DOCSLIB.ORG

WHO Cannabis Rescheduling and Its Relevance for the Caribbean

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WHO Cannabis Rescheduling and Its Relevance for the Caribbean Briefing paper August 2020 WHO cannabis rescheduling and its relevance for the Caribbean By Vicki J. Hanson, Pien Metaal and Dania Putri* Executive Summary • Actively engage with CND members, in particular Jamaica, the only English-speaking Following its first-ever critical review of Caribbean member of CND, emphasising cannabis, in January 2019 the World Health the urgent nature of recommendations 5.1 Organization (WHO) issued a collection of formal and 5.4. recommendations to reschedule cannabis and • Actively engage in relevant meetings and cannabis-related substances. 53 member states processes at the CND level, as well as of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND), two emphasising the need for further follow- of which are Caribbean states, are set to vote on these recommendations in December 2020. ups to the critical review. • Actively engage and encourage support from Among the WHO’s recommendations, two other Caribbean governments and other key in particular appear to be the most urgent stakeholders such as CARICOM and OECS, and relevant for Caribbean countries: as well relevant civil society organisations, namely recommendation 5.1 (concerning experts, and affected communities. the acknowledgment of cannabis’ medicinal usefulness) and recommendation 5.4 (concerning Background: Cannabis and the the need to remove the term ‘extracts and UN drug scheduling system tinctures of cannabis’ from the 1961 Convention). Supporting these two recommendations Around the world, most national legislations presents an opportunity for Caribbean relating to the consumption, production, and governments and civil society to decolonise distribution of cannabis and cannabis-related drug control approaches in the region, as well substances are rooted in the current global drug as to strengthen the international legal basis for control system as institutionalised by the three 1 emerging medicinal cannabis programmes in main UN drug conventions. Over 300 substances several Caribbean countries. Also, it provides the listed under these conventions are subject to historical opportunity to gain global recognition varying degrees of control depending on the for two deeply rooted and unique traditions: categories in which they have been scheduled, the use of cannabis as sacrament in religious ‘defined according to the dependence potential, Rastafarian practise, and its use as traditional abuse liability and therapeutic usefulness of the 2 medicine, particularly but not exclusively by the drugs included in them’. It is thus crucial to note Maroon community. that these UN drug conventions exist to ensure the global (legal) trade in, production, and use of In this regard, the recommended principle ‘asks’ controlled substances for medical and scientific for Caribbean advocates and policy makers are to: purposes, while aiming to prevent diversion to • Support the most urgent recommendations the illegal market which typically caters to non- 5.1 and 5.4. medical and non-scientific needs. * An adapted version of the TNI- IDPC briefing paper note for Africa by Dania Putri. 1 From the moment that the 1961 Convention As reflected in global trends,9 cannabis remains was first negotiated, cannabis has been included the most widely used illegal substance in in the most restrictive sections – Schedule I the Caribbean region, and especially but not and IV – along with drugs such as heroin and exclusively in Jamaica, where cannabis is grown fentanyl. Schedule IV in particular is designated – by rural communities with few other viable incorrectly, in the case of cannabis – for substances alternative livelihoods.10 In most Caribbean with limited ‘therapeutic advantages’.3 However, countries, the (restricted) status of cannabis one of the essential chemical components of corresponds to that prescribed by the UN drug cannabis, dronabinol/Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol conventions, and hence the continued punitive (THC), is listed separately in the less restrictive approach to cannabis consumption, trade, and Schedule II of the 1971 Convention.4 cultivation. In recent years, however, a number of Caribbean countries have adopted different As