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Kurdistán Por Yul DIRECTOR FUNDADOR Jean Meyer . Istor es una publica ción trimestral de la Di­ visión de Historia del Cen tro de In ves tiga­ DIRECTOR David Miklos ción y Do cenc ia Econó mi cas (CIDE). CONSEJO EDITORIAL Catherine Andrews, . El objetivo de Istor es ofrecer un acercamien­ Luis Barrón, Adolfo Castañón, Clara García to original a los aconteci mien­­tos y a los Ayluardo, Luis Medina, Antonio Saborit, gran­­­des de bates de la historia y la actua lidad Rafael Rojas y Mauricio Tenorio internacio nal. DISEÑO Y FORMACIÓN Natalia Rojas Nieto . Las opiniones expresadas en esta re vis ta son responsabilidad de sus au to res. La reproduc­ CORRECCIÓN Pilar Tapia Nora Matadamas ción de los tra bajos necesita previa autoriza­ ción. CONSEJO HONORARIO . Los manuscritos deben en viar se a la Di visión Yuri Afanasiev † Universidad de Humanidades, Moscú de Historia del CIDE. Su presen tación debe Carlos Altamirano Editor de la revista Prisma (Argentina) Pierre Chaunu † Institut de France seguir los atri butos que pueden observarse Jorge Domínguez Universidad de Harvard en este nú mero. Enrique Florescano Secretaría de Cultura . Todos los artículos son dictaminados. Josep Fontana Universidad de Barcelona . Dirija su correspondencia electrónica a: Manuel Moreno Fraginals † Universidad de La Habana [email protected] Luis González † El Colegio de Michoacán . Puede consultar Istor en internet: www.is­ Charles Hale † Universidad de Iowa tor.cide.edu Matsuo Kazuyuki Universidad de Sofía, Tokio Alan Knight Universidad de Oxford . Editor responsable: David Miklos. Seymour Lipset † Universidad George Mason Olivier Mongin Editor de Esprit, París . Centro de Inves tiga ción y Docencia Eco nó­ Daniel Roche Collège de France mi­­­cas, A.C., Carretera México­Toluca 3655 Stuart Schwartz Universidad de Yale (km 16.5), Lomas de Santa Fe, 01210, Rafael Segovia El Colegio de México Ciudad de México. David Thelen Universidad de Indiana . Certificado de licitud de título: 11541 y John Womack Jr. Universidad de Harvard contenido: 8104. Reserva del título otorgada por el Indautor: 04­2000­071211550100­102 . ISSN: 1665­1715 . Impresión: Offset Rebosán. Acueducto 115, colonia Huipulco, Ciudad de México, 14370. Suscripciones: Tel.: 57 27 98 00, ext. 6093 [email protected] . Redacción: [email protected] Portada: Bandera de Kurdistán por Yul. Imagen publicada con la licencia de Shutterstock. ­istor, AÑO XViii, NÚmero 70, OTOÑO de 2017 ISTOR, palabra del griego antiguo y más exactamente del jónico. Nombre de agente, istor, “el que sabe”, el experto, el testigo, de donde proviene el verbo istoreo, “tratar de saber, informarse”, y la palabra istoria, búsqueda, averi gua ción, “historia”. Así, nos colocamos bajo la invocación del primer istor: Heródoto de Halicarnaso. ÍNDICE 5 Carlos ANtaramiÁN, Introducción: Kurdistán Dossier 15 Carlos ANtaramiÁN, Proemio: Entrevista a Gérard Chaliand 19 DjeNE Rhys BajalaN, La historia kurda antes de 1918. Los kurdos: De la conquista árabe al final de la Primera Guerra Mundial 41 Sacha AlsaNcaklı, El Sharafnama de Sharaf Khan Bitlisi: Nuevas aproximaciones al estudio de una fuente única de la historia de los kurdos 51 Gilberto CONde Zambada, Geopolíticas y antigeopolíticas de la cuestión kurda en perspectiva histórica 73 JUAN Carlos Castillo, ¿Estatalidad de facto o autonomismo democrático? El proyecto político de los kurdos en Siria e Irak 97 Erika S. AGUilar SilVA, El paradigma Yineología como parte del proyecto de Confederalismo Democrático de Royavá 107 MarÍA EUgeNia GANTUS, Sin treguas: La nueva persecución de los yazidíes de Irak 117 Tork DalalyaN, Construcción de identidades kurdas y yazidíes entre la población hablante de kurmanyi de la República de Armenia Notas y diálogos 129 Ipek Demir, El campo de batalla de la diáspora: Cómo los kurdos de Turquía reviven, construyen y traducen la lucha kurda en Londres 145 Carlos ANtaramiÁN, Érase una vez en Dersim: Salir de Armenia, ¿regresar al Kurdistán? Textos recobrados 159 William EagletoN JR. Y Archie RooseVelt JR., La República kurda de Mahabad Ventana al mundo 171 El fracaso de Lausana Convergencias y divergencias 173 KUmrU Toktamis, El espectro de la violencia en forma de un ex aliado gubernamental: La (im)posibilidad de negociar la paz Historia y literatura 187 ArtsVÍ BakhchiNYÁN, Zaré y kurdos yazidíes: La representación de los kurdos en dos películas armenias soviéticas 197 Çemil TUraN Bazidi, El galanto ensangrentado (fragmento de novela) 205 Carlos MartÍNez Assad, ¡Bienvenido seas Yaşar Kemal! Reseñas 213 Sara Achik LÓpez, Siria en el torbellino 215 ANA Mercedes Alfaro AlbarrÁN, Estos son los kurdos: Análisis de una nación 217 JeaN Meyer, Reseñas breves Perfiles 223 JeaN­Pierre BastiaN, El protestantismo en la latinidad: Cuestionamiento de una modernidad religiosa de ruptura 241 Cajón de sastre 247 Línea de tiempo de la historia de los kurdos Introducción KURDISTÁN Carlos Antaramián El 28 de julio de 2017 el Parlamento turco aprobó un proyecto de ley que esti­ pulaba cambios a las reglas internas de procedimiento en dicha