Fluorocarbon Gases and Their Application ........................ 351 VII. Fire Extinguishing Agems ............................................ 354 A. Physical Extinguishment ........................................ 354 B. Chemical Extinguishment ....................................... 354 C. Action of Specific Compounds ................................... 355 D. CF=Brz and CFsBr ............................................. 357 VIII. Lubricants ......................................................... 358 A. Friction ...................................................... 358 B. Two Types of Lubrication ...................................... 358 295 3M MN04855110 3022.0001 296 H. Go BRYCE C. Halofluorocarbon Oils, Waxes, and Greases ........................ 359 D. Other Fluorine-containing Fluids ................................. 366 E. Fluorocarbon Monolayers ....................................... 367 IX. Fluorocarbon Surfactants ............................................ 370 A. Surface Active Nature of Fluorocarbon Compounds ................. 371 B. Surface Activity in Water ....................................... 373 C. Surface Activity in Strong Acids and Bases ........................ 374 D. Thermal Stability .............................................. 380 E. Surface Activity in Organic Media ............................... 380 F. Adsorption on Solids ........................................... 388 G. Microbiocidal Activity .......................................... 389 H. Interracial Tensions ............................................ 389 I. Commercial Aspects ............................................ 390 X. Textiles ........................................................... 396 A. Surface Treatment for Fibers .................................... 396 B, Introduction to Fibers .......................................... 397 C. Chemical Nature of Fluorocarbon Finishes ........................ 399 D. Methods for Measuring Repellency ............................... 401 E. ’Factors Affecting Behavior of Fluorocarbon Derivatives on Fabrics... 405 F. Commercial Products .......................................... 408 G. Stain Resistance of Fluorocarbon Treated Fabrics .................. 413 H. Durability to Cleaning Processes ................................. 413 I. Commerical Treating Procedures ................................ 415 XI. Leather ........................................................... 418 A. Leather Processing ............................................ 418 B. Properties of Fluorocarbon Treated Leather ....................... 420 C. Commercial Applications ....................................... 425 XII. Paper ............................................................. 426 A. Introduction to Paper .......................................... 426 B. Fluorocarbon Paper Sizes ....................................... 427 C. Commercial Treating Procedures ................................. 432 D. Properties of Treated Paper ..................................... 433 E. Applications for Treated Paper and Paper Board ................... 436 XIII. Fluorocarbon Polymers--Plastics ...................................... 440 A. Introduction to Polymers ....................................... 440 B. Polytetrafluoroethylene ......................................... 442 C. Chlosotrifluoroethylene Polymers ................................. 449 D. Polyvinylidene Fluoride ......................................... 459 E. Polyvinyl Fluoride ............................................. 461 F. Copolymer of Tetrafluoroethylene and Hcxafluoropmpylene .......... 461 G, Copolymers containing Chlorotrifluoroethylene ..................... 462 H. Summation ................................................... 463 I. Applications .................................................. 463 3M MN04855111 3022.0002 INDUSTRIAL ASPECTS OF FLUORINE CHEMISTRY 297 XIV. Fluorine-containing Elastomers ....................................... 466 A. Introduction to Rubbers ........................................ 466 B. Fluorine-containing Elastomers .................................. 467 C. Copolymers of Chlorotrifluoroethylene and Vinylidene Fluoride ...... 468 D. Copolymers of Hexafiuoropropylene and Vinylidene Fluoride ........ 472 E. Fluorine-containing Silicone Rubber ............................. 476 F. Fluorine-containing Acrylate Elastomer ........................... 477 XV. Missiles and Rockets ................................................ 479 A. Principles Governing Jet Engines ................................ 479 B. Liquid Propellants ............................................. 482 C. Solid Propellants .............................................. 482 D. Elemental Fluorine ............................................ 483 E. Compounds of Fluorine ........................................ 485 F. Solid Propellants containing Fluorine ............................. 486 XVI. Catalysis .......................................................... 488 A. Hydrogen Fluoride ............................................ 488 B. Trifluoroacetic Acid and Anhydride .............................. 490 C. Boron Trifiuoride ............................................. 491 Bibliography ....................................................... 492 I. Introduction As a raw material for industrial use, fluorine is relatively abundant in nature. It comprises approximately 0.065% of the earth’s crust(1) com- pared to 0.055% for chlorine. Most of this fluorine, however, is combined in rather complex inorganic compounds at relatively low levels and in consequence would be difficult to recover. The most important mineral is fluorspar (fluorite, CaF2) which occurs quite widely. This is the principal source of fluorine at present. Other simple fluorides occurring as minerals are villiaumite (NaF), sellarite (MgF2), yttrocerite (Ca3Ce~Y~)F6, all of which are rare. The most important of the complex fluorides occurring naturally is cryolite (Na3A1F6). Other minerals in which fluorine is also present in minor amounts are fluorocarbonates, fluorosulfates, fluoroarsenates, and fluorophosphates. In the case of the natural phosphates, tt~e amounts present are sufficient to make them an important future source of fluorine, particularly as a by-product of the manufacture of super phosphates. Besides the naturally occurring mineral, CaF~, the most important fluorine compound on an industrial scale is hydrogen fluoride (HF). As will be shown later in this chapter, this compound has a number of very significant uses itself directly. In addition, it is the starting point in the production of most of the commercially available compounds of carbon and fluorine including gases used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants, lubricating and heat transfer fluids, fluorocarbon-type plastics and 3M MN04855112 3022.0003 298 H.G. BRYCE elastomers, surface active agents, as well as stain resistant finishes for textiles, oil resistant paper sizes, and special treatments for leather. It is not the objective of this chapter to review the method used to produce the various commercial products. As the chapter title implies, emphasis will be placed primarily on a review of irtdustrial applications and, where important, on some of the specific technology associated with these uses. An attempt will also be made to point out the unique per- formance characteristics and also to emphasize the ultimate economic advantages in the particular end use. The various topics which will be covered are not necessarily handled on the basis of relative commercial merit or usage. There have been a number of areas where the commercial development has only occurred in the past five to ten years. Some of these areas will be treated in a much
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