Range Resources of Iceland
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78 Severn Wildfowl Trust Annual Report 1951-52 79
78 Severn Wildfowl Trust Annual Report 1951-52 79 THE SEVERN WILDFOWL TRUST EXPEDITION TO CENTRAL ICELAND, 1951 By Peter Scott, James Fisher and Finnur Guðmundsson CONTENTS page Summary 79 Introduction 79 The Breeding Distribution of the Pink-footed Goose 81 The Pink-footed Geese of the í>jórsárver við Hofsjökul 84 Notes on the Birds of the íjórsárver við Hofsjökul 101 Notes on Invertebrates 110 List of Plants 112 References 114 SUMMARY A p a r t y of four assisted b y Icelandic farmers spent five weeks (between 28 June and 2 August 1951) at what may prove to be the world’s largest breeding colony of Pink-footed Geese (Anser brachyrhynchus). The history of this and other breeding colonies is outlined. The colony is in an oasis at the south-east side of the Hofsjökul in the centre of Iceland at a height of 2000 feet. Studies were mainly concentrated on marking, with a view to population measurement, and on behaviour. It was estimated that there were probably about 2300 nests in the oasis and that the population including adults and goslings may have been of the order of 13,000 birds. Recaptures of marked birds were used in making these estimates. Food, predation, nests, eggs and goslings, behaviour of parents and broods are described and discussed. Methods of capture were discovered which throw light on the functions of ancient ruined ‘goose-folds’ found in the area. Five large drives were made, in one of which 267 geese were caught. During the whole period 1151 geese and goslings were marked, some with Swedish-type wing-tags. -
Pocket Reykjavik 1
REYKJAVĺK TOP EXPERIENCES • LOCAL LIFE • MADE EASY Alexis Averbuck 00--title-contents-pk-rey1.inddtitle-contents-pk-rey1.indd 1 115/01/20155/01/2015 112:09:092:09:09 PM In This Book 16 Need to Know 17 18 Neighbourhoods 19 Before You Go Arriving in Getting Around QuickStart Reykjavík Laugavegur & Skólavörðustígur Need to Iceland’s primary international airport, Kefla- A car is unnecessary in central Reykjavík as Reykjaví k & Around Your Daily Budget (p48) vík International Airport (KEF) is 48km west it’s so easy to explore on foot and by bus. Laugavegur is Reykjavík’s of Reykjavík, on the Reykjanes Peninsula. Car and camper hire are best for countryside Know Budget less than Ikr20,000 Neighbourhoods premier shopping street Frequent, convenient buses serve central excursions. X Dorm bed Ikr4000–7000 and centre for cool cafes, Reykjavík. Golden Circle West Iceland For more information, X Grill-bar grub/soup lunch Ikr1200–1800 J Local Bus bars and restaurants. (p74) (p102) From KeÁ avík International Its arty cousin Skóla- E see Survival Guide (p137) X Golden Circle bus pass Ikr8500 A Strætó (%540 2700; www.straeto.is) oper- Whale Top Experiences E Top Experiences Airport vörðustígur leads to ates regular, easy buses around Reykjavík and Watching famous Hallgrímskirkja. Þingvellir Settlement Centre Currency Midrange Ikr20,000–35,000 Bus Flybus (%580 5400; www.re.is; W), its suburbs; it also operates long-distance # E E Top Experiences Geysir Icelandic króna (Ikr) X Guesthouse double room Ikr17,000–25,000 Airport Express (%540 1313; www.air- buses (p141). It has online schedules, a Snæfellsjökull Hallgrímskirkja Gullfoss National Park X Cafe meal Ikr1800–3000 portexpress.is; W) and discount operator smartphone app and a route book for sale Language K-Express (%823 0099; www.kexpress. -
Afghan Opiate Trade 2009.Indb
ADDICTION, CRIME AND INSURGENCY The transnational threat of Afghan opium UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna ADDICTION, CRIME AND INSURGENCY The transnational threat of Afghan opium Copyright © United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), October 2009 Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the UNODC Studies and Threat Analysis Section (STAS), in the framework of the UNODC Trends Monitoring and Analysis Programme/Afghan Opiate Trade sub-Programme, and with the collaboration of the UNODC Country Office in Afghanistan and the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia. UNODC field offices for East Asia and the Pacific, the Middle East and North Africa, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, Southern Africa, South Asia and South Eastern Europe also provided feedback and support. A number of UNODC colleagues gave valuable inputs and comments, including, in particular, Thomas Pietschmann (Statistics and Surveys Section) who reviewed all the opiate statistics and flow estimates presented in this report. UNODC is grateful to the national and international institutions which shared their knowledge and data with the report team, including, in particular, the Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan, the Afghan Border Police, the Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan and the World Customs Organization. Thanks also go to the staff of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and of the United Nations Department of Safety and Security, Afghanistan. Report Team Research and report preparation: Hakan Demirbüken (Lead researcher, Afghan -
Laws of the (Is)Lands Comparing the Law Codes of Iceland and Gotland During the Long Fourteenth Century
Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Medieval Icelandic Studies Laws of the (Is)lands Comparing the law codes of Iceland and Gotland during the long fourteenth century Ritgerð til M.A. prófs í Medieval Icelandic Studies Gregory Callahan Gaines Kt.: 021093-4839 Leiðbeinandi: Sverrir Jakobsson September 2018 Gregory Gaines Laws of the (Is)lands Contents Ágrip……………………………………………………………………………………..3 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..4 Acknowledgements and Dedication……………………………………………………..5 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...6 Outlawry and Crime……………………………………………………………………20 Inheritance and Debt………………………………………………………………..…..28 The Church……………………………………………………………………………..33 Tithes, Taxes, and Finance……………………………………………………………..40 The Sea, Horses, and Horses of the Sea……………………………………………..…44 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...…50 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………....53 2 Gregory Gaines Laws of the (Is)lands Ágrip Þetta verkefni skoðar tengsl eyjanna Íslands og Gotlands á „löngu fjórtánda öldinni “(u.þ.b. 1260-1407) með samanburði á lögbókum eyjanna tveggja. Jónsbók og Gutalagen sem voru ritaðar um svipað leiti. Þær eiga margt sameiginlegt, einkum í meðhöndlun á glæp og refsingu, erfðarétti, tíund og sköttum, málefnum kirkjunnar og lögum sem tengjast hestum og skipum. Margt er líkt í menningarsögu eyjanna, sem hefur þó ekki enn verið rannsakað á fræðilegan hátt, en með því að beita þróunarfræðilegri (evolutionary biology) aðferðafræði við greiningu lagasögu, bendir þetta verkefni á mjög áþreifanleg líkindi í lögum eyjanna á miðöldum. Heimildir verkefnisins eru fyrst og fremst þýðingar, diplómatísk útgáfa og ljósmyndir af upprunalegu lagabókunum. Auk þessara helstu texta er stuðst við aðrar rannsóknir um sögu Norðurlanda á 14. öld. Með því að vinna beint með þýddan texta, með hliðsjón af sömu textum á frummálinu, eykur verkefnið skilning okkar á lagabókum sem eru lítt rannsakaðar og verðskulda fleiri rannsóknir. Bæði Jónsbók og Gutalagen hafa verið nokkuð vanrækt í lagasögu hins enskumælandi heims. -
Spatial Planning As an Instrument for Promoting Sustainable Development
Ministry of Environment and Energy, Denmark Ministry of the Environment, Finland Ministry of the Environment, Iceland Ministry of the Environment, Norway Ministry of the Environment, Sweden Spatial planning as an instrument for promoting sustainable development in the Nordic countries Action programme for 2001–2004 Spatial planning as an instrument for For more information on spatial The National Board of Housing, promoting sustainable development in planning and sustainable Building and Planning the Nordic countries. Action development in the Nordic Drottninggatan 18 programme for 2001–2004 countries, contact: Box 534 SE-371 23 Karlskrona Prepared by: Ministry of the Environment Sweden The Ministries responsible for the Spatial Planning Department Tel. +46 455 35 30 00 Environment in the five Nordic Højbro Plads 4 Fax +46 455 35 31 00 countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, DK-1200 Copenhagen K E-mail [email protected] Norway and Sweden Denmark Web www.boverket.se Tel. +45 33 92 76 00 Editors: Fax +45 33 32 22 27 Bernhard Brackhahn, Ministry of the E-mail [email protected] ISBN 87-601-9466-9 Environment, Denmark and Web www.mem.dk Risto Kärkkäinen, Ministry of the Quotations may be made from this Environment, Finland Ministry of the Environment publication with appropriate attribution. Kasarmikatu 25 Translation: P.O. Box 380 ©2001 by the Ministry of the David Breuer FIN-00131 Helsinki Environment, Denmark. Finland All rights reserved. Cover: Tel. +358-9-1991 1 Kühnel Design A/S Fax +358-9-1991 9545 This publication was completed in Copenhagen E-mail [email protected] November 2001. Web www.vyh.fi/eng/moe/ Printing: moe.html Printed in Denmark. -
About Iceland and Greenland
CHRIS BRAY PHOTOGRAPHY ICELAND GREENLAND ICELAND AND GREENLAND TOUR The Best of Iceland and Greenland Two mind-blowing destinations in one! This ultimate small-group tour accesses the best of Iceland’s spectacular landscapes, waterfalls, glaciers, craters, nesting puffins and more - away from the crowds - with roomy 4WDs, quiet guesthouses and a mind-blowing, 2hr doors- off helicopter charter to photograph it all from the air! Enjoy exploring in a traditional, colourful Greenlandic village filled with sled dogs; and boat trips around immense fields of icebergs lit by the midnight-sun while looking for whales and seals. With 2 pro photographer guides helping just 8 lucky guests take the best possible photos, this amazing trip is going to sell out fast, so book in ASAP! Highlights Please check the website for up to date • Incredible 2 hour, doors-off helicopter photography tour over information on price, hosts, dates and Iceland’s spectacularly diverse and colourful landscapes, craters inclusions. and glaciers! • Chartered helicopter flight to fly over then land next to a glacier in Greenland. • Midnight cruise to photograph huge, impossibly sculpted icebergs glowing in the midnight-sun! • Photographing puffins returning to their nests with beaks full of fish in Iceland. • Staying in a luxury eco-lodge in the remote Ilimanaq village in Greenland. • Accessing the best landscapes in Iceland from two roomy 4WDs, photographing waterfalls, craters, glaciers, lakes, mossy areas and more, away from the tourist crowds. • Spotting whales, seals and seabirds amongst the icebergs in Disko Bay, Greenland. • Photographing a genuine Greenlandic sled dog team. 01 CHRIS BRAY PHOTOGRAPHY | ICELAND AND GREENLAND CONTENTS 03 07 ITINERARY ABOUT ICELAND AND GREENLAND 11 17 GETTING ORGANISED WHAT TO PACK 21 23 WHY BOOK A CBP COURSE HOW TO BOOK . -