reiterated by experts of various backgrounds, forms of legislative changes to regulate cannabis the manner in which substances are categorised cultivation, with Jamaica leading the way as the and controlled at the UN level is largely based first Caribbean country to decriminalise small- on cultural and political ideologies, rather than scale cultivation for personal use and ceremonial on impartial scientific assessment5 of each usage. Other countries have taken, or are taking, substance’s potential harm for its users and their steps to allow cannabis production for medical, surroundings. In fact, the level of health and industrial, and/or research purposes, most social harms of cannabis (as well as other strictly controlled drugs such as LSD and MDMA) is notably St. Vincent and the Grenadines, which proven to be lower than others currently placed granted an amnesty to cannabis growers and in the same category (cocaine, heroin), and also designed a cannabis licencing system seeking the 11 lower than legally regulated substances like inclusion of traditional cannabis farmers. 6 tobacco and alcohol (Figure 1). The WHO’s first ever critical Figure 1: Relative harms of selected psychoactive review of cannabis 7 substances (source: Wikimedia Commons) As mandated by the UN drug conventions, the World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD)12 serves as a body whose task is to assess a substance’s potential harm and medicinal usefulness, primarily from a public health perspective, and to provide scheduling-related recommendations for member states at the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND). Being one of the first substances (together with coca and opium) scheduled under international control, cannabis was not subject to a WHO critical review until 2018. The results of this first- ever critical review of cannabis were published in 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 January 2019, along with a list of recommendations Furthermore, as articulated by the WHO, for the rescheduling of cannabis and cannabis- ‘preparations of cannabis have shown therapeutic related substances (Figures 2 and 3). potential for treatment of pain and other medical conditions such as epilepsy and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis’8 – to name only a few. By early 2020, over 30 countries have developed some kind of legal framework for the legal use of medicinal cannabis. 2 Figure 2: WHO recommendations on cannabis and cannabis-related substances (source: UNODC)13 WHO recommendations on cannabis and cannabis-related substances 5.1 Delete cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV 5.4 Delete extracts and tinctures of cannabis from of the 1961 Convention Schedule I of the 1961 Convention 5.2.1 Add dronabinol and its stereoisomers (delta-9-THC) to 5.5 Add a footnote on cannabidiol preparations to Schedule I of the 1961 Convention Schedule I of the 1961 Convention to read: 5.2.2 If 5.2.1 is adopted: “Preparations containing predominantly cannabidiol and Delete dronabinol and its stereoisomers (delta-9-THC) not more than 0.2 per cent of delta-9- from Schedule II of the 1971 Convention tetrahydrocannabidiol are not under international control” 5.3.1 If 5.2.1 is adopted: 5.6 Add preparations containing dronabinol, produced Add tetrahydrocannabinol to Schedule I of the 1961 either by chemical synthesis or as preparations of cannabis that are compounded as pharmaceutical Convention preparations with one or more other ingredients and in such a way that dronabinol cannot be recovered by 5.3.2 If 5.3.1 is adopted: readily available means or in a yield which would Delete tetrahydrocannabinol from Schedule I of the constitute a risk to public health, to Schedule III of the 1971 Convention 1961 Convention Figure 3: Implications of WHO recommendations on cannabis and cannabis-related substances (source: TNI) WHO recommendations cannabis-related substances 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs Schedule I Schedule II Schedule III Schedule IV Substances that are highly Substances that are Preparations with low Drugs also listed in Sched- addictive and liable to less addictive and liable amounts of narcotic drugs ule I with “particularly abuse or easily converti- to abuse than those in that are exempted from dangerous properties” ble into those (e.g. opium, Schedule I (e.g. codeine, most