THE GROWING INDUSTRY: A GEOGRAPHIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

compiled by

OTIS W. TEMPLER, J .D., Ph.D. Department of Geography · Texas Tech University

!CASALS PUBLICATION NO. 87-1

INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR ARID and SEMIARID LAND STUDIES Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas, 1987 INTRODUCTION

Otis W. Templer is Professor and Chairman of the Department of Geog- raphy at Texas Tech University, where he has been a faculty member since

1968. He holds a B.S. degree (1954) from Texas A & M University, later earned a law degree (1959) from the University of Texas at Austin, and has been a member of the State Bar of Texas since 1959. After engaging in private law practice for several years he returned to graduate studies, earning an M.A. degree (1964) in geography from Southern Methodist Univer- sity and a Ph.D. (1969) in geography from the University of , Los

Angeles.

Prof. Templer 1 s research focuses primarily on the problems of arid and semi-arid lands, particularly the investigation from a geographic and legal perspective of the institutional (legal-political) constraints on water resource use, development and management in arid environments. He has authored and edited over forty publications on various water resource and arid lands topics. Prof. Templer is a long-time ICASALS Associate and is a founding member and has twice served as president of the Association for

Arid Lands Studies, an interdisciplinary group of arid lands scholars headquartered at Texas Tech University. His interest in the Texas wine growing industry ste ms from a B.S. degree in horticulture from Texas A & M \. University and more recent research on wine as an alternative supple- mental crop for arid regions of Texas and the American Southwest. He ex- pects to be active in a soon-to-be formed Viticultural Geography Specialty

Group of the Association of American Geographers, and he is also a member of the Society of Wine Educators .

It may come as a surprise to some ·that and viniculture have

1 2

'a very long history in Texas, spanning more than three centuries. In 1682,

Franciscan priests established a at Ysleta on the Rio Grande near

present-day · El Paso, planting Mission wine grapes and producing wine for the

mass . This activity preceded the introduction of wine grapes to California

by almost a century .

Wine growing in Texas has been marked by several periods of rising and

declining interest. culture and wine making significantly expanded

during the late 1800s and early 1900s, thanks in part to the influx of 19th­

century European immigrants and to the promotional efforts of Thomas v.

Munson of Denison, an internationally acclaimed plant breeder who developed

more than 300 varieties of grapes better suited to the Texas and midwestern

environments. Experimental plantings and agricultural publications of the

turn-o f-the-century era had established the viticultural advantages and

potential of the High Plains and Trans-Pecos regions of arid and semi-arid

West Texas , particularly for European wine grapes. Prohibition killed the

industry and r esulte d in the closing of many small wineries scattered over

t he state. Val Verde Winery a t Del Rio, established in 1883 and reopene d

following repeal, was the state's only winery from 1949 to the mid-1970s .

Texas' involvement in the world-wi de wine grape boom of the late 1960s

and early 1970s expanded vineyard acreage from less than .9.Q acres in 1970,

to more than 3 ,000 acres in 1982 and to mo re than 4,000 acres at present.

About 3,500 acres of wine grapes are located in , with some 2,000

acres on the South Plains in the vicinity of Lubbock and another 1,500 acres

in Trans-Pecos Texas. Almost all vineyards are planted with Vitis v i nifera,

~ropean wine grapes capable of producing premium varietal table .

Farmers in water-short West Texas have long been interested in finding t alternative crops which r equire less water than cotton, grain sorghum or 3

other traditional annual crops, and many have planted small acreages of wine grapes as a water-conserving, high-value, supplemental crop. It has well- drained, fertile soils, relatively level topography, lacks most common grape diseases and insect pests, and has abundant relatively inexpensive land.

Drier, cooler West Texas land has impressive natural advantages for wine grape production when compared to more humid regions of the state.

As the wine grape acreage expanded, new wineries to accommodate the increased grape production were established in the mid-1970s, joining the century-old Val Verde Winery. Texas wine production grew rapidly from a few thousand gallon§ in the mid-1970s to an estimated 465, 000 gallons in 1985 and 800,000 gallons in 1986. Most wine produced is still marketed and consumed in Texas, but fine varietal wines from Texas have done very well in national and international tasting competitions.

