Name of Interviewee NAME? 1. , Toft 2. , Norway Hallgieir Strifelte 3. Bode, Norway Rolf K Jensen 4. Brunoy, Norway Gunvald 5. Enontekio, Mikko Karnae 6. Hammerfest, Norway Odd Edvardsen 7. , Norway Hugo Hansen 8. Inari, Finland Reijo Timperi 9. Jokkmokk, Sweden Maryalena 10. Karasjok, Norway 11. Kautokenio, Norway Marit Inger Bongo 12. Kirkenes, Norway (Sor Cecelia Hansen Varanger) 13. Kiruna, Sweden Maria Johansen 14. Kittila, Finland Anna Makala 15. Kolari, Finland Heikki Havanka 16. Kvalsund, Norway 17. , Norway Geir Waage 18. Monchegorsk, Milena Shatskaya 19. Muonio, Finland Leena Lehtoruusu 20. Murmansk, Russia Ms. Kalnish 21. Nordkapp, Norway 22. Olengorsk, Russia Dimitry Nekolaebdtz 23. Pajala, Sweden Johanna Alm 24. Pelkoseniemi, Finland Erkki Parkkinen 25. Pella, Finland Tapani Melaluoto 26. Porsanger, Norway 27. Rost, Norway Arnfinn Ellingsenj 28. Rovaniemi, Finland Tarja Outila, June 27, 2012 Also should contact Lappinlito government for whole of Lapland province. Contact is Maiju Huju. She is involved in Lappinlito projects and climate change plan and strategy. www.lapienlitto.fi 29. Salla, Finland Pekka Hutala 30. Savukoski, Finland Mauri Aarrevaara 31. Sodankyla, Finland Vilio Pesonen 32. Traena, Norway Sidsel Haraldsen 33. Troms Commune, Norway Wim Weber 34. Troms County, Norway Asbeurg Fyhn 35. Troms Fylkismann, Norway Lill Hega 36. Utsjoki, Finland Matti Korkala 37. Vagen, Norway Truda Mork 38. Vega, Norway Margarethe Wika 39. Vik, Norway Signar Kristoffersen

What are the 3 most important development goals of your municipality? Alstahaug, Norway Population growth was declining until this year after decades of decline. Want to be central development for north sea development. Big infrastructure development here in past year for oil field service. Plan to increase airport size. Alstahaug is paying to increase runway. This is public expense that they are willing to pay. Will enable bigger planes to come here. It will be biggest between Bode and . Airport is key here. They are cooperating with their neighbors (Mo i Rana) now because they realize they need to do this. New growth in population is big deal (even 100 people is a "big deal") and they have more education. These are return migrants. Problem is need for dual employment. Alta, Norway “Growth, Growth, Growth and also health.” By growth I mean growth of population. Good healthcare for people. We have a plan for development in society of Alta. About 10 years ago we made a plan called “Alta Will,” and it has 6 main goals. These are: entrepreneurship, environment, life quality, wealth, knowledge, and networking building between neighbors. Bode, Norway What is population here? 3700 employed here in commune Gov. pop of commune =50K. Growing by 500 - 1000 pop each year. Goals here = 1. University city and hope to grow around the university knowledge center. Also have airbase and airstrip. Norway air force is based here. Buying new planes from US and they want it based here. Competition between Bode and one place in south. Gov. minister coming today to meet about this. Leading officers in NATO are here. 2. Transportation hub in the west of Norway. 3. Culture center of the north. incl. theater, sport, music. Brunoy, Norway His job is about planning, but not so much . Economy in commune is important in context of climate problem. Cooperative project with two neighbors is about this. pop here is 7700. Is stable here. This is important for development. Brunoy is the only commune projected to grow in future in this area. Enontekio, Finland 1. Population getting older and need services for older people. Need to bring new people. pop has been declining but may grow. pop is now 1900 over a large area. 2. Creating jobs for young people. 3. Travel and tourism support. Have airport here. 20 flights per year. During season, airline flies from Helsinki. Municipality will help subsidize this if airline loses. Norwegian tourists come here for shopping (alcohol, cigarettes are much cheaper), but transportation limited. There are bus connections to Norway, but limited. Hammerfest, Norway For many years had negative pop change. We in 1980s and 90s went from several hundred. So we got project going in 2002 and until today pop has increased almost 1000 pop. Young pop 20-40 are moving back to Hammerfest now and more children born because young people see better future in Hammerfest now. Much has changed because Liquefied natural gas (LNG) that developed here. When trend is negative, long term planning is not so important, but day to day becomes more important. Today the focus is on planning sustainable development and more modern way of thinking. Goal is to get new labor to stay and live in Hammerfest. The Petroleum "fairy tale" is just beginning. They also have good developments in fishing and fish farming. They need new infrastructure and roads and airport facilities to keep this growth positive. Also need more area (land) for development. Now they make rules for how to build in areas that have more wind and exposure. Have rules for building restrictions in flood areas near sea because of rising sea level predicted. Must plan for climate change. Harstad, Norway To grow. now at 24k pop. are growing now. 160 last year. want to attract younger population here. 2. infrastructure -- more roundabouts. walk and bike paths, tunnel to bypass traffic from center, more busses throughout city. Harstad 1200million kr projects. 