control measures and little or no thera- heroin, cocaine, coca leaf, dextropropoxyphene) placed upon the drugs peutic value (e.g. heroin, oxycodone) they contain (e.g. <2.5% carfentanil) codeine, <0.1% cocaine) Cannabis and resin Cannabis and resin Extracts and tinctures Certain ‘pharmaceutical + Tetrahydrocannabinol preparations’ containing + Dronabinol (Δ9-THC) dronabinol from which the Δ9-THC cannot be * CBD preparations with easily recovered <0.2% THC not under control 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances Schedule I Schedule II Schedule III Schedule IV Drugs with a high risk of Drugs with a risk of abuse Drugs with a risk of abuse Drugs with a risk of abuse abuse posing a particular- posing a serious threat to posing a serious threat to posing a minor threat to ly serious threat to public public health, with low or public health, with mod- public health, with a high health, with little or no moderate therapeutic val- erate or high therapeutic therapeutic therapeutic value (e.g. ue (e.g. amphetamines) value value (e.g. tranquillizers, LSD, MDMA, cathinone) (e.g. barbiturates,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Actors and Incentives in Cannabis Policy Change: an Interdisciplinary Approach to Legalization Processes in the United States and in Uruguay
    1 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS Fernanda Mena Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay São Paulo 2020 FERNANDA MELLO MENA 2 Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay Original Version Ph.D. Thesis presented to the Graduate Program in International Relations at the International Relations Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, to obtain the degree of Doctor in Science. Advisor: Prof. Dr. Leandro Piquet Carneiro São Paulo 2020 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. 3 Catalogação na Publicação* Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo Mena, Fernanda Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay / Fernanda Mello Mena -- Orientador Leandro Piquet Carneiro. São Paulo: 2020. 195p. Tese (doutorado). Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Relações Internacionais. 1. Relações exteriores (História) – Brasil 2. Relações internacionais (História) - Brasil 3. Política externa – Brasil I. Mena, Fernanda II. Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay CDD 327.81 4 MENA, Fernanda Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay Ph. D. Thesis presented to the International Relations Institute, at the University of São Paulo, Brazil, to obtain the degree of Doctor in Science.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Cannabis Latin America & Caribbean
    MEDICAL CANNABIS LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN SPECIAL REPORT 17 56 59 72 CULTIVATING BUSINESS PHARMACEUTICAL & MEDICAL SERVICES & TECHNOLOGY EVENTS Progressive, inclusive medical CBD popularity is surging across The medical cannabis industry A robust events industry cannabis policies can have a the continent as regulatory is birthing a range of secondary has grown around the significant social impact regimes jump to legalize it services across the region medical cannabis sector Image: Nader Ahmed, IndicaOnline Contents 1 FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK Managing Director LATAM Han Le Regional Director LATAM Federica Fermo Country Managers Blanca Bañares, Giulia Di Loreto THE BUSINESS YEAR: Country Editors Alejandra Gómez Arreola, Juan Pablo Vásquez Pedraza, Juan Manuel Mejía Salazar, Enrique José García, MEDICAL CANNABIS Daniel Alarcón Project Assistant LATIN AMERICA Angie Serrato Chief Executive Officer Ayşe Hazır Valentin Editor-in-Chief & CARIBBEAN Peter Howson Senior Editor Terry Whitlam Writer/Editor SPECIAL REPORT Evan Pheiffer Associate Editor Liz Colavita Chief Sub-Editor Shireen Nisha Sub-Editors Kabir Ahmad, Alia Kıran Editorial Coordinator Belemir Ece Çolak Web Editor Aidan McMahon Web Assistant & Social Media Coordinator Ahsen Durukan Web Developer Volkan Görmüş Assistant Web Developer Zişan Yalçınkaya Analytics Assistant Sena Özcanlı Art Director Emily Zier-Ünlü Junior Art Director Emre Boduç Senior Motion Graphic Designer Serkan Yıldırım he Business Year’s Special Report on market, and as the ideal exporter to its neigh- Motion Graphic Designer Medical Cannabis in Latin America bor and largest cannabis (medical or other- Yiğit Yeşillik T Senior Graphic Designers and the Caribbean is the second entry wise) market, the US, but has yet to clear the fi- Bilge Saka, Şule Kocakavak in our medical cannabis series, building upon nal obstacles in the country’s legal process and Contributors our inaugural report on the Colombian market.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multifaceted Approach to Address Variation in Cannabis Sativa