As shown by Figure 1, in May, 1987 Texas had twenty bonded wineries, and several others are reported to be nearing completion. Thirteen of the wineries are located in more humid North and Central Texas, though several of them utilize West Texas-grown Vinifera grapes, and seven wineries are located in West Texas. Many Texas wineries are relatively small, producing only a few thousand gallons of wine per year. Particularly renowned are

Llano Estacado and Pheasant Ridge Wineries near Lubbock and the multi­ million dollar new state-of-the-art facility of Ste. Genevieve Winery built on University of Texas lands in Pecos County. Experts predict that the

Texas wine growing industry is on the verge of a major expansion, especially in West Texas, which 'will eventually result in the state being ranked only behind California and perhaps Washington in wine grape acreage and wine production.

This geographic bibliography of the Texas wine growing industry 4

FIGURE 1. TEXAS VITICUL TURAL AREAS AND WINERIES

ii~f!!tfi~\\ Viticultural Area (not to scale} f • Winery ...... Mil••

OWT 5

represents materials which the compiler has gathered over the past decade.

To date, the fledgling Texas wine growing industry has received minimal

coverage in scholarly literature. As is very evident from the cited materials, most are from popular literature for the general public, in

particular from newspapers and magazines of wide circulation. The two

books, English's The Wines of Texas: A Guide and a History and Giordano's

Texas Wines and Wineries, are also directed to general audiences. Neverthe­

less, this admittedly less-then-comprehensive bibliography of over 240

sources is indicative of the wide-spread and growing public interest in the

Texas wine growing industry.

The compiler plans to continue research on Texas viticulture­

viniculture, especially on wine grapes as a potential arid lands crop and on

study of the significant legal impediments which have hindered more rapid

expansion of the Texas wine growing industry. Also, he anticipates that

these sources and other new material to be gathered by geographic field work will eventually result in a monograph-length study tentatively entitled

Vines and Wines: The Geography of the Texas Wine Growing Industry.

Special thanks are due to Dr. Idris R. Traylor, Director of !CASALS,

for his support of this project and to Suzanne S. Cutherell of for

faithfully clipping newspaper and magazine materials and providing the

compiler with many useful Texas wine articles. THE TEXAS WINE GROWING INDUSTRY: A GEOGRAPHIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

"A & M Winemaker Scorns Texas Industry," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (July 16, 1981), p. B-5.

Acrey, Chauncey _C. "A Toast to a Cask of Llano Estacada," Accent West, Vol. 8 , No. 11 (November, 1979), 51-54+.

Adams, Leon D. The Wines of America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1973, Chap. 20, pp. 152-153.

Adams, Leon D. The Wines of America. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, 1978, 623 p., Chap. 10, pp. 203-208.

Adams, Leon D. Tqe Wines of America. New York: McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition, 1985, 608 p., Chap. 10, pp. 200-204.

Alley, C. J. "-Changing Over Varieties by Budding," In: Proceedings, Texas Grape Growers Association. College Station: Texas Agricultural Extension Service, i980.

Alley, C. J. "Grape Propagation by Cuttings," In: Proceedings, Texas Grape Growers Association. College Station: Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 1980.

Allis, Tim. "Tasters • Choice," (re American wine tasting in , including Texas wines) D Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 2 (February, 1985) , RG6-RG11.

"Annual Field Day to Feature Results of Grape Research," Lubbock Avalanche­ Journal (Agust 28, 1981) , p. A-8.

Atkins, Ken. "The Munson Grapes: The Grapes That Lived," Texas Gardener, Vol. 2, No . 6 (November-December, 1982), 10-17.

Atkins, Ken. "Texas Wines, Poised for Growth," Texas Gardener, Vol . 2, No . 6 (November-December, 1982), 50 .

Augustin, Byron. "Fruit of the Vine," (re mustang grapes) Texas Highways, Vol. 28, No. 7 (July, 1981), 8~10.

"Backyard Grape Growing Can be Fun, Rewarding," Lubbock Avalanche- Journal (August 28 , 1981) , p . B-6.

