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Interaction Between Streptomyces Griseoviridis and Some Plant Pathogenic Fungi

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Interaction Between Streptomyces Griseoviridis and Some Plant Pathogenic Fungi JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN FINLAND Maataloustieteellinen Aikakauskirja Vol. 63: 435—441, 1991 Scanning electron microscopy of hyphal interaction between Streptomyces griseoviridis and some plant pathogenic fungi EEVA TAPIO and ARJA POHTO-LAHDENPERA Department of Plant Pathology, University of Helsinki, SF-00710 Helsinki Abstract. The interaction between Streptomycesgriseoviridis and the pathogens Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Mycocentrospora acerina, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was studied by SEM both on autoclaved seeds and living seedlings of turnip rape and carrot and the fungi Phomopsis sclerotioides and Pythium ulti- mum on cucumber seedlings. The samples were prepared by the standard method for exami- nation by scanning electron microscope. The hyperparasitism of S. griseoviridis was clearly shown. S. griseoviridis tightly wound around Alternaria conidia and Sclerotinia hyphae, even- tually disintegrating them. It grew along the hyphae of B. cinerea, P. sclerotioides and M. acerina, dissolving them. The hypha of F. oxysporum seemed to be slightly affected, and its conidia not at all. The hyperparasite grew only loosely on the hypha of R. solani and on the mycelium and oogonia of Pythium which seemed not to sustain much injury. Index words: Hyperparasitism, biological control, Streptomyces griseoviridis, plant pathogenic fungi Introduction sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Tahvonen 1982 a, b, LahdenperA 1987, Tahvonen and Avi- Streptomyces griseoviridis Anderson et al., kainen 1987, Tahvonen and LahdenperA isolated from Finnish light coloured Sphag- 1988). In vitro tests with these fungi showed num peat, has been reported to be antagonis- their growth to be inhibited by 5. griseoviri- tic to the plant pathogens Alternaria brassici- dis (Tahvonen 1982 a). It controlled damp- cola (Schw.) Wiltshire, Botrytis cinerea Pers.: ing-off caused by A. brassicicola and R. solani Fr., Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc., F. on cauliflower and P. debaryanum on sugar culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc., F. oxysporum beet in in vivo tests. It also reduced the mor- Schlecht. f. sp. dianthi (Prill. & Dol.) Snyd. tality of barley sprouts and foot rot caused by & Hans., Pythium debaryanum auct. non F. culmorum (Tahvonen 1982 b, Tahvonen Hess., Phomopsissclerotioides van Kesteren, and Avikainen 1987). Treatment of lettuce Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Sclerotinia seedlings with a spore suspension prepared 435 from the Streptomyces isolate significantly mens were then criticalpoint dried in a Bal- reduced yield losses caused by B. cinerea, but zers CPD 020 Critical point dryer using car- had no effect on those caused by R. solani. bon dioxide, coated with gold in a vacuum The antibiotic effect against R. solani in vitro, evaporator with a Jeol Fine Coat JFC-1100 was weaker than its effect against other test- Sputtering device, and examined under a scan- ed pathogens (Tahvonen 1982 a). It has been ning electron microscope (Jeol JSEM-820) at shown that the antagonistic effect is based on the Department of Electron Microscopy, Uni- antibiosis, in which aromatic heptaene poly- versity of Helsinki. enes are the active substances (Raatikainen et The hyperparasitism of S. griseoviridis on al. 1990). Many authors (Cooper & Chilton the pathogens Phomopsis sclerotioides and 1949, Johnson 1954, Rangaswami & Ethiraj Pythium ultimum, isolated from cucumber, 1962) have shown that the antibiotics pro- was studied in the same way on cucumber duced by Streptomyces spp. affect some seedlings. pathogenic fungi. Skinner (1956 b), Lock- The interaction between Mycocentrospora wood (1959) and Lockwood & Lingappa acerina Deighton, isolated from carrot and S. (1963) observed, in addition to antibiosis, a griseoviridis was examined directly on myce- lytic effect for actinomycetes when these at- lia grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in tacked the fungus mycelium directly. Tu Petri dishes. The antagonist was inoculated on (1986, 1988) described the hyperparasitism of the one-week-old mycelia of M. acerina and Streptomyces albus on Nectria inventa which the samples were prepared three days later. itself is a mycoparasite of several fungi includ- Agar blocks with mycelia were frozen in liquid ing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and the hyper- nitrogen at —lBO°C (Hexland CT 100), de- parasitism of S. griseus against Colletotrichum hydrated at —BO°C in vacuum in a cryonit, lindemuthianum. The present study was done coated with gold and examined under a scan- to elucidate the nature of the host-mycopara- ning electron microscope (Cambridge Instru- site interactions between Streptomyces