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Callionymus Omanensis, a New Species of Dragonet from Oman, North-Western Indian Ocean (Teleostei: Callionymidae)

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Callionymus Omanensis, a New Species of Dragonet from Oman, North-Western Indian Ocean (Teleostei: Callionymidae) Journal of Fish Biology (2014) doi:10.1111/jfb.12460, available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com Callionymus omanensis, a new species of dragonet from Oman, north-western Indian Ocean (Teleostei: Callionymidae) R. Fricke* †‡, L. A. Jawad§ and J. M. Al-Mamry‖ *Im Ramstal 76, 97922 Lauda-Königshofen, Germany, †Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany, §4, Tin Turn Place, Flat Bush, Manukau, Auckland, New Zealand and ‖Marine Science and Fisheries Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman (Received 19 July 2013, Accepted 28 May 2014) A new species of deep-living dragonet Callionymus omanensis from Oman is described on the basis of a single male specimen collected in a trawl from 500 m depth off the coast of Oman. The new species is characterized within the subgenus Bathycallionymus by having a small branchial opening; head short (3⋅9 in proportion to standard length); eye large (2⋅4 in proportion to head length); preopercular spine with a long, upcurved main tip, with a small antrorse barb and a larger antrorse spine, and with a strong antrorse spine laterally at the preopercular-spine base, ventral margin smooth; first dorsal fin slightly higher than second dorsal fin (male); second dorsal fin distally straight; 17 pectoral fin rays; distalend of caudal fin slightly pointed, with two median unbranched rays bearing short filaments; firstdorsal fin with basal black spot reaching from first to fourth membranes, third membrane with anocellated distal black blotch; second dorsal fin with vertical dark grey bars; distal three-fourths of anal fin black; upper half of caudal fin with oblique dark grey bars; pelvic fin dark grey, second ray basally witha black blotch. The new species is compared with similar species. Revised keys to callionymid species of the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, as well as species of the subgenus Bathycallionymus, are presented. © 2014 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles Key words: Arabian Sea; fishes; identification key; morphology; taxonomy. INTRODUCTION Dragonets of the family Callionymidae are a group of benthic living fishes occurring in the upper 900 m of all temperate, subtropical and tropical oceans of the world, and a few species found in estuarine and freshwater habitats. They are characterized by a depressed body, a triangular head when seen from above, the eyes large, situated dorsally on the head, the presence of a preopercular spine that bears additional points and serrae, the gill opening reduced to a small pore, swimbladder absent, two dorsal fins, the first with thin, flexible spines, the second with soft rays and jugular pelvic fins which are separated from each other, but each connected with the pectoralfin base by a membrane. The Indo-Pacific species of the family were revised by Fricke ‡Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +49 9343 600801; email: [email protected] 1 © 2014 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles 2 R. FRICKE ET AL. (1983a), who distinguished 126 valid species from the area, including three species from the Mascarenes. Fricke (2002), in a checklist of the callionymids of the world, listed a total of 182 valid species in 10 genera. Subsequently, six additional species were described (Callionymus kanakorum Fricke 2006 and Protogrammus antipodus Fricke 2006 from New Caledonia, Tonlesapia tsukawakii Motomura & Mukai 2006 and Tonlesapia amnica Ng & Rainboth 2011 from Cambodia and Vietnam, respectively, Synchiropus tudorjonesi Allen & Erdmann 2012 from Papua, Indonesia and Calliony- mus profundus Fricke & Golani 2013 from the northern Red Sea), and Eleutherochir mccaddeni Fowler 1941 was removed from the synonymy of Eleutherochir opercu- laris (Valenciennes 1837) by Yoshigou et al. (2006), bringing the worldwide total to 189 species in the family. Fricke (1981) defined the kaianus species-group of the genus Callionymus as hav- ing a combination of large eyes, four flexible spines in the first dorsal fin, ninerays each in the second dorsal and anal fins, one or two median unbranched caudal fin rays that are often filamentous, a characteristic shape of the preopercular spine with asmall antrorse barb in addition to one to three larger curved points on the dorsal margin and (usually) a characteristic black blotch on the third membrane of the first dorsal fin. Fricke (1981) distinguished 13 species in the group, most of which are endemic in small distribution ranges within the Indo-West Pacific. Nakabo (1982) described the genus Bathycallionymus with Callionymus kaianus Günther 1880 as the type species. Fricke (2002) treated Bathycallionymus (the former kaianus species-group) as a sub- genus of the genus Callionymus, and distinguished 18 species; reasons for the treatment as a subgenus rather than a genus, including the monophyly of the Callionymus clade, the invalidity of Nakabo’s alternative classification and