Balliet, Kenneth . "Grow Yo ur OWn Wine," The Mother Earth News, No. 78 (November-December, 1982) , 34-37.

Barnes, Sarah. "Dallas Restaurant OWner Swears by Lubbock County Wine," Lubbock Avalanche- Journal (October 8, 1985), p. A-15.

6 7

Bauer, Michael and Diane Teitelbaum. "Competitions Reveal Improvement in Texas Wines," Dallas Times Herald (November 25, 1984), p. 6.

Bell, Sally. "Tale of the Grape," (re Texas wineries) Dallas Times Herald (June 17, 1987), pp. A-1, A-10.

Belue-Cevola, Victoria. "Blithe Spirits," (re amateur vintners in ) Dallas Morning News, Dallas Life Magazine (October 7, 1984), pp. 14-18.

Biffle, Kent. "Winery Found Success Through the Grapevine," (re Val Verde Winery) Dallas Morning News (June 17, 1984), p. A-47.

"Birth of a New Aggie Tradition: Making Wine in the Brazos Valley," (re Messina-Hof Wine Cellars) The Texas Aggie, Vol. 64, No . 5 (September, 1983), 24-25.

Blair, Jess F. "Mainly in the Plains," (re Texas High Plains grape and wine industry) Texas Business, Vol. 9, No. 7 (January, 1985), 13-14.

Bratcher, John. "Wo rld of Wine," (re Llano Estacada Winery) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (February 5, 1984), p. A-5.

Brown, Ellen. "Qualia Traditions Deep-Rooted: Hope for Future Grows from Past," (re Val Verde Winery) San Angelo Standard-Times (April 3, 1966), p . B-6.

Brown, Travis. "UT Wine Industry Doomed, Says Tech Professor," (re Ste. Genevieve Winery) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (November 4, 1979) , p. A-8.

Bryant, Angela. "La Buena Vi da Vineyards: The Toast o f Parker County, " Dallas Morning News, Guide (May 15, 1987), pp. 26-27.

Buckley, Marion. "In All Things, Moderation," (re Texas International Wine Classi c in Lubbock) Texas Business, Vol. 9, No. 9 (March, 1985), 51-55.

Burton, Gerry, "Vintner Co nsiders Rosy Future," (re home winemaking in Lubbock) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (January 31, 1983), p. D-7.

Cantleberry, Toby . "A Glass of Lubbock Wine," (re Llano Estacada Winery) Muse Air Monthly, Vol. 1, No . 1 (September, 1983), 38-39.

"Carnelian Fulfills Grape Expectati ons," (re Fall Creek Winery) Dallas Morning News (March 15, 1987), p. J-8.

Clift, J ohn. "Preston Winery Marks First Press," (re Preston Trail Winery) The Denison Herald (July 20, 1986), pp. A-1, A-2.

Clift, John . "Wine Kit Contains New Career," (re Preston Trail Winery) Dallas Morning News (August 2, 1986), p. A-39. 8

Criswell, Ann. "Mixing Native Wines and Foods for New Tastes," (re Texas wines) Houston Chronicle, Food Section (August 13, 1986), pp. 1, 6.

Davis, Kathleen. "Area Crop Diversification Studied," (including wine grapes) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (May 27, 1987), pp. A-1, A-8.

Davis, Kathleen. "Conservation Design Aids Hurlwood Grape Grower," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (March 28, 1986), p. C-14.

Davis, Kathleen. "Cotton Farmer Turns to Grapes," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (June 25, 1982), p. B-6 .

Davis, Kathleen. "High Plains Grapes Prove Profitable Crop," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (July 31, 1983), p. E-10.

Davis, Kathleen. "Texas Wineries on Promotion Road," Lubbock Evening Journal (September 19, 1986), p. D-15.

De Blij, Harm J. Geography of Viticulture. Miami: Miami Geographical Society, 1981, 134 p .

De Blij, Harm J. "Geography of Viticulture: Rationale and Resource," Journal of Geography, Vol. 82, No. 3 (May-June, 1983), 112-121.

De Blij, Harm J. Wine: A Geographical Appreciation. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Allanheld, 1983, 320 p.