    University of Northern Colorado Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC Dissertations Student Research 5-2019 A Multifaceted Approach to Address Variation in Cannabis Sativa Anna Louise Schwabe Follow this and additional works at: https://digscholarship.unco.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Schwabe, Anna Louise, "A Multifaceted Approach to Address Variation in Cannabis Sativa" (2019). Dissertations. 554. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/dissertations/554 This Text is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © 2019 ANNA LOUISE SCHWABE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO Greeley, Colorado The Graduate School A MULTIFACETED APPROACH TO ADDRESS VARIATION IN CANNABIS SATIVA A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anna Louise Schwabe College of Natural and Health Sciences School of Biological Sciences Biological Education May 2019 This Dissertation by: Anna Louise Schwabe Entitled: A Multifaceted Approach to Address Variation in Cannabis sativa has been approved as meeting the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in College of Natural and Health Sciences in School of Biological Sciences, Program of Biological Education. Accepted by the Doctoral Committee ____________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Business Model for ABS in the Caribbean Region
    Development of Business Model for Access and Benefit Sharing in the Caribbean Region I Development of a Business Model for ABS in the Caribbean Region This report is prepared by Environmental Governance Consulting (EGC) under the auspices of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Regional Office for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean (IUCN-ORMACC) in collaboration with the Governments of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago through their designated National Biodiversity Focal Point. Disclaimer This report was prepared by Environmental Governance Consulting (EGC) at the request of the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The statements, observations, analysis, conclusions and recommendations are those of EGC. None of the statements contained in this report are intended to establish any obligation, standard or procedure by or on behalf of IUCN or any relevant parties mentioned in this report. By virtue of publishing this report, there is no obligation to adopt any of the recommendations set forth in the report. Citation Environmental Governance Consulting (2019) Development of a Business Model for Access and Benefit Sharing in the Caribbean Region, Prepared for IUCN, San Jose Costa Rica, 78 pages II Table of Contents List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… III List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… III Abbreviations and Acronyms …………………………………………………………………………………………… VI Executive Summary
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabis Industry and Edibles
    CANNABIS INDUSTRY AND EDIBLES LABOUR MARKET REPORT ABOUT US Food Processing Skills Canada (FPSC) is the food and beverage manufacturing industry’s workforce development organization. As a non-profit, located in Ottawa with representatives across Canada, we support food and beverage manufacturing businesses from coast to coast in developing skilled and professional employees and workplace environments. Our work directly and positively impacts industry talent attraction, workforce retention and employment culture. We care about assisting the industry in finding, training and retaining the very best people for the job. Through our partnerships with industry, associations, educators and all levels of This project was funded by the Government of Canada’s Sectoral Initiatives Program. governments in Canada, FPSC has developed exceptional resources for The opinions and interpretations in this publication are those of the author and do not the sector including the Food Skills Library™, Canadian Food Processors necessarily reflect those of the Government of Canada. Institute™, FoodCert™ and Labour Market Information Reports. ISBN 978-1-989541-56-2 Copyright © 2020 Food Processing Skills Canada All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication, whether it is reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (including electronic, mechanical, photographic, photocopying or recording), without the prior written permission of the Food Processing Skills Canada is an infringement of copyright law. Food Processing
