Molecular Diagnostics and Detection of Oomycetes on Fiber Crops
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The Origin and Distribution of Phytophthora Cinnamomi
THE ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI RANDS IN AUSTRALIAN NATIVE PLANT COMMUNITIES AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PARTICULAR PLANT SPECIES By B. H. PRATT* and W. A. HEATHER* [Manuscript received 23 October 1972] Abstract The origin, distribution, and disease association of P. cinnamomi in native plant communities in Australia has been examined. The fungus was isolated from the root zones of 31 plant genera in 16 families and is widespread throughout eastern and southern Australia and south-western Western Australia. Although the fungus is associated with disease in native plant communities it is also present in apparently non-diseased communities. Disease occurs usually only in environments disturbed by man, probably as a result of increase in population or activity of pre-existing fungal populations. The widespread distribution of P. cinnamomi in native vegetation in Australia, its occurrence in remote, undisturbed areas, and the apparent balance it has achieved with plant species of differing susceptibility to disease in some natural, undisturbed areas suggests that the fungus is likely to be indigenous to eastern Australia. Further, it may be partly responsible for the localized distribution of some plant species. I. INTRODUCTION The soil-borne fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is widely distributed in Australia, in horticultural plantings (Zentmyer and Thorn 1967; Pratt and Wrigley 1970; as well as personal communications from the New South Wales Department of Agriculture, Tasmanian Department of Agriculture, Victorian Department of Agriculture, and the Queensland Department of Primary Industries), and in conifer nurseries and plantings (Oxenham and Winks 1963; Bertus 1968; and personal communications from the New South Wales Forestry Commission, and the Queens land Department of Forestry). -
Phytopythium: Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics
Persoonia 34, 2015: 25–39 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X685382 Phytopythium: molecular phylogeny and systematics A.W.A.M. de Cock1, A.M. Lodhi2, T.L. Rintoul 3, K. Bala 3, G.P. Robideau3, Z. Gloria Abad4, M.D. Coffey 5, S. Shahzad 6, C.A. Lévesque 3 Key words Abstract The genus Phytopythium (Peronosporales) has been described, but a complete circumscription has not yet been presented. In the present paper we provide molecular-based evidence that members of Pythium COI clade K as described by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) belong to Phytopythium. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian LSU phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU and SSU) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase Oomycetes subunit 1 (COI) as well as statistical analyses of pairwise distances strongly support the status of Phytopythium as Oomycota a separate phylogenetic entity. Phytopythium is morphologically intermediate between the genera Phytophthora Peronosporales and Pythium. It is unique in having papillate, internally proliferating sporangia and cylindrical or lobate antheridia. Phytopythium The formal transfer of clade K species to Phytopythium and a comparison with morphologically similar species of Pythiales the genera Pythium and Phytophthora is presented. A new species is described, Phytopythium mirpurense. SSU Article info Received: 28 January 2014; Accepted: 27 September 2014; Published: 30 October 2014. INTRODUCTION establish which species belong to clade K and to make new taxonomic combinations for these species. To achieve this The genus Pythium as defined by Pringsheim in 1858 was goal, phylogenies based on nuclear LSU rRNA (28S), SSU divided by Lévesque & de Cock (2004) into 11 clades based rRNA (18S) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase1 (COI) on molecular systematic analyses. -
Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses
pathogens Review Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses Daniele Cristina Fontana 1,† , Samuel de Paula 2,*,† , Abel Galon Torres 2 , Victor Hugo Moura de Souza 2 , Sérgio Florentino Pascholati 2 , Denise Schmidt 3 and Durval Dourado Neto 1 1 Department of Plant Production, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418900, Brazil; [email protected] (D.C.F.); [email protected] (D.D.N.) 2 Plant Pathology Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418900, Brazil; [email protected] (A.G.T.); [email protected] (V.H.M.d.S.); [email protected] (S.F.P.) 3 Department of Agronomy and Environmental Science, Frederico Westphalen Campus, Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen 98400000, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-54-99646-9453 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Plant diseases cause losses of approximately 16% globally. Thus, management measures must be implemented to mitigate losses and guarantee food production. In addition to traditional management measures, induced resistance and biological control have gained ground in agriculture due to their enormous potential. Endophytic fungi internally colonize plant tissues and have the potential to act as control agents, such as biological agents or elicitors in the process of induced resistance and in attenuating abiotic stresses. In this review, we list the mode of action of this group of Citation: Fontana, D.C.; de Paula, S.; microorganisms which can act in controlling plant diseases and describe several examples in which Torres, A.G.; de Souza, V.H.M.; endophytes were able to reduce the damage caused by pathogens and adverse conditions. -
Biodiversity
Biodiversity KEY5 FACTS as hunting), as pasture grasses or as aquarium species Introduced (in the case of some marine species). They have also • Introduced species are been introduced accidentally, such as in shipments of recognised as a leading Species imported grain or in ballast water. cause of biodiversity loss Introduced plants, or weeds, can invade and world-wide. compete with native plant species for space, light, Trends water and nutrients and because of their rapid growth rates they can quickly smother native vegetation. • Rabbit numbers: a DECLINE since Similarly to weeds, many introduced animals compete introduction of Rabbit Haemorrhagic with and predate on native animals and impact on Disease (RHD, also known as calicivirus) native vegetation. They have high reproductive rates although the extent of the decline varies and can tolerate a wide range of habitats. As a result across the State. they often establish populations very quickly. •Fox numbers: DOWN in high priority Weeds can provide shelter for pest animals, conservation areas due to large-scale although they can provide food for or become habitat baiting programs; STILL A PROBLEM in for native animals. Blackberry, for example, is an ideal other parts of the State. habitat for the threatened Southern Brown Bandicoot. This illustrates the complexity of issues associated •Feral camel and deer numbers: UP. with pest control and highlights the need for control •Feral goat numbers: DECLINING across measures to have considered specific conservation Weed affected land – Mount Lofty Ranges the State. outcomes to be undertaken over time and to be Photo: Kym Nicolson •Feral pig numbers: UNKNOWN. -
Molecular Identification and Detection of Phytophthora Species on Some Important Mediterranean Plants Including Sweet Chestnut
For. Snow Landsc. Res. 76, 3: 351–356 (2001) 351 Molecular identification and detection of Phytophthora species on some important Mediterranean plants including sweet chestnut Santa Olga Cacciola1, Naomi A. Williams2, David E. L. Cooke2 and James M. Duncan2 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Entomologiche Fitopatologiche, Microbiologiche Agrarie e Zootecniche – Sezione di Patologia Vegetale e Microbiologia Agraria 90128 Palermo, University of Palermo, Italy [email protected] 2 Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, U.K. [email protected] Abstract PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer regions and 5.8S gene of rDNA and sequencing or restriction digestion of the resultant product were used to confirm the identities of a collection of Phytophthora isolates from a variety of hosts in Italy. All isolates were of previously described species, but a number of new host-pathogen combinations of potential economic import ance were found, including P. palmivora on olive (Olea europaea) trees. Three Phyto ph - thora isolates from chestnut (Castanea sativa) trees were identified as P. cambivora, a known pathogen of chestnut. Existing, but previously unpublished, rapid, sensitive, DNA-based assays for P. cambivora and P. cinnamomi are described. In combination with similar diagnostics for other species such as P. cactorum, these assays could be used to detect nearly all important Phytophthora species known to occur in chestnut. Keywords: Phytophthora, ITS-RFLP, specific primers, diagnosis, Castanea sativa, Italy 1 Introduction The genus Phytophthora comprises approximately 60 species, nearly all of which are pathogens that damage plants and some of which are among the most important pathogens worldwide (ERWIN and RIBEIRO 1996). -
