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30. the Source of the Lng Rune and of the Futhark*

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30. the Source of the Lng Rune and of the Futhark* 30. The source of the lng rune and of the futhark* Of all the 24 runes in the older juthark the 1J rune is by far the most disputed one. (Odenstedt 1990: 103) Abstract Adherents of traditional accounts of runic origins, namely of the Greek, Etruscan, and Latin theses, have been unable to identify the source of the 22nd rune, the g rune (named lng in the Old English rune poem), whose primary shapes in the older fupark are the diamond and the square, ¢, 0, and a problematic rounded variant, the circle, 0. In the present paper it is pointed out that all three basic shapes, including IJ and especially ¢, reflect attempts to represent a circle and that therefore all ancient Mediterranean alphabets offer a model, namely the circle letter, o. But whereas the sound value of 0 in the Greek alphabet as well as in its descendants, the Etruscan and Latin alphabets, is a vowel, [0], in the Phoenician alphabet and in the older fupark the circle letter represents consonants, namely a back voiced continuant consonant, l~] CAyin) in Phoenician, the velar nasal [lJ] in the fupark. Evidence is provided that substituting either a vowel or a nasal, especially a velar nasal, for r are typical ways of misperceiving and mispronouncing this Semitic sound. It is proposed that substituting a vowel became the Greek, substituting the velar nasal the Germanic way of adapting the Phoenician circle letter, CAyin. It follows in particular that only the assumption of a Phoenician source of the fupark can ex­ plain the sound value [lJ] of the lng rune in Germanic. Zusammenfassung Anhangern def traditionellen Auffassungen der Herkunft der Runen, namlich 00- griechischen, der etruskischen und der lateinischen These, ist es nicht gelungen, die Herkunft der 22. Rune des alteren Fuparks zu bestimmen, der g-Rune mit dem Namen lng im altenglischen Runengedicht und den primaren Formen ¢ und 0 sowie der problematischen Form o. 1m vorliegenden Artikel wird zunachst damuf hingewiesen, daB aile drei Primarformen, insbesondere IJ und vor allem ¢, aus dem Versuch resuitieren, einen Kreis wiederzugeben, und daB deshalb aile anti ken mit­ te!meerischen Alphabete ein Vorbild anbieten, namlich den Kreisbuchstaben, O. Aber wahrend der Lautwert von 0 sowohl im griechischen Alphabet als auch in seinen Abkommlingen, dem etruskischen und dem lateinischen Alphabet, ein 636 The source of the Ing rune Vokal ist, namlich [0], reprasentiert der Kreisbuchstabe im phOnizischen Alphabet und im alteren Fupark einen Konsonanten, namlich einen stimmhaften hinteren konsonantischen Dauerlaut, [£] CAyin) im ersteren, [1)] im letzteren Schriftsystem. Es wird gezeigt, daB die Einsetzung eines Vokals oder eines Nasals, vor allem des velaren Nasals, fUr r charakteristische Fehlwahmehmungen und Falschaussprachen dieses semitischen Sprachlauts sind. Alsdann wird vorgeschlagen, daB die Ein­ setzung eines Vokals die griechische, die Einsetzung des velaren Nasals die ger­ manische Methode war, den ph6nizischen Kreisbuchstaben, CAyin, zu adaptieren. Daraus folgt insbesondere, daB nur die Annahme einer phOnizischen Herkunft des Fuparks den Lautwert [1)] der 22. Rune (<> etc.) im Germanischen erklaren kann. 30.1. The problem and a proposal The Ing or +ingwaz rune, or U rune, of the older fupark has, among 1 others, the shape of a diamond, 0, and that of a square, 0. Since runes preferably consist of straight lines, shunning round forms, I consider 0 and 0 runic versions of a circle, 0, and call the lng rune the circle rune in certain contexts below. Since even horizontal lines are disfavored, the diamond is the proto-typical runic rendition of a circle. This is in har­ mony with modern textbook fuparks (e.g, Duwel 2008: 2), where the lng rune is represented by the diamond, and also with the following re­ sult of an intensive study of the various forms of the lng rune: The most natural theory of the distribution of the variants is that <> (the variant in the fupark inscriptions) is the original U rune. (Odenstedt 1990: 118) There are other opinions. In Krause 1966: 175 (also 1969: 160), the Opedal variant of the lug rune, a small circle with two straight lines pro­ jecting at the bottom, is considered the original form, "die vermutlich altertumlichste Gestalt, namlich die eines Kreises" ['probably the most archaic form, namely that of a circle'] (cf. Odenstedt 1990: 103),2 "Gr¢nvik ([1985:] pp. 13 184ff.) .. , agrees with Krause [1966, 1969], Antonsen r1982 J and other runologists and regards [the Opedal circle J as a malformed circle 0)" (Odenstedt 1990: 115), Odenstedt, however, does not reckon with carelessness: "Both lines below the 