    [Show full text]
  • Pioneering Past and Bright of Impactful Research and Scholarly
    TABLE OF CONTENTS HISTORY OF UTECH, JA 04 VISION & MISSION STATEMENT 05 FOREWORD 06 INTRODUCTION 07- 09 UTECH, JAMAICA’S RESEARCH MANAGEMENT ECOSYSTEM 10 - 15 A PIONEERING PAST AND A BRIGHT FUTURE 16 - 123 OF IMPACTFUL RESEARCH AND SCHOLARLY ACHIEVEMENTS RESEARCH ETHICS 17 - 19 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 20 - 31 BUSINESS, TOURISM & HOSPITALITY 32 - 43 )HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS HIV 44 - 50 OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES & NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 51 - 58 AND FOOD CONSUMPTION, AFFORDABILITY & SECURITY PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACEUTICS 59 - 62 )CANNABIS SATIVA )MARIJUANA/GANJA 63 - 68 CANCER AND MEDICINAL PLANTS 69 - 72 ENGINEERING, ICT APPLICATIONS & INFORMATION SYSTEMS 73 - 86 ORAL AND PUBLIC HEATLH 87 - 89 ,EDUCATION 90 - 104 HUMANITIES& SOCIAL SCIENCES MARINE BIOLOGY 105 - 107 PUBLICATION OF UTECH, JAMAICA 108 - 123 RESEARCH OR SCHOLARLY WORK IN THE POPULAR PRESS UTECH’S FLAGSHIP JOURNAL 124 CERDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 125 PAGE “EXCELLENCE THROUGH KNOWLEDGE” 4 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA The University of Technology, Jamaica (UTech, Jamaica) started in 1958, as the Jamaica Institute of Technology. In 1959 the name of the institution was changed to the College of Arts, Science and Technology (CAST) Scheme of 1959. This was validated by an ACT of Parliament in 1964. In 1986, the CAST Scheme was revised in order to make the College a degree-granting institution, and the College became legally empowered to conduct affairs under a governing Council and Academic Board. The institution was formally accorded University status on September 1, 1995 as the University of Technology, Jamaica. The history of the institution is intimately connected with the social and economic development of Jamaica.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamaica's Cannabis Industry: Policy Framework
    Cannabis Industry Advisory Council Ministry of Industry, Commerce, Agriculture and Fisheries, Kingston, JAMAICA Jamaica’s Cannabis Industry: Policy Framework Authors: Professor Anthony Clayton, Eleanor Hussey, Omar Chedda March 2016 Policy Rationale Markets The market for cannabis is among the fastest-growing in the world. There is a surge of interest and investment capital now going into the sector, especially in the USA and Canada, and a number of countries in Europe and Central and South America are close behind. However, the three major international drug control treaties are still in place, and have not yet been revised to allow the cultivation and export of cannabis, the issues concerning medical cannabis and cannabis products for therapeutic use are not yet clear, and terms and definitions are still undecided. These legal and regulatory uncertainties will have to be addressed, as otherwise these could discourage investment, inhibit the provision of finance and banking services to the sector, and derail the development of the industry. The UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) which will meet in April 2016 to assess the ‘achievements and challenges in countering the world drug problem’ may clarify the way forward. It is clear that the majority of countries in the world are moving to decriminalize cannabis, remove it from the control of organized crime, and put it on a par with the tobacco industry. Over the next few years, therefore, it appears likely that the cannabis industry will come to resemble the tobacco industry, in that it will be legal, regulated, taxed and traded. However, the timetable will be heavily influenced by political factors, and so is unpredictable.
