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Genesis and Evolution of Regoliths C Genesis and evolution of regoliths C. Moragues-Quiroga, J. Juilleret, L. Gourdol, E. Pelt, T. Perrone, A. Aubert, G. Morvan, F. Chabaux, Arnaud Legout, P. Stille, et al. To cite this version: C. Moragues-Quiroga, J. Juilleret, L. Gourdol, E. Pelt, T. Perrone, et al.. Genesis and evolution of regoliths: Evidence from trace and major elements and Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes. CATENA, Elsevier, 2017, 149, pp.185-198. 10.1016/j.catena.2016.09.015. hal-01493085 HAL Id: hal-01493085 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01493085 Submitted on 20 Mar 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Catena 149 (2017) 185–198 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Catena journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/catena Genesis and evolution of regoliths: Evidence from trace and major elements and Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes C. Moragues-Quiroga a,b,⁎, J. Juilleret a, L. Gourdol a,E.Peltb,T.Perroneb,A.Aubertb, G. Morvan b,F.Chabauxb, A. Legout c, P. Stille b,C.Hisslera a Catchment and Ecohydrology Research Group (CAT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg b Université de Strasbourg, LHyGeS (UMR 7517 CNRS/EOST/UdS), 1 Rue Blessig, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France c INRA, UR 1138 Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers, Route d'Amance, 54280, Champenoux, Nancy, France article info abstract Article history: Regoliths encompass different materials from the fresh bedrock to the top of the organic horizons. The occurrence Received 11 February 2016 and evolution of these materials are determined by deposition, erosion and weathering processes that are specif- Received in revised form 14 September 2016 ic for each region. The origin and interaction of the regolith layers are still important issues in the study of critical Accepted 18 September 2016 zone functioning. Studies that attempt to understand the processes responsible for the structure and the evolu- Available online 9 November 2016 tion of regoliths often focus either on the soil or on the bedrock compartment, and often from a narrowly focused approach using just a single tool such as major element patterns or mineralogy. This limits the understanding of Keywords: Regolith the complete regolith composition and evolution. The present study proposes the combination of mineralogy, Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes major and trace element concentrations, and Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes as an extremely useful procedure for tracking Trace elements the spatial and temporal origin of regolith materials and understanding their stratification. This multi-tracer ap- Mineralogy proach was applied on a regolith profile from the south-western edge of the Rhenish Massif, which is Critical zone characterised by the occurrence of slate bedrocks and overlying Pleistocene Periglacial Slope Deposits (PPSD). Periglacial coverbeds The data allowed the differentiation of three compartments within the regolith: 1) the organic compartment, where low 206Pb/207Pb and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios reflected the impact of atmosphere-derived components; 2) the PPSD compartment, whose upper horizons were characterised by the presence of atmosphere-derived particles rich in Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg and Pb and by relatively low 206Pb/207Pb and 87Sr/86Sr ratios, whereas the lower horizons showed Nb enrichments in their matrix and a mineralogical composition pointing to ancient volcanic events; and 3) the weathered slate compartment, whose weathering progression and genetic relationship with the PPSD were particularly well tracked with 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotope ratios, (234U/238U) activity ratios and positive Ce anomalies. The results prove the efficiency of radiogenic isotope measurements combined with the analysis of major and trace elements to complete regolith studies. Moreover, these isotopes and elements are shown to be potential geochemical tracers of exchange processes at the water-mineral interface. This ap- proach allows for the first time the description of an evolution scheme of a complete slate regolith, which covers a large part of the Rhenish Massif. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction concentration (Banwart et al., 2011; Berner and Maasch, 1996; West et al., 2013). The regolith is the terrestrial environmental compartment Regolith represents the unconsolidated mantle of weathered rock where most of the water exchanges occur. Its bio-physico-chemical and soil material on the Earth's surface (Soil Science Glossary Terms properties drastically impact the water that percolates and/or stores in Committee (SSGT), 2008). In a broader sense, it encompasses all mate- its different parts (organic and mineral soil horizons, weathered bed- rial from fresh rock to the atmosphere (Eggleton, 2001; Scott and Pain, rock, etc.). 