'circle' are so long and clear that it seems necessary to consider the possibility that Ithe Opedal circle] (not 0) is the intended form" (Odenstedt 1990: 109), Westergaard, who presents and discusses these and other shapes of the rune as well as their attestations (1981: 143- 156)3, does not consider any of the individual forms, 0, 0, or 0, as basic but all three of them, and in addition three further forms consisting of The source oj the Ing rune 637 the diamond with a vertical hasta at three different heights (Westergaard 1981: 173). The latter forms are considered by most runologists to be bind-runes combining the i rune I with the IJ rune ¢. The source of the lng rune has remained unexplained in the three major theories of runic origins, the Greek, Etruscan, and Latin theses. To Krause (1970: 40) the IJ rune is one of nine runes that are not "0 ber­ zeugend ableitbar" ['that have no convincing derivation']. Also more recent analyses of the runic system, or introductions to the runes, offer no acceptable explanations.4 Arntz (1944: 47) discusses the various shapes of the rune and con­ siders the square and diamond shapes as original. He writes: Ein antikes Vorbild mUBte demnach etwa *0 gewesen sein; es ist aber nirgends als fJ belegt und nicht einmal wahrscheinlich zu machen. Keines der anti ken AI­ phabete hat ein besonderes Zeichen fur y; die Rune ist also mit einiger Wahr­ scheinlichkeit von den Germanen neugeschaffen. Ihr Lautwert ist nieht nur fJ, sondern auch yg und iyg. (Arntz 1944: 47) ['A model in one of the alphabets of antiquity would therefore have to have been something like *0; but it is nowhere attested, or even likely to be attested, as y. None of the ancient alphabets have a special sign for y; the rune was therefore with some probability newly created by the Early Germans. Its sound value is not only fJ but also yg and tyg. '] f4 It is not entirely clear why Arntz decided to look for a model * o. In his immediately preceding paragraph he says: Die alteste Form scheint das ¢ von Vadstena, das vielleicht gerundct auf dem Stein von Arstacf und in wenig veranderter Form ... auf Opedal beJegt ist. Die gleiche Form kehrt, urn 90° gewendet, vielleicht auf Himmelstadlund wieder. Kylver zeigt ein liegendes Viereck 0. (Arntz 1944: 47) ['The oldest form appears to be the ¢ of Vadstena, which may be attested in rounded shape on the stone of Arstad and in only slightly modified shape ... on Opedal. Perhaps the same shape recurs, turned by 90", on Himmelstadlund. Kylver shows a lying rectangle 0.' j It would appear more logical in view of this statement to look for a model * <> rather than * o. However, since both <> and 0 are runic ver­ sions of the circle both reconstructions are likely to be wrong. Rather, the model to look for in the alphabets of antiquity is *0. This conclu­ sion is quite independent of the question whether the Opedal quasi-cir- 638 The source oj the Ing rune 6 cle is a bona fide Ing rune or not. The rune shapes <.> and D by them­ selves tell us that they both derive from a circle of the source alphabet: The stylistic rules of rune design tell us that they both are circles, runic circles.7 Clearly then the proper model to look for in the possible Mediterranean source alphabets is +0. Looking for +0 in the Mediterranean alphabets - Phoenician, Greek, Etruscan, Latin is not a difficult task: They all have a letter of this shape, rs even Etruscan where the letter is not used in inscriptions but only in so-called model alphabets. Clearly therefore, the rune with the shapes <.>, D, and 0 is derived from the 0 of one of the Mediterranean alphabets of antiquity, and the only remaining question is from which. Evidently the shape of the rune is of no help, because the letter is a circle in all four possible source alphabets. Fortunately there is more to a letter than its shape. There is also its place in the alphabet and its sound value. As for the place of the 0 letter, it is unfortunately of no great help either. In the Phoenician alphabet it follows the sequence m n s: <m n s 0>.8 In Greek, 0 follows m n x, x substituting for Phoenician s: <m n x 0>. The Etruscan model alphabets show <m n sO>. When the Romans adopted the Etruscan alphabet, they had to select, for their own single voiceless sibilant phoneme 1sJ, one of three Etruscan letters for voiceless sibilant fricatives, s, s, and s, adaptations (via Gresk) of Phoenician s, ~, and s (with the Hebrew names Samrek" fiafie, and Sin). They opted for s. Since in particular s was not adopted, the Romans shortened the se­ quence <m n S 0> to <m nO>, which, with the vowel letter 0 for the 0, is also the order in the modem Western European alphabets, <m n 0>. In the fupark, 0 follows m I: <m I 0>; I have proposed in Vennemann 2009b: 847f.
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