    [Show full text]
  • LAMBROS COMITAS Teachers College, Columbia University New York, New York 10027 Telephone: (212) 678-4040 --- E-Mail: [email protected]
    LAMBROS COMITAS Teachers College, Columbia University New York, New York 10027 telephone: (212) 678-4040 --- e-mail: [email protected] EDUCATION 1948 A.B., Columbia College, Columbia University in the City of New York 1962 Ph.D. Faculty of Political Sciences (Anthropology), Columbia University PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Teachers College, Columbia University 1988- Gardner Cowles Professor of Anthropology and Education 1984- Director, Institute of International Studies 1979-1996 Director, Division of Philosophy, the Social Sciences, and Education 1979-1996 Chairman, Department of Philosophy and the Social Sciences 1967-1987 Professor of Anthropology and Education 1965-1967 Associate Professor of Anthropology and Education 1972-1974 Associate Director, Division of Philosophy, the Social Sciences, and Education 1967-1975 Director, Center for Education in Latin America 1968-1974 Director, Center for Urban Studies and Programs Columbia University 1977-1984 Director, Institute for Latin American and Iberian Studies, S.I.P.A. 1977-1983 Senior Staff Associate, Center for Socio-Cultural Research on Drug Use, 1977-1984 Member, Sub-Committee on Sociomedical Sciences, School of Public Health 1965-1967 Executive Secretary, Columbia-Cornell-Harvard-Illinois Summer Field Study Program 1962-1964 Assistant Professor of Anthropology 1958-1961 Instructor in Anthropology 1956-1957 Assistant in Anthropology Research Institute for the Study of Man 1985- 2001 Director and President of the Board 1981- 1985 American Coordinator (socio-ethnographic aspects), Joint U.S./U.S.S.R.project. Institute of Ethnography, Moscow and Research Institute for the Study of Man. Complex biological-anthropological and socio-ethnographic study of peoples and ethnic group possessing a high percentage of long-living persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Investment in Emerging Legal Medicinal Cannabis Markets: the Jamaica Case Study Marta Rychert1* , Machel Anthony Emanuel2 and Chris Wilkins1
    Rychert et al. Globalization and Health (2021) 17:38 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00687-3 RESEARCH Open Access Foreign investment in emerging legal medicinal cannabis markets: the Jamaica case study Marta Rychert1* , Machel Anthony Emanuel2 and Chris Wilkins1 Abstract Introduction: The establishment of a legal market for medicinal cannabis under the Dangerous Drugs Amendment Act 2015 has positioned Jamaica at the forefront of cannabis law reform in the developing world. Many local cannabis businesses have attracted investment from overseas, including from Canada, US and Europe. Aim: To explore the opportunities and risks of foreign investment in an emerging domestic legal cannabis market in a developing country. Methods: Thematic analysis of semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 22 key informants (KIs) from the Jamaican government, local cannabis industry, academia and civil society, and field observations of legal and illegal cannabis cultivators. Results: KIs from the Jamaican public agencies and domestic cannabis entrepreneurs saw foreign investment as an essential source of capital to finance the start-up costs of legal cannabis businesses. Local cannabis entrepreneurs prioritised investors with the greatest financial resources, brand reputation and export networks. They also considered how allied an investor was with their business vision (e.g., organic cultivation, medical vs. recreational). The key benefits of partnering with a foreign investor included transfer of technical knowledge and financial capital, which enhanced production, quality assurance and seed-to-sale tracking. Some KIs expressed concern over investors’ focus on increasing production efficiency and scale at the expense of funding research and development (R&D) and clinical trials.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Office of National Drug Control Policy, What America's Users Spend