De Blij, Harm J. "Wine Quality and Climate," Focus, Vol. 35, No. 2 (April, 1985), 10-15.

"Deaf Smith Slates Election," (re package sales election in Hereford) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (March 13, 1984), p. B-1.

Dixon, Sam H. ABC of Fruit Growing. TOA Bulletin No. 32. Austin: Texas Department of Agriculture, July-August 1913, "The Grape," pp. 62-69.

Doughty, Robin W. Wildlife and Man in Texas: Environmental Change and Conservation. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1983, pp. 133-136 (re German immigrants and wine making, mustang grapes and T. V. Munson).

English, Sarah Jane. "A Taste of Texas," (re Fall Creek Winery) Southwest Airlines Spirit (April, 1985), 108.

English, Sarah Jane , "Feast with Texas Wines," Texas Highways, Vol. 31, No. 1 (January, 1984) , 44-47. Also in Hockaday School Alum Magazine (1985) , 5 -7 .

English, Sarah Jane . "Good Spirits," (re Texas wines) Texas Homes, Vol. 11, No . 4 (April, 1987), 51-53+.

English, Sarah Jane. "Val Verde Winery Celebrates a Century," Texas Highways, Vol. 31, No. 1 (January, 1984), 40-43. 9

English, Sarah Jane. The Wines of Texas: A Guide and a History. Austin: 'ft Eakin Press, 1986, 191 p.

"Experts to Aid Texas Grape Growers," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (March 23,

1983) I p. C-10.

Fitz-Gerald, Carolyn. "Lubbock: Little Metropolis on the Prairie," (re local wineries) Southwest Airlines Spirit (July, 1986), 68-75.

"French Experts Get Proof of west Texas Vineyards," (re Ste. Genevieve Winery) Express-News (September 7, 1985), p. C-1.

"French Look to Texas for Quality Vineyards," (re West Texas grapes) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (July 30, 1983), p. A-7.

Fuerrnann, George. "Symposium to Judge, Sample Texas Wines," Houston Post (November 6, 1985), p. G-7.

Fuermann, George. "Wine Fans Financed Wimberley, Every Lock, Its Stock and Barrels," (re Wimberley Valley Winery) Houston Post (February 18,

1987) I p. G-8.

Fuermann, George. "Wine Talk," (re Texas' first vi ticultural area, Bell Mountain, Oberhellmann Vineyards) Houston Post (December 3, 1986), p. G-6.

Gabler, James M. Wine into Words: A History and Bibliography of Wine Books in the English Language. Baltimore: Bacchus Press, Ltd., 1985, 403 p .

Gaskill, Melissa L. "The Grape Race," (re Texas wine industry) Texas Business, Vol. 9, No. 2 (August, 1984), 104-105.

Gay, David E. R., John G. Hehr and Ralph B. Hutchinson. "The Economic Geography of Southern Vineyards and Wineries," Midsouth Journal of Economics, Vol. 6, No. 2 (August, 1982), 265-270 .

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Bryan's Handcrafted Wines," (re Messina-Hof Wine Cellars) Texas Homes, Vol. 7, No. 12 (December, 1983), 118-122.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Carrying on the German Tradition," (re Oberhellmann Vineyards) Texas Hornes, Vol. 8, No. 1 (January, 1984), 147, 150-151.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Cypress Valley," Texas Homes, Vol. 7, No. 3 (March, 1983) , 106-108.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Fall Creek: Texas' Rugged Individual," Texas Hornes, Vol. 6, No. 10 (November, 1982), 109-112.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Guadalupe Valley Winery: A Bright Future," Texas Horne s, Vol. 6, No. 8 (September, 1982), 53-54.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "La Buena Vida: Eclectic Texas Winery," Texas Hornes, Vol. 6, No. 7 (August, 1982), 83-86. 10

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Llano Estacada: Bottled Gold on the Staked Plains of West Texas," Texas Homes, Vol. 6, No. 6 (July, 1982), 120-122+.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Parker County's Chateau Montgolfier," Texas Homes, Vol. 7, No. 5 (May, 1983), 99-101.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Pheasant Ridge: Family Dream Come True, " Texas Homes, Vol. 7, No. 4 (April, 1983), 102-107.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Sanchez Creek: Bottling a Dream," Texas Homes,