cámara. Tanto el partido del presidente Recep Tayyip Erdogan, el Partido de Justicia y Desarrollo (AKP, por sus siglas en turco) como el Partido del Movimiento Nacionalista (MHP) votaron a favor de esta ley que, bajo el argumento de que “insultaba la historia y el pasado común del pueblo turco”, prohibía a los legisladores el uso del término “genocidio armenio”, así como las palabras “Kurdistán”, “Amed” (Diyarbakir) y “regiones kurdas”.1 Esta violencia simbólica ha tenido periodos de recrudecimien­ to y distensión en Turquía, en especial fue muy intensa en la década de 1930, cuando además de prohibir el uso de las palabras “kurdo” y “Kurdistán” a este pueblo se le negó cualquier derecho a la identidad y sus miembros fueron consi­ derados Dagli Türkler (turcos de las montañas). Su nombre fue borrado de artícu­ los, discursos, periódicos y libros de historia y el uso de su lengua se prohibió también en espacios públicos. Hoy Turquía se encuentra polarizada y hay grupos que demandan una solución pacífica al tema kurdo; sin embargo, grandes sectores de la burocracia turca, así como grupos nacionalistas, son particularmente agre­ sivos hacia el uso de estas palabras o hacia aquel que muestre en público la ban­ dera tricolor del Kurdistán, que tenemos como portada de este dossier. Pero así como la palabra Kurdistán es considerada un “insulto” a la historia y pasado turcos, según la Ley interna del Parlamento, el presidente Erdogan dijo, el pasado 22 de agosto en el Palacio Presidencial en Ankara, que la posible creación de un Estado kurdo en Irak —que podría suceder si el plebiscito por la indepen­ 1 Véase el artículo en línea: http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/ad5632af­652d­4aa6­aaa8­e6531115c7a8 5 Carlos ANtaramiÁN dencia del 25 de septiembre es afirmativo—,2 es igualmente “un insulto a nuestros hermanos kurdos”.3 En este discurso dijo que “sus hermanos kurdos” nunca per­ mitirían la creación de un Estado kurdo en el norte de Siria o el sur de Turquía, ya que “somos una nación en un país con una estructura unitaria […] Tenemos una sola bandera, una patria y un Estado […] Y mandaremos a los que quieran romper esta nación a la tumba”.4 Palabras prohibidas, amenazas directas. Parece­ ría que las autoridades turcas creen que si juzgan impropias o insultantes ciertas palabras o términos modificaran el mundo a su gusto. El artificio puede resultar contraproducente, porque puede generar interés por saber más sobre esas palabras, sobre ese Estado prohibido. Este dossier pretende satisfacer tal curiosidad. Como pieza de inicio para este número de Istor le pedimos al joven historia­ dor inglés Djene Rhys Bajalan, egresado de la Universidad de Oxford y actual profesor de la Universidad Estatal de Missouri, un artículo que sintetizara la milenaria historia kurda para un público que, debido a una lastimera falta de publicaciones sobre el tema en Hispanoamérica,5 no siempre puede tener una aproximación científica a la lectura del pasado kurdo en español. El texto “La historia kurda antes de 1918” logra este cometido al presentarnos de manera breve los debates sobre los mitos y leyendas de este pueblo, así como un repaso general de las teorías desarrolladas tanto en el mundo islámico como por acadé­ micos occidentales, o por los mismos kurdos sobre su origen; sobre la primera mención de su nombre en la época sasánida, sus complejas y diversas conversiones religiosas y un recuento de algunos de sus príncipes —entre ellos el célebre Sala­ dino—. El artículo también habla sobre el auge y la caída de las dinastías kurdas, el continuo cambio de los poderes externos que los gobernaban y otros episodios de la convulsa historia de este grupo. El artículo de Sacha Alsancakli, “El Sha­ 2 Dicho plebiscito fue convocado por Masud Barzani, presidente del Gobierno Regional del Kurdistán en Irak, y mientras escribimos esta introducción los resultados hacen evidente un triunfo del Sí a la Indepen­ dencia. 3 Véase el artículo en línea: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/we­will­not­allow­a­kurdish­state­on­our­ borders­erdogan­.aspx?PageID=238&NID=117059&NewsCatID=352 [consulta: 5 de septiembre de 2017]. 4 Véase: http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/ad5632af­652d­4aa6­aaa8­e6531115c7a8. Asimismo Ara Khalidi del portal Kurdistan24 traduce una versión ligeramente diferente: “We will make sure this home­ land becomes a cementery for those who try to divide it”, disponible en: http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/ news/019f93d2­667a­409c­a242­e0e42cfce758 5 Quizá el primero fue el de Manuel Martorell, Los kurdos. Historia de una resistencia, Madrid, Espasa, 1991, seguido por Salim Barakat, Las plumas. Viaje sentimental al Kurdistán, Madrid, Libertarias­Prodhufi, 1992; Nazanin Amirian, Los kurdos: Kurdistán, un país inexistente, Barcelona, Flor del Viento, 2005; Abdullah Öcalan, Revolución en Kurdistán. La otra guerra contra el Estado Islámico, Colonia, International Initiative, 2008, y unos pocos más que se cuentan con los dedos de la mano.
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