    World Drug Report 2006 Volume I. Analysis NOTES 1 Office of National Drug Control Policy, What America’s users 28 Ibid. spend on illegal drugs. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of 29 Ellis, S. The Mask of Anarchy, London: Hurst, 2001, p. 169. the President, 2001. 30 Bundeskriminalamt, Annual Drug Report 2003, February 2 National Drug Intelligence Center, National Drug Threat 2004, p. 7. Assessment 2006, United States Department of Justice. 31 UNODC, Kenya: Country Profile. Vienna: UNODC, 2003. 3 United States Department of Homeland Security, Homeland 32 Bagenda, P. ‘Tanzania’, in Gastrow, P. (ed), Penetrating State Security Report No 124, 15 March 2004. and Business: Organized Crime in Southern Africa, Vol 1, 4 Attorney General of Mexico, National Drug Control Program Monograph No 86, Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. 2001-2006, 2002, p. 36. 33 Parry, C. and A. Plüddemann, SENDU Update Vol 8, 2004. 5 ARQ 2003. 34 ARQ 2003. 6 National Drug Intelligence Center, National Drug Threat 35 Parry, C. and A. Plüddemann, SENDU Update Vol 8, 2004. Assessment 2006, United States Department of Justice. 36 Conace, Sexto Estudio Nacional de Drogas en Poblacion Gen- 7 Dininny, S. ‘Pot crops become taxing to law enforcement’. Ari- eral de Chile, 2004, available at: zona Republic, October 2, 2005. http://www.cicad.oas.org/oid/MainPage/CONACEestu- 8 National Alliance of Gang Investigators Associations, 2005 dio2005.pdf National Gang Threat Assessment. Washington, D.C.: Bureau 37 ARQ 2003. for Justice Assistance. 38 Luilianelli, J., L. Guanabara, P. Fraga, T. Blickman, A pointless 9 Governments of Canada and the United States, United war: Drugs and violence in Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • Position Paper – the Emerging Cannabis Industry in the Caribbean and a Place for Small-Scale Traditional Farmers
    POSITION PAPER – THE EMERGING CANNABIS INDUSTRY IN THE CARIBBEAN AND A PLACE FOR SMALL-SCALE TRADITIONAL FARMERS POSITION PAPER OF THE FAIRTRADE CANNABIS WORKING GROUP FOR INCLUSIVE BUSINESS MODELS & WELL-DESIGNED LAWS AND FAIR(ER) TRADE OPTIONS FOR SMALL-SCALE TRADITIONAL CANNABIS FARMERS Page 1 of 33 Position Paper from the Fair(er) trade Working Group September 2020 POSITION PAPER – THE EMERGING CANNABIS INDUSTRY IN THE CARIBBEAN AND A PLACE FOR SMALL-SCALE TRADITIONAL FARMERS INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION Introduction We open this Position Paper by the Fair(er) trade Cannabis Working Group1 to share our position on future cannabis policy in the Caribbean region, with one main finding and one recommendation taken from the Report of the CARICOM Regional Commission on Marijuana, 2018. The relevant sections read: The evidence indicates that the existing legal prohibitionist regime on cannabis/marijuana is not fit for purpose. Both the financial and human costs are huge. The Commission is satisfied that there should be significant changes to the laws of the region to enable the dismantling of this regime to better serve Caribbean peoples. A public health/ rights-based approach is better able to confront the challenging multidimensional parameters of the drug problem, including its health, social justice and citizen security aspects.2 Small farmers and small businesspersons should be included in production and supply arrangements with appropriate controls limiting large enterprise and foreign involvement.3 The Position Paper aims to contribute to the debate on finding sustainable and realistic solutions to the challenges posed by the developing cannabis industry, with a special focus on traditional and small-scale farmers.4 Despite some promising shifts in policy and amendments to many outdated drug laws, to date no CARICOM country has legalized cannabis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Medicinal Cannabis (R)Evolution – Challenges in Banking a Budding Industry in Acting Director the ECCU Ms Patricia Welsh
    RESEARCH DEPARTMENT The Medicinal Cannabis (R)evolution – Challenges in Banking a Budding Industry in Acting Director the ECCU Ms Patricia Welsh Authors The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank commissioned this inaugural Flagship Ms Martina Regis Report on Medicinal Cannabis in response to the growing global and regional interest in medicinal cannabis. Mrs Livia Bertin-Mark Ms Jamila Alleyne Administrative Editor Ms Patricia Welsh Correspondence regarding the Flagship Report on Medicinal Cannabis should be addressed to: Senior Administrative Officer The Director Research Department Ms Sheena Gonsalves Eastern Caribbean Central Bank P O Box 89 BASSETERRE St Kitts Cover Design Tel: (869) 465 2537 Ms Martina Regis Fax: (869) 465 5615 Graphic Design Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.eccb-centralbank.org/ Mrs Livia Bertin-Mark The Flagship Report is a publication of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Contents LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... i GOVERNOR’S FOREWORD .................................................................................................................. ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 ECONOMIC RATIONALE FOR DEVELOPING THE INDUSTRY ............................................ 5 3.0 THE POTENTIAL GLOBAL DEMAND FOR CANNABIS ......................................................... 13 4.0 BANKING SECTOR
    [Show full text]