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The Environment in Israel

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THE ENVIRONMENT SRAEL alwary and Sanitation Onfre Tel.. +31 30 689 80 State of Israel Ministry .of the( Environment XAbrary IRC IntermUonaiY/ater and Sanitation Centra Tel.:+31 70 30 689 80 Fax:+31 70 35 898 64 THE ENVIRONMENT IN ISRAEL compiled and written by Shoshana Gabbay Jerusalem, 1994 LIBRARY IRC PO Box 93190, 2509 AD THE HAG' Tel.: +31 70 30 689 80 Fax: +31 70 35 899 64 BARCODE: ^1 LO: 8U IL o Printed on recycled paper "When the Holy One Blessed Be He created the first man, He took him and warned him about all the trees of the Garden of Eden, saying: See My works, how beautiful and perfect they are, and all I created—I created for you. Beware lest you spoil and destroy My world, for if you will spoil it, there is no one to repair it after you." (Commentary on Ecclesiastes 7:28) Ministry of the Environment P.O.B. 6234 Jerusalem, Israel 91061 Typesetting: Unigraph Typesetting and Printing Ltd., Jerusalem Printed in Israel TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments IX Foreword XI Introduction XII THE ENVIRONMENT; LAND, PEOPLE AND ADMINISTRATION Land, People and Development 3 Natural Landscape 3 The People " 4 Economic Development 4 Environmental Administration 6 Historical Overview 6 The Ministry of the Environment 7 Environmental Policy 7 Structure of the Ministry of the Environment 8 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND POLLUTION CONTROL Water 17 Climate, Geography and Hydrology 17 Water Consumption 17 Principal Water Sources 18 Supplemental Sources 20 Water Potential 21 Water Conservation 22 Water Quality in the Coastal Aquifer 23 The Yarkon-Taninim (Mountain) Aquifer 27 Lake Kinneret 27 River Restoration 29 Wastewater Treatment 31 National Sewage Administration 33 Effluent Reuse 33 Effluent Reservoirs 34 Industrial Wastewater 35 Administration 37 Legal Framework for Water Protection 38 iv The Environment in Israel Air 40 Sources of Air Pollution 40 Principles of Air Resources Management 40 Israel's New Air Resources Management Program 42 Air Pollution Emissions ' 42 Air Quality Monitoring 47 Future Directions in Monitoring 50 Vehicular Pollution 51 Photochemical Pollution 54 Emission Standards 55 Prevention of Nuisances from Waste Incinerators 55 Air Quality Research 56 Electricity Production and the Environment 56 Sulfur Dioxide Control 57 Nitrogen Oxide Control 57 Particulate Control 59 Other Sources of Electricity Production 59 Solar Energy Research 60 Energy Conservation 61 International Conventions 62 Ozone Depletion 62 Climate Change 63 Legal Framework for Air Pollution Prevention 64 Solid Waste 66 Solid Waste Disposal: An Historical Perspective 66 Towards Environmentally-Sound Waste Management 67 The Implementation Process 69 The Recycling Path 70 Recycling Facts and Figures 72 Paper 72 Plastic 73 Scrap Metal 74 Glass 74 Tires 75 Oil 75 Yard Waste 76 Battery Collection 77 Cleanliness in the Public Sector 77 Legal Framework for Solid Waste Management 78 Hazardous Substances 80 Management of Hazardous Substances 80 Industrial Use of Hazardous Substances 81 Table of Contents Pesticide Use 83 Transport of Hazardous Substances 83 Contingency Plans and Emergency Procedures 84 Operational Plan for Hazardous Substances Accidents 85 Information Center for Hazardous Substances 87 Materials with Adverse Health Effects 88 Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Waste 89 Additional Types of Hazardous Waste 91 Legal Framework for the Management of Hazardous Substances 92 Marine Water and Coasts 95 The Medi terranean Coastline 95 TheGulfofEilat 96 Marine Pollution Control 96 Pollution Control in Eilat 98 Oil Pollution Control in the Mediterranean 100 Contingency Plans for Large-Scale Oil Spills 101 Dumping of Waste . 102 Land-Based Sources 103 Bathing Water Standards 104 Litter 105 International and Regional Conventions 107 Marine Pollution Research 108 Legal Framework for Marine Pollution Prevention 108 Noise ill Motor Vehicle Noise 111 Prevention of Vehicular Noise 112 Air Traffic Noise 113 Prevention of Aircraft Noise 114 Noise Prevention in Ben-Gurion Airport 115 Other Noise Sources 116 Legal Framework for Noise Prevention 117 Radiation 120 Supervision of Radioactive Elements 120 Supervision of Radioactive Isotopes 120 Radioactive Waste 121 Environmental Radiation 122 Non-Ionic Radiation 123 Legal Framework for Radiation Protection 124 Agro-Ecology 125 Pesticide Pollution 125 vi The Environment in Israel Aerial and Ground Spraying 126 Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Produce 127 Storage and Disposal of Pesticides 128 Fertilizer Contamination 129 Agricultural Wastes 130 Solid Agricultural Waste 131 Integrated Pest Management 131 Legal Framework for Pollution Control in Agriculture 133 Pest Control 134 Pest Control Operators 134 Insecticides for the Protection of Public Health 135 Mosquito Control 