Vol. 8, No. 2 (February, 1984) I 103-105.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Sanchez Creek: Refining the Reds, " Texas Homes, Vol. 7, No. 1 (January, 1983) I 131-133.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Texans' Venture in the Vineyards," Texas Highways, Vol. 31, No. 1 (January, 1984), 30-39.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Texas Vineyards," (re Texas Vineyards at Ivanhoe), Texas Homes, Vol. 8, No. 7 (July, 1985), 10-15.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. Texas Wines and Wineries. Austin: Texas Monthly ;P. Press, 1984, 171 p.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "UT Project: The French Connection," (re Ste. Genevieve Winery) Texas Homes, Vol . 7, No. 11 (November, 1983), 130-136.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Val Verde Winery : Grandfather of the Texas Wine­ making Fraternity," Texas Homes, Vol. 6, No. 5 (June, 1982), 107-108+.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "West Texas' Glasscock Vineyards," Texas Homes, Vol . 7, No . 7 (July, 1983), 123-125.

Giordano, Frank R. Jr. "Wimberly Valley: Promising Newcomer," Texas Homes, Vol. 8, No. 3 (March, 1984), 121-123 .

"Grape Arbor Adds Note of Landscape Interest," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (August 15, 1970), p. B-11.

"Grape Culture," In: The Handbook of Texas, A Supplement, Vol. III, Eldon s . Branda (ed.). Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1976, p. 352.

"Grape Grower Sees Bright Texas Future, 11 Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (March

28, 1987) I p. D-6.

"Grape Growers ' Meet Scheduled in Lubbock," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (March

16, 1983) I p. D-7.

"Grape Plains States, 11 (re Texas wine industry) Southwest Airlines Maga- zine, Vol. 8, No. 3 (October, 1983), 23-24 . 11

"'Grape Revolution' to Be Offered," Dallas Morning News (February 12, 1983), p. C-19.

"Grapes Show Potential with Limited Water," !CASALS Newsletter, Vol. 15, No. 4 (October, 1982), 4-5.

Grapes, Viticulture, Wine and Wine-Making: A Bibliography, Sacramento, CA: Mark Larwood Company, 1975, 804 p.

Grayson County Cornrnuni ty College. The T. V. Munson Memorial Vineyard Report, Vol. 1, No. 1 (November 1, 1980), 1-6.

Greene, A. C. "An Unsung Texas Hero," (re Thomas V. Munson) Dallas Morning News (December 5, 1986), p . A-31.

Griffith, Dotty. "Wine Winners: Homegrown Showdown at State Fair," (re wine judging at State Fair of Texas) Dallas Morning News (October 22,

1981) I pp. E-1, E-14.

Guttadauro, Guy J. A List of References for the History of Grapes, Wines and Raisins in America. Davis, CA: Agricultural History Center, University of California, Davis, July 1976, 70 p.

Hackley, Randall. "Residents Boast Van Horn Is a West Texas Shangri-La," (re grapes in Culberson County) Dallas Morning News (March 6, 1983), p. A-46.

Hiaring, Philip. "Texas Wine: Tall in the Saddle, Lone Star State Is Doubling Its Output," Wines and Vines, Vol. 66, No. 9 (September,

1985) I 24-31.

Hehr, John G. "The Rise of Wineries in the South and Southwest," Paper presented at the Western Social Science Association annual meeting, Denver, Colorado, April 23, 1982, 8 p.

Henderson, Cynthia. "The Grape: This Grower Knows It's Important to Use No Wine Before Its Time," (re La Buena Vida Winery) Dallas Morning News (June 12, 1982), pp. F-1, F-8.

Henly, Keth. "Tech Professor Envisions West Texas Wine Industry," Lubbock I(, Avalanche-Journal (August 1, 1976), p. A-1. /

Heritage Projects Cornrni ttee. "From Vines to Wines," Program and Tour, Women's Council, west Texas Museum Association, August 28, 1980, n.p.