2008; NRC, 2001; Field et al., 2015). Regolith is a major compartment On a large scale from a space and time perspective, most of the in situ of the critical zone where fluxes of water, energy, solutes and matter regolith systems are polygenetic. As an example, Felix-Henningsen occur. The production of regolith from the original bedrock influences (1994) showed that in the Rhenish Massif a weathering mantle the chemistry of surface waters and buffers the atmospheric CO2 representing the in situ regolith with a thickness up to 150 m was formed under warm and humid climates over a long period of time, from the Upper Mesozoic to the Tertiary. Additionally, loose materials ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (C. Moragues-Quiroga), produced in the in situ regolith move during erosion processes and con- [email protected] (A. Legout), [email protected] (C. Hissler). tribute to form a transported regolith after redeposition. This means that http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.09.015 0341-8162/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 186 C. Moragues-Quiroga et al. / Catena 149 (2017) 185–198 actual in situ regoliths recorded successive weathering and erosion evolution, and by evaluating the chemical and isotopical impact be- stages (Barbier, 2012). Therefore, in situ regoliths can also be considered tween the different strata. Hereby, we also address the question, how as polygenetic (Taylor and Eggleton, 2001). In the Rhenish Massif, the far dust from the late-Pleistocene volcanic eruption reached the soil representing the upper part of the regolith is essentially developed south-western edge of the Rhenish Massif and mixed with the local from Pleistocene Periglacial Slope Deposits (PPSD - Kleber, 1997; loess deposits. To our knowledge, this is one of the few existing studies Semmel and Terhorst, 2010) - also called periglacial coverbeds - that on a whole regolith system using such a multi-tracing approach. cover the weathered in situ regolith to constitute a polygenetic regolith system. These PPSD originate from the combination of atmospheric de- 2. Geomorphology and geological settings position, solifluction and/or cryoturbation of the former active rock layer during the last glacial period (Kleber, 1997; Semmel and The study site is a 4 ha beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus Terhorst, 2010). The distances over which these materials were petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) dominated plateau located at an average altitude transported range from a local to regional scale. Hence, the alternation of 512 m asl in the Luxembourg Ardennes Massif (Oesling), close to the of such contrasting materials creates regolith components which may Belgian border (latitude: 49° 50′ 05.5″N; longitude: 05° 47′ 47.6″E) (Fig. have a proximal, but not direct, genetic link to the underlying bedrock. 1). The studied plateau is assumed to be representative of the regolith Their differentiation in the regolith induced many lithic discontinuities landform unit called “haute surface de l'Oesling” in Luxembourg, that directly impact the evolution of the regolith and control pedogene- which developed at 500 m asl (Désiré-Marchand, 1985). A regolith sis, water infiltration, interflow and root penetration (Lorz and Phillips, landform unit represents an area characterised by similar landform 2006; Völkel et al., 2011). and regolith attributes (Eggleton, 2001). Indeed, landforms are used as Atmospheric deposition can significantly contribute to the polyge- surrogates for mapping regoliths since both are usually spatially and ge- netic evolution of regoliths and mask the autochthonous contribution netically related (Craig et al., 1999). This “haute surface de l'Oesling” is coming from the bedrock. On the one hand, atmosphere-derived an- the Luxembourg part of an extensive Dano-Montian surface of the east- thropogenic depositions of trace metals originating from agricultural ern part of central Ardennes and Eifel at altitudes above 500 m tillage and fertilization, mining and other industrial activities tend to ac- (Demoulin, 2003) and correlates in Germany with the mapped “S2” sur- cumulate in the upper soil layers due to their adsorption by organic face, developed by pedimentation under semi-arid climate during the matter (Aubert et al., 2002; Hissler and Probst, 2006;
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