The Development of Education and Grammatica in Medieval Iceland
The Development of Education and Grammatica in Medieval Iceland By Ryder Patzuk-Russell A Thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of Doctor of Medieval History Department of History School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham November 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This study explores how education and the medieval intellectual and pedagogical discipline of grammatica developed in Iceland during the medieval period, defined roughly from the official conversion to Christianity c.1000 to the Reformation c.1550. The first chapter deals with social, institutional, and financial aspects of teaching and learning in medieval Iceland, surveying key figures and places, but also arguing that more attention should be paid to the costs of learning and the effect of that on poor students. The second chapter addresses Latin education, discussing the importance of Latinity in medieval Iceland and the types of education that would involve Latin. It also addresses the idea of bilingual education and suggests ways in which extant vernacular writings can provide evidence for how Latin was taught and learned using the vernacular, using the model of Old English bilingual education. -
Thorir's Bargain: Gender, Vaðmál and The
Thorir’s bargain: gender, vaðmál and the law Michèle Hayeur Smith Abstract Archaeological textiles from Iceland have not been objects of significant analyzes until recently, yet they provide important new data on the use of cloth in legal transactions. Medieval Icelandic law codes and narrative sources include regulations governing the production of ‘legal cloth’–vaðmál – and its uses for paying tithes and taxes, for economic transactions and in legal judgments. Archaeological data provide new insights on its production, the extent to which these laws were followed, and how ubiquitously Iceland’s ‘legal’ cloth was produced. This paper compares documentary sources and archaeological data to docu- ment intensive standardization in cloth production across Iceland from the eleventh to the late sixteenth centuries. The role of women as weavers is critical, as it is they who oversaw production and ensured that regulations were respected and as a result they may have been bestowed with more power than previously anticipated. Keywords Icelandic medieval textiles; vaðmál; cloth currency; cloth as currency and the law; gender and cloth. Introduction Late in the tenth century, according to the thirteenth century Ljósvetninga Saga, a Norwegian merchant named Helgi struck a bargain with an Icelandic farmer named Thorir Akraskegg in northern Iceland’s Eyjafjörður district. Thorir agreed to purchase goods from the merchant with woven cloaks, which he brought to the ship as payment; but in Helgi’s haste to depart they were not immediately examined. At sea, Helgi examined the cloaks and found they were full of holes, upon which he exclaimed, ‘This is a great fraud, and it’s going to turn out badly for him’ (Andersson and Miller 1989, 170). -
Long-Term Variability of Dust Events in Iceland (1949-2011)
1 Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949-2011) 2 3 P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova 1, 2 , O. Arnalds 1, and H. Olafsson 2, 3, 4 4 [1]{Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, Borgarnes, Iceland} 5 [2]{University of Iceland, Department of Physics, Reykjavík, Iceland} 6 [3]{Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavík, Iceland} 7 [4]{Bergen School of Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway} 8 Correspondence to: P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova ([email protected]) 9 10 Abstract 11 Long-term frequency of atmospheric dust observations was investigated for the southern part 12 of Iceland and merged with results obtained from the Northeast Iceland (Dagsson- 13 Waldhauserova et al., 2013). In total, over 34 dust days per year on average occurred in 14 Iceland based on conventionally used synoptic codes for dust observations . However, 15 frequent volcanic eruptions with the re-suspension of volcanic materials and dust haze 16 increased the number of dust events fourfold. Including such codes (04-06) into the criteria 17 for dust observations, the frequency was 135 dust days annually. The position of the Icelandic 18 low determined whether dust events occurred in NE (16.4 dust days annually) or in southern 19 part of Iceland (about 18 dust days annually). The most dust-frequent decade in S Iceland was 20 the 1960s while the most frequent decade in NE Iceland was the 2000s. A total of 32 severe 21 dust storms (visibility < 500 m) was observed in Iceland with the highest frequency during the 22 2000s in S Iceland. The Arctic dust events (NE Iceland) were typically warm , occurring 23 during summer/autumn (May–September) and during mild SW winds, while the Sub-Arctic 24 dust events (S Iceland) were mainly cold, occurring during winter/spring (March–May) and 25 during strong NE winds. -
