La Cartographie Parisienne Du Répertoire Du Grand Théâtre De Lille (1821-1903) Matthieu Ah Roux Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, [email protected]

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La Cartographie Parisienne Du Répertoire Du Grand Théâtre De Lille (1821-1903) Matthieu Ah Roux Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, Mattharoux@Gmail.Com Artl@s Bulletin Volume 1 Article 8 Issue 1 Pour une histoire spatiale des arts et des lettres 2012 La cartographie parisienne du répertoire du Grand Théâtre de Lille (1821-1903) Matthieu aH roux Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/artlas Recommended Citation Haroux, Matthieu. "La cartographie parisienne du répertoire du Grand Théâtre de Lille (1821-1903)." Artl@s Bulletin 1, no. 1 (2012): Article 8. This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. This is an Open Access journal. This means that it uses a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access. Readers may freely read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles. This journal is covered under the CC BY-NC-ND license. Cartographies La cartographie parisienne du répertoire du Grand Théâtre de Lille (1821-1903) Matthieu Haroux Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne [email protected] Résumé Abstract Entre 1821 et 1903, le Grand Théâtre Between 1821 and 1903, the Grand de Lille est le principal espace de loi- Théâtre de Lille was the main arena sir et de sociabilité de la capitale du of leisure and sociability of the north- Nord. Les directeurs successifs, qui ern French city of Lille. Successive ont pour ambition de satisfaire leur directors, whose ambitions were to clientèle, choisissent des ouvrages satisfy their clientele, chose works montés pour la première fois dans les that were shown initially in Parisian salles parisiennes et multiplient les theaters and, furthermore, increased représentations des plus plébiscités. the showings of the most popular La cartographie des lieux de naissan- ones. ce parisiens des œuvres les plus mon- Mapping the Parisian birthplaces of tées à Lille permet d’en savoir plus such works allows us to learn more sur le public lillois, ses goûts, ses aspi- about Lille public, its taste, aspira- rations et ses rapports à la culture tions and relationship to Parisian cul- parisienne. Elle offre, en outre, un ture. Furthermore, it sheds light on éclairage nouveau sur les transferts existing cultural transfers between culturels existants entre Paris et une Paris and a provincial capital. capitale provinciale. 93 ARTL@S BULLETIN, Année 1, n° 1 (Automne 2012) Matthieu Haroux — La cartographie parisienne du répertoire du Grand Théâtre de Lille (1821-1903) 1. Lille devient chef-lieu du département en 1803. peut paraître prisonnier du temps politique, on n’oublie 2. Au début du XIXe siècle, pas qu’il existe un « tempo » [P. Bourdieu, 1984, p. 226] elle compte 64 291 habitants ; 76 000 en littéraire et artistique, donc théâtral, propre à des 1851 ; 158 117 en 1858 Introduction (intégration des évolutions ou à des événements, tels que la « bataille communes alentours) et 201 211 en 1900. En 1821, d’Hernani ». A l’issue de ces classements, nous avons l’arrondissement totalise 261 949 habitants ; Le théâtre de Lille est, entre 1787 (année de sa retenu 188 titres, presque tous joués auparavant à Paris. en 1900, environ 70 000 [L. Trenard (dir.), 1977]. construction) et 1903 (année de sa destruction dans un Ces succès sont dus à la fois au choix initial du directeur et 3. L’historien Léon incendie), le plus grand espace de divertissement de la au plébiscite du public du Grand Théâtre. Lefèbvre nous a livré la liste complète des première cité du Nord1. Située dans le cœur historique ouvrages joués à Lille. Répartie sur 72 pages d’une vaste région urbaine, dont la population ne cesse d’index, elle précise les années d’exploitation et le d’augmenter2, et à proximité de la Belgique, la Salle des Le directeur et le public créent le nombre de représentations dont Spectacles est rachetée par la ville en 1821 à une société l’ouvrage a bénéficié succès [1904, p. 263-335]. tontinière. Le Grand Théâtre de Lille, nom qui lui est 4. Archives Municipales de donné au lendemain de l’acquisition municipale, est Lille (AML), 1D2-77, Les directions sont tenues de respecter les prescriptions Conseil municipal ensuite remanié, agrandi en 1841 et modernisé dans le du3 février 1880, p. 53. des décrets sur le théâtre et des cahiers municipaux des courant du siècle. 5. Les tarifs le montrent, charges, tout particulièrement en matière de répertoire et annuellement : 90- 220 francs en 1842, 100- Cette salle lilloise offre alors à son public un répertoire de nouveautés : fournir rapidement (quelques semaines 250 francs en 1854, 245- 350 francs en 1885 ; varié, composé au fil des années par les directions avant le début de la saison) le répertoire annuel ; le faire mensuellement : 12- 29 francs en 1842, 14- successives qui renouvellent régulièrement les ouvrages viser par les autorités compétentes, en l’occurrence le 34 francs en 1854, 40- 55 francs en 1885. proposés. Ainsi, entre 1821 et 1903, 3010 œuvres préfet du Nord ; proposer des ouvrages lyriques de qualité 3 4 6. 