griseo- ment S 360) at the Kemira Research Center. viridis and some plant pathogenic fungi. Materials and methods Results The interaction of Streptomyces griseoviri- The antagonist, S. griseoviridis, was easily dis isolated from light coloured peat and some distinguished from its hosts by its fine (0.5 pm plant pathogenic fungi was studied on au- in diameter) sporulating hyphae in contrast to toclaved seeds and living seedlings of turnip the coarse hyphae of the host fungi. The rape and carrot. The seeds were placed on wa- hyperparasite grew epiphytically on the ter agar in Petri dishes and inoculated with hyphae of the plant pathogenic fungi. pathogens, Alternaria brassicicola, isolated The conidia of A. brassicicola were heavi- from cauliflower seeds, Botrytis cinerea and ly colonized by Streptomyces and almost to- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, isolated from carrots tally destroyed (Fig. 1). Its hyphae were tightly or Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia coiled around the Sclerotinia hyphae, dissolv- solani, isolated from turnip rape. These were ing and disintegrating them (Figs. 2 and 3). inoculated three days later with Streptomyces The hyperparasite also grew on the hyphae griseoviridis. The dishes were incubated in of Botrytis cinerea causing their lysis and de- room temperature. After three days the sam- struction (Fig. 4). At the early state of para- ples were fixed in a mixture of 2 °7o glutardal- sitism, single strands of S. griseoviridis hypha dehyde and 1 % formaldehyde in 0.1 M phos- growing closely pressed to the host hypha phate buffer, pFI 7.3, rinsed in buffer and de- seemed to secrete cell wall-dissolving enzymes hydrated in a graded ethanol series. The speci- (Fig. 5). The hyphae of the hyperparasite 436 seems also to grow inside the host hypha of Most of the mycelia and oogonia of Pythi- B. cinerea (Fig. 4). um were not visibly affected at the moment The sporulating hyphae of S. griseoviridis of fixing the preparation, although the hyper- grew along and coiled around the hyphae of parasite seems to have penetrated its mycelial Fusarium oxysporum slightly dissolving them, wall (Figs. 10, 11). A portion of the host but the conidia did not seem to be affected hyphae abundantly covered with the hyper- (Fig. 6). parasite showed some disintegration (Fig. 11). The hyphae of Phomopsis sclerotioides were collapsed in the presence of S. griseoviri- Discussion dis, but the sclerotia did not seem to be affected (Fig. 7). The first observations made by Tahvonen The mycelia of Mycocentrospora acerina (1982 a) about the antagonism of Strep- were dissolvedand flattened by S. griseoviri- tomyces spp. against many plant pathogenic dis in a similar manner to those of P. sclero- fungi in vitro demonstrated their antibiotic tioides (Fig. 8). The hyphae of the hyperpara- and growth inhibiting effect. The hyper- site grew loosely on the hypha of Rhizocto- parasitism of one of these antagonists was nia solani at the early stages of infection. Later clearly shown in the present study. The lytic on, Streptomyces hyphae seemed to be close- activity of actinomycetes has been earlier ly associated with the collapsed host hyphae shown by Lockwood (1959). According to Tu (Fig. 9). (1986, 1988), Streptomyces albus could act as Fig. I. Thin hyphae (width 0,5 pm) of Streptomyces griseoviridis are covering and gradually dissolving the hyphae and especially the conidia (arrow) of Alternaria brassicicola. Fig. 2. The sporulating Streptomyces hyphae are coiling around the hyphae of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum disintegrat- ing them (arrow). Fig. 3. The hyperparasite is dissolving the hyphae of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Fig. 4. Thin hyphae and spores of S. griseoviridis are growing on the broad hyphae of Botrytis cinerea. The hyper- parasite are growing both epiphytically and internally (arrow) on the pathogen, which is disintegrated and dissolved. Fig. 5. Eroded wall of hyphae of Bolrylis cinerea adjacent to hyphae of S. griseoviridis. Fig. 6. The speculating hyphae of 5. griseoviridis only slightly affecting the hyphae of Fusarium oxysporum (arrow). The conidia do not seem to be affected. Fig. 7. Streptomyces hyphae degrading the hyphae of Phomopsis sclerotioides, but seem not to affect the sclerotia of the pathogen. Fig. 8. S. griseoviridis hyphae are growing from the right towards Mycocentrospora acerina hyphae, which are col- lapsing and disintegrating. Fig. 9. Streptomyces hyphae are growing on the hyphae of Rhizoctonia solani (arrow), which are only slightly af- fected. The hyperparasite seems, however, be associated with sunken area of some collapsed host hyphae (double arrow). Fig. 10. The hyphae and oogonia of Pythium are not much affected, although the Streptomyces hyphae seem to be able to penetrate (arrow) its hyphal wall. Fig. 11. The hyphae of Pythium sp. are penetrating the cucumber root cells (arrow), although the Streptomyceshyp- hae are abundant. In some
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