Northern Lights Tourism in Iceland, Norway and Finland 2014
Northern Lights Tourism in Iceland, Norway and Finland 2014 Department of Tourism & Northern Studies Bente Heimtun, UiT The Arctic University of Norway Gunnar Þór Jóhannesson, University of Iceland Seija Tuulentie, METLA Septentrio Reports, 2015:1 ISSN: 2387-4597 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/7.3266 UiT The Arctic University of Norway – 2015 Phone no.: 77 64 40 00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://uit.no/ Septentrio Academic Publishing http://septentrio.uit.no/ Septentrio Reports, number 1, 2015 ISSN: 2387-4597 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/7.3266 All photos are copyright of the photographer Gunnar Þór Jóhannesson, University of Iceland How to cite this report: http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/7.3266 © Copyright Heimtun et al.; licensee UiT The Arctic University of Norway This Open Access report is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Content List of tables ......................................................................................................................... 5 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 2 Northern Lights Tourism in Iceland ............................................................................ 9 2.1 The Development of Northern Lights Tourism in Reykjavik ............................ 10 2.1.1 Product Offers in Reykjavik, Winter Season 2014-2015........................... 10 2.2 The Development of Northern Lights Tourism in Akureyri ............................. -
Environmental Performance Reviews Kazakhstan
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Committee on Environmental Policy ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS KAZAKHSTAN UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2000 Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 8 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city of area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.01.II.E.3 ISBN 92-1-116770-1 ISSN 1020-4563 iii Preface The EPR project in Kazakhstan had originally started in September 1997, but had to be interrupted for organizational reasons. A second preparatory mission therefore had to be organized and took place in October 2000. It resulted in a new structure for the report, which was adapted to the many changes in the country that had occurred in the meantime. The review team for the project was constituted following these decisions and included national experts from Finland, France, Denmark, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Uzbekistan, together with the ECE secretariat, UNEP and the Bilthoven Division of the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health. The costs of the participation of experts from countries in transition, as well as the travel expenses of the ECE secretariat, were covered by extrabudgetary funds that had been made available from Finland, Germany and Italy. -
The Onset of Neoglaciation in Iceland and the 4.2 Ka Event
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-130 Manuscript under review for journal Clim. Past Discussion started: 5 October 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. The onset of Neoglaciation in Iceland and the 4.2 ka event Áslaug Geirsdóttir1, Gifford H. Miller1,2, John T. Andrews2, David J. Harning1,2, Leif S. Anderson1,3 Thor Thordarson1 5 1Faculty of Earth Science, University of Iceland 2INSTAAR/Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder 3Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, CANADA Correspondence to: Áslaug Geirsdóttir ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. Strong similarities in Holocene climate reconstructions derived from multiple proxies (BSi, TOC, δ13C, C/N, MS, δ15N) preserved in sediments from both glacial and non-glacial lakes across Iceland indicate a relatively warm early-to-mid Holocene from 10 to 6 ka, overprinted with cold excursions presumably related to meltwater impact on North Atlantic 15 circulation until 7.9 ka. Sediment in lakes from glacial catchments indicates their catchments were ice-free during this interval. Statistical treatment of the high-resolution multiproxy paleoclimate lake records shows that despite great variability in catchment characteristics, the records document more or less synchronous abrupt, cold departures as opposed to the smoothly decreasing trend in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. Although all lake records document a decline in summer temperature through the Holocene consistent with the regular decline in summer insolation, the onset of significant 20 summer cooling, occurs ~5 ka in high-elevation interior sites, but is variably later in sites closer to the coast, suggesting some combination of changing ocean currents and sea ice modulate the impact from decreasing summer insolation.