Herold, Larry. "Romancing the Vine," (re Sanchez Creek Winery) Dallas Morning News (February 10, 1985), pp. 8-14 .

"Hey, This Stuff Ain't Half Bad," (re Texas wines) Texas Monthly, Vol. 12, No. 10 (October, 1984), 148-151.

Hohertz, Lynn . "Local Winery Tastes Success," (re Llano Estacado Winery) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (October 14, 1984), p. D-11 . 12

Hohertz, Lynn. "Wine Festival Promises Tasteful Premier," (re Texas International Wine Classic I) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (October 21, 1984) , p. D-1.

Hohertz, Lynn. "Second Wine Classic Offers Exceptional Agenda," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (September 22, 1985), p . D-1.

Hopkins, Cameron. "Winery OWner Says Wet Vote Will Help Deaf Smith Farmers," (re La Escarbada-XIT Winery) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (April 10, 1984), p. B-1 .

"Hot, Dry Climate of West Texas, N.M., Yields Wines to Help Satisfy Demand," Houston Post (October 20, 1985), p. E-13.

Hutchinson, Ralph B. "Wine Consumption Rates and Legal Environments," Paper presented at the Western Social Science Association annual meeting, Denver, Colorado, April 23, 1982, 23 p.

Hutchinson, Ralph B. and David E. R. Gay. "Economic Analysis of Texas Law Governing Wine Distribution," Paper presented at the annual joint meeting of the Southwestern Economics Association-Southwestern Social Science Association, Fort Worth, Texas, March 24, 1984, 11 p. + append.

"It's All a Matter of Taste," (re tasting impressions of Llano Estacado wines) Accents West, Vol. 8, No. 11 (November, 1979), 55.

Jarvis, Dawna. "Texas Wine?: Llano Estacado Winery Yields Wine Which Challenges California Greats, " The University Daily [Texas Tech Univer­ sity] (March 12, 1987), p. 4.

Jennings, Diane. "The Spirits of Texas," (re Texas wine and food) Dallas Morning News (February 19, 1984), p. E-12.

Johnson, Brett. "Area Just Ripe for Fine Wines," (re South Plains wine industry) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (June 14, 1987), pp. A-1, A-9.

Jordan, Terry G. German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1966, pp. 76-79, 140-141, 192-199 (re wine growing by early German settlers).

"Juicy Crop Takes Lots of Labor, " The Cross-Section, Vol. 29, No. 11 (Novem­ ber, 1983), 1, 3.

Kaufman, H. Grape Diseases in Far West Texas. Fort Stockton, TX: Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 1982 .

Kaufman, William I. Encyclopedia of American Wine, Including Mexico and Canada . Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc. and the Wine Apprecia- tion Guild, 1984, 564 p., "Texas," pp. 378-379 (plus entries for individual wineries) .

Kaufman, William I. Pocket Encyclopedia of American Wineries East of the Rockies. Watkins Glen , NY: Association of American Vintners, 1984, 128 p. 13

Kerr, John S. "The Life and Labors of the Late T. V. Munson," In: 16th Texas Farmers' Congress, 1913 . TOA Bulletin No. 33. Austin: Texas Department of Agriculture, September-October 1913, pp. 211-215 .

"La Buena Vida Vineyards," Dallas Morning News, Dallas Life Magazine (October 24, 1982), p. 8.

Larkin, Thomas J. and George W. Bomar. Climatic Atlas of Texas. TDWR Publication LP-192. Austin: Texas Department of Water Resources, December 1983 , 151 p .

Larum, Glen. "Vineyards Expected to Fill Tall Order," (re UT vineyards in Pecos County) Ft. Stockton Pioneer (August 3, 1980) , n.p.

Leuschel, Jani. "Good and Bad News on the Freeze," (re late March, 1987 freeze damage) Dallas Morning News (April 12, 1987), p. J-6 .

Lipe, William N. "Effective Weed Control in Vineyards," In: Proceedings, Texas Grape Growers Association. College Station: Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 1981.

Lipe, William N., C. R. Cox and K. Hodnett. Grape Cultivar and Performance on the Texas South Plains, 1977-79. TAES Progress Report PR-3885. College Station: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, August 1981, 23 p.