Taro Leaf Blight
Plant Disease July 2011 PD-71 Taro Leaf Blight in Hawai‘i Scot Nelson,1 Fred Brooks,1 and Glenn Teves2 1Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, Honolulu, HI 2 Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, Moloka‘i Extension Office, Ho‘olehua, HI aro (Colocasia es- ha (2.8 US tons/acre) Tculenta (L.) Schott) (FAOSTAT 2010 esti- grows in Hawai‘i and mates; Ramanatha et throughout the tropical al. 2010). Pacific as an edible In 2009, approx- aroid of historical and imately 1814 tonnes contemporary signifi- (2,000 US tons) of C. cance (Figure 1). Farmers esculenta were har- cultivate kalo (Hawaiian vested in Hawai‘i from for taro) in wet lowland 100 farms on 180 ha (Figure 2) or dryland (445 acres). More than (Figure 3) taro patches 80% of Hawai‘i’s pres- for its starchy, nutritious ent-day taro production corms. The heart-shaped occurs on the island of leaves are edible and Kaua‘i. The farm value can also serve as food Figure 1. A taro (Colocasia esculenta) patch in Hawai‘i. of Hawai‘i’s taro crop wrappings. Historically, in 2009 exceeded $2.4 taro crops provided nutritious food that helped early million (United States Department of Agriculture Polynesians to successfully colonize the Hawaiian 2011). Processors use mature corms of Hawaiian Islands. cultivars to make poi by steaming and macerating “Taro” refers to plants in one of four genera the taro. Cultivars processed into poi commercially within the family Araceae: Colocasia, Xanthosoma, are predominantly ‘Lehua’ types, and to a lesser Alocasia, and Cyrtosperma. -
Cultivar Resistance to Taro Leaf Blight Disease in American Samoa
Technical Report No. 34 Cultivar Resistance to Taro Leaf Blight Disease in American Samoa Fred E. Brooks, Plant Pathologist 49 grow poorly under severe blight conditions, their ABSTRACT reduced height and leaf surface should not raise the level of spores in the field enough to threaten A taro leaf blight (TLB) epidemic struck cultivar resistance. Further, American Samoans American Samoa and (Western) Samoa in 1993- are accepting the taste and texture of the new 1994, almost eliminating commercial and cultivars and planting local taro appears to have subsistence taro production (Colocasia declined. esculenta). In 1997, leaf blight-resistant cultivars from Micronesia were introduced into American Samoa. Some farmers, however, still try to raise INTRODUCTION severely diseased local cultivars among the resistant taro. This practice may increase the Taro has been a sustainable crop and dietary number of fungus spores in the field produced staple in the Pacific Islands for thousands of years by Phytophthora colocasiae and endanger plant (Ferentinos 1993). In American Samoa, it is resistance. The objective of this study was to grown on most family properties and is an determine the effect of interplanting resistant and important part of Fa’a Samoa traditional susceptible taro cultivars on TLB resistance and Samoan culture. Local production of taro, yield. Two resistant cultivars from the Republic Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, was devastated of Palau, P16 (Meltalt) and P20 (Dirratengadik), by an epidemic of taro leaf blight (TLB) in late were planted in separate plots and interplanted 1993-1994 (Trujillo et al. 1997). Taro production with Rota (Antiguo), a cultivar assumed to be fell from 357,000 kg (786,000 lb) per year before susceptible to TLB. -
Alnus Glutinosa
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.13.875229; this version posted December 13, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Investigations into the declining health of alder (Alnus glutinosa) along the river Lagan in Belfast, including the first report of Phytophthora lacustris causing disease of Alnus in Northern Ireland Richard O Hanlon (1, 2)* Julia Wilson (2), Deborah Cox (1) (1) Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK. (2) Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK * [email protected] Additional key words: Plant health, Forest pathology, riparian, root and collar rot. Abstract Common alder (Alnus glutinosa) is an important tree species, especially in riparian and wet habitats. Alder is very common across Ireland and Northern Ireland, and provides a wide range of ecosystem services. Surveys along the river Lagan in Belfast, Northern Ireland led to the detection of several diseased Alnus trees. As it is known that Alnus suffers from a Phytophthora induced decline, this research set out to identify the presence and scale of the risk to Alnus health from Phytophthora and other closely related oomycetes. Sampling and a combination of morphological and molecular testing of symptomatic plant material and river baits identified the presence of several Phytophthora species, including Phytophthora lacustris. A survey of the tree vegetation along an 8.5 km stretch of the river revealed that of the 166 Alnus trees counted, 28 were severely defoliated/diseased and 9 were dead. -