the preference for nomenclat- ural stability were discussed by Fricke (2002). Fricke (2006) described C. kanakorum, another member of the subgenus, from New Caledonia, and later (Fricke et al., 2011) recorded the species from Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. Fricke & Golani (2013) described C. profundus from the northern Red Sea. Species of the subgenus Bathycallionymus live on deeper soft bottoms on the con- tinental slope or on seamounts; they bury in the substratum, usually only leaving the eyes visible. Callionymids typically occur in harem groups, with one male controlling a larger home range living together with several females. Spawning usually takes place around dusk; the courting pair ascends and releases the eggs well above the seabed, following a complex courtship behaviour where the spreading of the first dorsal fin or flashing blue ‘lights’ (iridescent blue spots) are frequent motor patterns. The eggsand larvae are pelagic; during transformation into juveniles they shift to a benthic life style. A single specimen of an undescribed species of the subgenus, which was previously identified as Callionymus bentuviai (non Fricke, 1981), was trawled in deep water off the southern coast of Oman, north-western Indian Ocean. As the species is apparently extremely rare, and very difficult to collect, the new species is described here onthe basis of a single specimen, bringing the total number of species known in the subgenus to 20. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methods follow Fricke (1983a); fin-ray counts follow Fricke (1983b). The starting point for length measurements is the middle of the upper lip. Standard length (LS) was measured from © 2014 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles, Journal of Fish Biology 2014, doi:10.1111/jfb.12460 NEW DRAGONET SPECIES FROM OMAN 3 the tip of the upper lip to the middle of the urohyal and caudal fin base. The predorsal (1) length was measured from the middle of the upper lip to the base of the first spine of the first dorsal fin; the predorsal (2) length corresponded to the base of the first ray of the second dorsal fin. The last ray of the second dorsal and anal fins is always divided at its base; countsinthe key include this divided ray as one. For the pectoral fins, two values for the fin-ray number are provided, as the numbers of the left and the right fin are counted. In the identification keys, males and females are keyed out separately only if there are significant differences between male and female morphology and colouration, and if females of two different species are more similar to each other than to the males of the same species. Species are classified based on Fricke (2002); the classification differs in some respect from Eschmeyer (2014) who inconsistently follows usage since 1990 and variably applies the classi- fications of Nakabo (1982) and Fricke (2002). Nomenclature follows Eschmeyer (2014). Ref- erences and journals follow Fricke (2014) and Fricke & Eschmeyer (2014a); abbreviations of museum collections (see below) follow Fricke & Eschmeyer (2014b). The holotype was collected using a bottom trawl for 2⋅78 km (1⋅5 nautical miles) at a speed of c.5⋅6kmh−1 (3 knots), in a tow of 30 min. A demersal trawl with a 40 mm cod-end was used. RESULTS CALLIONYMUS OMANENSIS NEW SPECIES Oman dragonet Holotype [Figs 1, 2 and 4(a)] ⋅ SMF 34898, 111 3mmLS, male, off Salalah City, southern Oman, Arabian Sea, north-western Indian Ocean, 16∘ 23′ 19⋅11′′ N; 54∘ 34′ 52⋅02′′ E, 500 m depth, bottom trawl, R.V. Al-Mustaquila, 2007. Diagnosis The new species can be distinguished from all other members of the subgenus Bathy- callionymus by the combination of the following characteristics: a small branchial ⋅ ⋅ opening; head short (3 9inLS); eye large (2 4 in head length); preopercular spine with a long, upcurved main tip, a small antrorse barb and a larger antrorse spine, and a strong antrorse spine at its base, ventral margin smooth; first dorsal fin slightly higher than second dorsal fin (male); second dorsal fin distally straight; 17 pectoral fin rays;caudal fin distally slightly pointed, with two median unbranched rays bearing short filaments; first dorsal fin with basal black spot reaching from first to fourth membranes, third membrane with an ocellated distal black blotch; second dorsal fin with vertical dark grey bars; distal three-fourths of anal fin black; upper half of caudal fin with oblique dark grey bars; pelvic fin dark grey, second ray basally with a black blotch. Thenew species differs from the similar C. profundus (Fig. 3) in a more slender preopercular spine with the distance of the two dorsal points more than the length of the longest point (stouter, distance less than the longest point in C. profundus; see Fig. 4), 17 pectoral fin rays (18–20 pectoral fin rays in C. profundus), the dark pelvic fin with a black blotch basally on second ray (pale in C. profundus, with a few dark spots), the first dorsal fin with a basal black blotch reaching from first to fourth membranes, and a distal ocellate black blotch on third membrane (basal black blotch only reaching from second to third membranes, and third membrane distally dark but not ocellate in C.
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