135 Integrated Pest Management 137 Legal Framework for Pest Control 138 Nature and Desertification 139 Nature Protection in Israel 139 Protection of Natural Assets 140 The Carmel Park and Nature Reserve 141 National Parks 142 Protection of Open Space Landscapes 143 Woodlands and Afforestation 144 Combating Desertification 145 Global Cooperation on Desertification 147 Legal Framework for Nature Protection 148 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Environmental Planning 153 The Administrative Framework for Land-Use Planning 153 Environmental Management in Land-Use Planning 154 National Outline Schemes 155 District and Local Plans 163 Rapid Development and Environmental Planning 164 Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) 165 Implementation of the EIS System 166 Future Directions in EIS Implementation 169 Geographical Information Systems 170 The Legal Framework for Land-Use Planning 173 Legislation and Enforcement 175 The Legal Powers of the Ministry of the Environment 175 Implementation and Enforcement 181 Environmental Litigation 182 Table of Contents vn Environmental Research 184 Coordination of Additional Funds 186 Epidemiologkal Surveys 188 Air Pollution Research 189 Environmental Research at Israel's Universities 190 Environmental Laboratory 198 Laboratory Services 198 Surveys and Research 199 Chemical Tests and Equipment 199 Environmental Economics 200 Taxes, Subsidies and Incentives 200 Green Accounting 202 Environmental Management Systems 203 Israel and the World Community 204 Environmental Education 206 General Principles of Environmental Education 206 The Role of the Ministry of the Environment 208 The Formal Education System 208 The Year of the Environment 210 Special Events to Promote Environmental Education 211 Institutes of Higher Learning 212 Environmental Awareness 217 The Year of the Environment 217 Environment Year Activities 218 Special Projects 220 Towards Improved Cleanliness 221 Battery Collection 221 Eco-Labeling 222 Environmental Databases 223 Towards Increased Awareness 223 The Environmental Covenant 224 International Cooperation 227 The United Nations Environment Programme 227 Mediterranean Action Plan 229 Bilateral Cooperation 230 Peace and the Environment 232 viii . The Environment in Israel The Multilateral Track 232 The Bilateral Track 234 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 237 Non-Governmental Organizations 239 The Society for the Protection of Nature 239 SPNI-Related Organizations 240 The Council for a Beautiful Israel 241 Life and Environment 241 Israel Economic Forum on the Environment 242 The Jewish National Fund 242 EcoNet Israel 243 The Israel Union for Environmental Defense 243 Grassroots Organizations 244 Public Organizations and the Environment 246 APPENDICES Environmental Legislation in Israel 249 International Environmental Conventions and Agreements Ratified by Israel 251 Environmental NGOs in Israel , 253 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful to dozens of environmentalists, both within and outside the Ministry of the Environment, for their help and support during the preparation of this book. Acknowledgments are first due to the division heads of the Ministry of the Environment for their essential contributions to each chapter of this book. They include, in alphabetical order: Ellik Ad 1er, Dror Amir, Zilly Anavi, Yorik Avnimelech, Yeshaya Bar-Or, Israel Barzilay, Tamar Ben- Yeshaya, Valerie Brachya, Shlomo Capua, Jacob Gabbay, Eliezer Ganor, Stelian Ghelberg, Yitzhak Gil, Robert Gilead, Ayana Goren, Michael Graber, Yossi Inbar, Ehud Ne'eman, Naftali Raz, Ruth Rotenberg, Uri Shalom, Joseph Shteinik and Devorah Ziv. The deputy director general of the ministry, Shmuel Brenner, and the minister's advisors, Miki Lipschitz and Aharon Vardi, provided essential guidance on ministry policy while Shalom Serry helped in the administrative aspects of producing this book. Sheryl Saidel prepared the organizational chart of the Ministry of the Environment as well as the environmental impact statement graphs, Sara Secunda, of the GIS unit, created the maps included in this publication, and Marcelo Wolovelsky produced the pollutant emission graphs included in the chapter on air quality. Lack of space precludes specific mention of the many individuals in each of the ministry's divisions who were ever ready to provide information, answer questions and clarify issues. To each of them my heartfelt thanks. I also want to thank the many individuals in environmental organizations, industry, agriculture, research, education and government for the material and help they provided during the preparation of the book. Essential information came from each of Israel's universities, the Water Commission, Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure, Israel Electric Corporation, Hydrological Service, Mekorot Water Company, Nature Reserves Authority, National
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