Lipe, William N. and Robert Eddins. Grape Cultivar and Rootstock Evalua­ tions for the Texas South Plains, 1975-76. TAES Miscellaneous Publica­ tion MP-1319 . College Station: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, March 1977, 33 p.

Lipe, William N., Robert Eddins and J. Krejei. Grape Cultivar Evaluation for the Texas High Plains, 1972-73. TAES Progress Report PR-3258. College Station: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, April 1974, 13 p.

Llano Estacada Winery. Brochure, n.p., n.d.

"Local Wineries Lead State's Entry into Industry," Greater Lubbock, Vol. 57, ~ No . 9 (September, 1984), 5.

Loenholdt, Juergen. Planting and Care of Grafted Vines. AWS Manual No. 5 . Royal Oak, MI: American Wine Society, Inc., 1967, n.p.

Lons ford, Michael. "Pheasant Ridge Flies High in California," Houston Chronicle (July 9, 1986), p. 7-2 .

"Lubbock Finds Winery Niche," (re Llano Estacada Winery) Lubbock Avalanche­ Journal (September 8, 1985), p . D-1.

"Lubbock to Host First Texas Wine Classic," Greater Lubbock, Vol. 57, No. 9 (September, 1984), 5. 14

"Lubbock Wineries Win Awards," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (June 18, 1987), p. A-3.

"Lubbock Wineries Win Top State Prizes," Greater Lubbock, Vol. 58, No . 11 (November, 1985), 10.

Mally, Frederick W. The Panhandle and Llano Estacado of Texas . TOA Bulletin No. 12 . Austin: Texas Department of Agriculture, March-April 1910, "Grapes," pp. 91-95.

"Man Seeks Support for Winery in Dry Deaf Smith County," (re La Escar­ bada-XIT Winery) Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (January 25, 1984), p. C-8 .

Martin, Sandy. "Llano Estacado Winery Merits Respect Among Connoisseurs," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (January 16, 1983), pp. D-1, D-6.

McDonnell, Patrick. "UT Hopes to Squeeze Profits from Grapes," Dallas Times Herald (July 31, 1983), p . B-3.

McEachern, George Ray. Criterion for Your Texas Vineyard Location. College Station: Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A & M University, September 9, 1986, 7 p.

McEachern, George Ray. The Texas Grape Industry. College Station: Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A & M University, February 5, 1986, 13 p. Also, Appendix in Sarah Jane English, The Wines of Texas: A Guide and a History. Austin: Eakin Press, 1986, pp. 169-184.

McEachern, George Ray and Larry A. Stein. Growing Grapes in Texas . Public­ ation No. B-1425. College Station: Texas Agricultural Extension Ser­ vice, Texas A & M University, 1982, 44 p.

McEachern, George Ray et al. Texas Vineyard Guide. Publication No. B-1424. College Station: Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A & M University, 1982, 44 p. I

Merwin, John . "Grape Farming, Not Winemaking," (re Ste. Genevieve Winery) Forbes (April 7, 1986), 46, 50.

McGrew, J. R . The American Wine Society Manual, Basic Guide to Pruning. Royal Oak, MI: American Wine Society, Inc. , 1978, Revised Edition, 14 p.

McGrew, J. R . Growing Ame rican Bunch Grapes. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 2123. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov't Printing Office, Revised 1977, 26 p.

McGrew, J. R. Guide to Winegrape Growing . AWS Manual No. 8. Royal Oak, MI: American Wine Society, Inc., 1980, 16 p.

McGrew, J. R . and G. w. Still. Control of Grape Diseases and Insects in the Eastern United States. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers ' Bulletin No. 1893. Washington, D. c.: U. S. Gov't Printing Office, Revised 1979, 35 p. 15

Moon, Dr. Robert E. "Of Grape Importance: Growing Your OWn 'Fruit of the Vine' , " Dallas-Fort Worth Horne and Garden, Vol. 4, No. 8 (May, 1982), 36, 39. .. Morton, Lucie T . "The Prospects for Texas Wine," Wines and Vines, Vol. 62, No. 10 (October, 1980), 26-30.

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