1- 3,25 francs en 1821 ; différentes sont jouées sur la scène municipale, avec en « dignes d’une ville telle que Lille » ; éviter les faillites. Pour 0,5-3,25 francs en 1842 ; 0,6- 4 francs en 1887. moyenne 117 ouvrages, nouveaux et repris, proposés réaliser la saison idéale, l’objectif principal du mandataire chaque saison au public du Grand Théâtre, le tout au est de remplir le parterre, les loges et les galeries (et donc rythme moyen de 391 représentations par an. les caisses) en essayant de proposer ce qui est susceptible de plaire au public. L’enjeu est de taille puisque cela L’enjeu ici n’est pas d’étudier l’ensemble du répertoire suppose une certaine connaissance des attentes du public, joué car tous ces ouvrages n’ont pas connu le succès lillois. et en particulier celles des abonnés. Les directeurs savent Afin d’éliminer le « flot inutile » de productions lilloises, il que l’abonné, membre des notabilités lilloises5, « est un convenait de ne retenir uniquement celles qui ont tributaire positif ; il souscrit et paye d’avance. Si les rangs bénéficié d’un nombre significatif de représentations : dès sont pressés, si le bataillon en est nombreux, le lors qu’un ouvrage est repris plusieurs fois sur la scène commencement de l’année s’ouvre sous les plus heureux municipale lilloise, de manière régulière dans le temps, il hospices » (A. Achard, H. de Balzac, P. Gavarni, 1841, peut être classé parmi les œuvres les plus plébiscitées par p. 352). Les contrarier reviendrait donc à mettre en péril les Lillois, et donc parmi les succès. Pour pouvoir ensuite l’exploitation de l’entreprise car ils sont les principaux interpréter les évolutions de ces succès (disparition de « financiers » de la salle. Les abonnés sont actifs et très certains, comme La fiancée d’Auber que le public du véhéments (pétitions, lettres publiées dans la presse, Grand Théâtre s’est plu à entendre régulièrement renoncement à leur abonnement). Aux côtés des pendant quatorze saisons entre 1828 et 1849 ; maintien abonnés, il existe aussi la part « flottante » du public, celle durable de l’exploitation d’autres, comme le « grand qui représente la majorité et qui se rend au Grand Théâtre opéra » de Meyerbeer, Robert le diable, entre 1833 de manière soit régulière mais espacée, soit et 1896, à raison de 35 saisons) à l’aune des mutations exceptionnelle. En raison du large éventail tarifaire6, ils politiques, économiques, sociales et artistiques qui ont peuvent être d’horizons très variés, depuis l’ouvrier fileur continuellement bâti la cité au XIXe siècle, il est apparu (qui gagne 0,60 franc pour quatre heures de travail sous le important de constituer quatre classements, établis en Second Empire [P. Pierrard, 1991, p. 265]) à l’aristocrate fonction d’intervalles de temps pertinents : 1821-1830 ; de passage, au domestique, au militaire et à l’étudiant. 1830-1850 ; 1850-1870 ; 1870-1903. Si ce découpage Leurs conditions évoluent sur le siècle. ARTL@S BULLETIN, Année 1, n° 1 (Automne 2012) 94 Artl@s. Pour une histoire spatiale des arts et des lettres Matthieu Haroux — La cartographie parisienne du répertoire du Grand Théâtre de Lille (1821-1903) 7. Ce changement Les attentes du public hétérogène du Grand Théâtre sont distraction popularisée. Le transfert dépend-il alors de sémantique s’illustre d’ailleurs par le passage donc nécessairement multiples ; et à cette diversité sociale l’évolution sociale et sociologique de la salle ? Est-ce du mot du singulier au pluriel [A. Corbin, 1995, s’ajoute encore le fait qu’aller au théâtre une à deux fois l’inverse ? Sont-ce les deux ? p. 10]. par semaine, une fois par mois ou une fois par an, Enfin, lorsqu’un ouvrage est joué sur la scène municipale n’implique pas le même choix de pièces, les mêmes lilloise, on prend soin d’indiquer, sur l’affiche placardée sur moyens ou sacrifices financiers, ne réclame pas les les murs de la ville, le nom de(s) auteur(s) (compositeur, mêmes effets escomptés et ne relève pas de la même librettiste), le nom du théâtre parisien de la première pratique sociale. Cette diversité de la clientèle amène nationale et la date de celle-ci. Un tel affichage n’est pas d’abord à réfléchir sur la pratique de fréquentation d’une anodin puisqu’il fournit au quidam lillois des informations salle de spectacle, en tant qu’espace de loisir, et sur qui l’orienteront parfois dans ses choix de spectacle. Pour l’évolution de cette même pratique, dans un siècle qui a qui s’intéresse au théâtre, le nom de la salle parisienne permis la naissance d’une première culture de masse d’où est tirée l’œuvre est parfois évocateur d’un genre ou [C.
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