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Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Properties of Ixora Coccinea and Mussaenda Frondosa (Rubiaceae) Leaves

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Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Properties of Ixora Coccinea and Mussaenda Frondosa (Rubiaceae) Leaves Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 13, No. 3, 2020 Comparative Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Properties of Ixora coccinea and Mussaenda frondosa (Rubiaceae) Leaves Sankhadip Bose1*, Sudip Kumar Mandal2, Purba Das3, Sayan Nandy3, Anupam Das3, Dibyendu Dutta4, Chandra Kanti Chakraborti5, Dhrubajyoti Sarkar3, Suddhasattya Dey4 1 Bengal School of Technology, Chuchura, Hooghly -712102, West Bengal, India. 2B.C.Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Meghnad Saha Sarani, Bidhannagar, Durgapur, West Bengal 713206, India. 3NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata – Group of Institutions, 124, B.L.Saha Road, Kolkata700053, India. 4Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Durgapur, West Bengal713206, India. 5School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Neotia University, Jhinga, Sarisha, Diamond Harbour Road, 24 Pgs (South) -743368. ABSTRACT The present study was an attempt to establish a comparative study of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of methanol extracts of Ixora coccinea and Mussaenda frondosa leaves (Rubiaceae). In anti- inflammatory, activity the formation of edema relies upon the generation and participation of various inflammatory factors e.g. kinins and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). These include prostaglandins, chemokines, and cytokines (interleukins). Secondly, the analgesic activity has been carried out using Eddy’s Hot plate method, Tail Flick Method and Acetic Acid induced Writhing Method in mice compared to the reference drug Diclofenac sodium. This is may be due to the stimulation of pain reduction by peripheral mechanism, achieved by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. For antipyretic method, pyrexia induced method was used using Brewer’s yeast where Paracetamol was used as the standard drug. Antipyretic activity is observed may be due the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the region of hypothalamus of brain (CNS). It has been concluded that the methanol extract of Mussaenda frondosa was more potent in comparison to Ixora coccinea as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic drug at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Analgesic, Mussaenda frondosa, Ixora coccinea. INTRODUCTION hormone secretion and lesion to central nervous system predispose pyrexia in healthy individuals. Body’s immune Inflammation is the result of an immune reaction of our system gets stimulated in response to invading infectious body in response to invading perilous allergens. Allergies, agents, which leads to inhibition of those infectious agents cancer, autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndromes and by creating a pernicious environment. Infectious agents or cardiovascular disorders are also associated with the damaged tissues stimulates the production of pro- untreated inflammatory response.1An increase in body inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin and TNF-α temperature beyond physiological range is termed pyrexia which in turn regulates the increased formation of or fever. Various physiological stresses caused by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the prostaglandin act on the excessive exercise, microbial infection, increased thyroid hypothalamus to elevate the body temperature.2 An obnoxious sensory and emotional attributes associated * [email protected] with actual or potential tissue damage is termed as pain. Received on 22/6/2019 and Accepted for Publication on 22/8/2019. The nociceptors are the sensory receptors of pain, - 303 - © 2020 DSR Publishers/The University of Jordan. All Rights Reserved. Comparative Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory… Sankhadip Bose, et al. present in almost all body tissues are mainly responsible “Vetchi” in ayurveda. Leaves of this plant contain the for conduction of nerve impulse to the central nervous chemical constituents like epicatechin, procyanidine A, system, upon stimulation of by chemical, physical or flavonols, kaemferol, quercetin, phenolic acids, thermal stimuli. In response to damage of any tissues, ferulicacids, mixture of hydrocarbons, sesquiterpens, and blood vessels, neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells steroids. The methanol extracts of leaves have shown release a wide variety of mediators, such as histamine, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial, prostaglandins, bradykinin, leukotrienes, noradrenaline, antiulcer, chemoprotective and antioxidant cytokines, and glutamate.3-4 In response to inflammation, activities.7Mussaenda frondosa Linn. (Rubiaceae) is pain and pyrexia the mostly used drugs are the non- widely distributed throughout India and capable to steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but these