Presidio Phytophthora Management Recommendations
2016 Presidio Phytophthora Management Recommendations Laura Sims Presidio Phytophthora Management Recommendations (modified) Author: Laura Sims Other Contributing Authors: Christa Conforti, Tom Gordon, Nina Larssen, and Meghan Steinharter Photograph Credits: Laura Sims, Janet Klein, Richard Cobb, Everett Hansen, Thomas Jung, Thomas Cech, and Amelie Rak Editors and Additional Contributors: Christa Conforti, Alison Forrestel, Alisa Shor, Lew Stringer, Sharon Farrell, Teri Thomas, John Doyle, and Kara Mirmelstein Acknowledgements: Thanks first to Matteo Garbelotto and the University of California, Berkeley Forest Pathology and Mycology Lab for providing a ‘forest pathology home’. Many thanks to the members of the Phytophthora huddle group for useful suggestions and feedback. Many thanks to the members of the Working Group for Phytophthoras in Native Habitats for insight into the issues of Phytophthora. Many thanks to Jennifer Parke, Ted Swiecki, Kathy Kosta, Cheryl Blomquist, Susan Frankel, and M. Garbelotto for guidance. I would like to acknowledge the BMP documents on Phytophthora that proceeded this one: the Nursery Industry Best Management Practices for Phytophthora ramorum to prevent the introduction or establishment in California nursery operations, and The Safe Procurement and Production Manual. 1 Title Page: Authors and Acknowledgements Table of Contents Page Title Page 1 Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary 5 Introduction to the Phytophthora Issue 7 Phytophthora Issues Around the World 7 Phytophthora Issues in California 11 Phytophthora -
Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry. -
MIJST Is Covered and Cited by Science Citation Index Expanded
Journal Information Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology (ISSN 1905-7873 © 2011), the international journal for preliminary communications in Science and Technology is the first peerrefereed scientific journal of Maejo University (www.mju.ac.th). Intended as a medium for communication, discussion, and rapid dissemination of important issues in Science and Technology, articles are initially published online in an open access format, which thereby gives authors the chance to communicate with a wide range of readers in an international community. Publication Information MIJST is published triannually. Articles are available online and can be accessed free of charge at http://www.mijst.mju.ac.th. Printed and bound copies of each volume are produced and distributed to authors and selected groups or individuals. This journal and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under the copyright by Maejo University. Abstracting/Indexing Information MIJST is covered and cited by Science Citation Index Expanded, SCOPUS, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Zoological Record, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), SciFinder Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Google Scholar. Contact Information Editorial office: Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology (MIJST), 1st floor, Orchid Building, Maejo University, San Sai, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand Tel: +66-53-87-3880 E-mails: [email protected] MAEJO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL MAEJO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Editor Duang Buddhasukh, Maejo University, Thailand. The International Journal for the Rapid Publication of Preliminary Associate Editors Communications in Science and Technology Jatuphong Varith, Maejo University, Thailand. Wasin Charerntantanakul, Maejo University, Thailand. Morakot Sukchotiratana, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. -
Pythium Ultimum Species Complex
Resolving thePythium ultimum species complex by Quinn Eggertson A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2012 Quinn Eggertson Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-93569-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-93569-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.