ameliorate a wide range of diseases. This plant is known agents lead to some gastrointestinal and cardiovascular by several names in different languages as “Bedina” in complications.5Hence search for other alternatives seems Hindi, “Sriparnah” in Sanskrit, and “Nagavalli” in necessary and beneficial. Telungu. Traditionally the methanol extract of whole Herbs or medicinal plants contain several components plant is effective as an astringent, expectorant as well as which have numerous pharmacological activities. From used to ameliorate fever, jaundice, hyperacidity, cough, ancient times these plants were used as a source of the ulcers, leprosy, diuresis, wound, swelling and microbial treatment of human diseases. Herbs are considerably growth. The same extract of the plant is also found to useful and economically essential. The active possess hypolipidemic effect and hepatoprotective constituents of plants are now used to prevent as well as activity. The leaves and flowers of Mussaenda frondosa to ameliorate many diseases. These plants contain contain the several chemical constituents including beta- ecologically developed secondary metabolites, which are sitosterol glucoside, anthocyanins, rutin, hyperin, capable to ameliorate different ailments.6 Ixora coccinea ferulicacid, quercetin and sinapic acids.8Both the plants is the evergreen perennial shrub through south East Asia belong to Rubiaceae family and used as ornamental belonging to family Rubiaceae. The genus Ixora contains plants. This study aims to compare the anti- more than 400 species. Ixora coccineais commonly inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of Ixora known as jungle of geranium and flame of the woods or coccinea and Mussaenda frondosa leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials used for Experimental Study Materials Suppliers Methanol(LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Tween 80 solution(LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Carrageenan Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. Diclofenac sodium TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. 1% acetic acid(LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. 20% brewer’s yeast TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Chloroform (LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Glacial acetic acid (LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Ferric chloride (LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. - 304 - Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 13, No.3, 2020 Materials Suppliers Sulphuric acid (LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Acetic anhydride (LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Potassium hydroxide (LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Potassium iodide (LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Sodium thiosulphate (LR Grade) TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Other reagents for qualitative chemical tests TESTING INSTRUMENTS MFG. CO. PVT. LTD. Collection and preparation of plant materials performed include alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, The fresh leaves of Ixora coccinea and Mussaenda flavonoids, phenolics, cardiac glycosides and steroids. frondosa were collected from Birbhum, West Bengal, India. The leaf samples of both plants were then subjected Experimental animals to botanical authentication by a taxonomist of Acharya Female Swiss albino mice aged between 2-3 months Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Shibpur, and weighing around 20-25 g were procured from Central Howrah, West Bengal. The leaves were then processed by Animal House, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata - the following processes sorting, cleaning with tap water Group of institution. All the animal experiments were and finally rinsing with distilled water in pharmacognosy conducted according to the protocols approved by the laboratory of NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata – Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (Regd. No. Group of Institutions. Followed by chopping of those 1458/PO/E/11/CPCSEA; Valid up to 11th May, 2019; Ref: cleaned leaves into small pieces and air drying, finally the NCPT/IAEC-08/2018). All animals were housed in cages dried leaves were converted into fine powder by using an in well-ventilated room with a 12 h light: 12 h dark circle electric mill. at 20±2C. All animals were fed with standard rodent pellets and tap water ad libitum. Animals were kept for 7 Preparation of extracts days in the animal house for acclimation prior to start any Alcoholic extracts were prepared by percolation using experiment. soxhlet apparatus. The powdered form of Ixora coccinea and Mussaenda frondosa leaves were separately packed Acute toxicity study into a thimble, made up of cellulose filter paper. Methanol Acute oral toxicity study was performed for the was used as the solvent for this extraction. After extraction extracts in order to determine the therapeutic safe dose by the solvent was completely removed using rotary flash the Organization of Economic Cooperation
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