3. oil and gas activity. Statoil here is big and 500 are employed here in oil and gas industry. Spinoffs here too. but not a supply base, but support services, geologists, engineers, based here. Since early 1980 and Harstad was center since 1980 for professional services and some terminals. Before oil, Harstad was industrial and military center. Also have university college here and want to diversify. university has 1500 students. nursing, social work, business management economics, etc. total pop in the area here is 117000 pop. Fish farms here too. Wideroe and SAS both fly here to airport that serves the too. Inari, Finland Nature tourism, cold climate technology and use of natural resources. 7000 population and declining. car tire and component testing here is part of economy normally from Nov. to April. trying to lengthen the season. 3. is to strengthen private sector here. Municipality needs to help private sector. Jokkmokk, Sweden 1. overall goal is population. now 5300. second largest in area in Sweden. 2. energy production, hydropower important here. 3. tourism, 4. Sami sector. 5 local food production (wild berries, fish, meat) trying to develop production of export berries and jams, meat, fish products, Sami style food. These products are not common in south Sweden. jokkmokk relies on more small scale production. Karasjok, Norway Economic development, but we must reduce expenses because we have spent more than we have in the commune. We want to achieve balance in the economy, better budgeting. We have to pay back 20 Million Kroner to State in two years. Second is to improve health. We have planned to open up new industries and we hope that we can take action about more tourists to our area. We need to find a reason (something special) for people to stay longer in Karasjok on their way North. For example it is one of the best places in the world to see the Northern lights. Third is mining (gold & copper, possibly diamonds), we are starting to make a mineral strategy. Kautokenio, Norway 1. create jobs here. is high at about 10 % pop is 3000 now. and stable. 2. reindeer industry is here and we work with that development. need value added activities for this industry. 3. gold mine and stone quarry are opening here. this is surface and underground exploration. mine plan not yet developed. Kirkenes, Norway Oil, gas, minerals. also big focus on development like travelling and tourism, traditional industry (oil, gas) and green industry such as farming, reindeer herding, fishing. 3. shopping tourism from Russia. Products cheaper here than in Russia. Shopping centers developing here 9,862 in whole commune. 4000 here in Kirkenes. A few years ago the only focus was on nonrenewable industry. Now they are thinking longer term for sustainable economy. oKiruna, Sweden Commune has basic service functions plus tourism is important too. Ice hotel is here. Night train from Stockholm brings people, also airport here with direct flights to Stockholm. Also London. It is popular. draws from all over and is one of most popular site in Sweden. Trying to reduce energy consumption. Ice hotel has been here since mid-80s. Also use cold water and freeze it using a spray onto frame. Skiing is her also. have several hills here in Kiruna. Plus three big ones in mountains here. These have huts and are spread along ski trails and hiking trails. Also snowmobile tracks. 2. mining industry is both private and public, in separate areas. Kiruna mine was open from beginning, but is now underground (worlds largest) 1365 meters deep. Some are open here too. Wages are high here. Commune provides programs for mining education -- in gymnasium level there is a program with mining company. Also Lulea technical university has mining engineering and technical programs. Also have joint education programs with four neighboring communes. For 20 years + we have worked to develop higher education programs. They worked with Umea first to get distance learning here to train teachers trained here. This developed into region-wide program. This affects all public sector programs and training. Branch of Lulea and faculty from Umea offers degrees here. Pop of Kiruna is 23K 18K in the city. Lulea is much bigger. New mine will start. 3. space and environmental research and development. In Kiruna, there is a lot of research activity. S-range (part of Swedish space corps) launches balloons and rockets, download data from satellites, support satellites, for both science and industry. part of worldwide network. Institute of Space Physics is here. with smaller departments in Umea, Uppsala and Lulea. they do space research on wide spectrum of issues. Another program uses simulation of northern lights using antennae in Nordic countries. Lulea tech department does atmospheric modeling here. Climate modeling is part of this. IRF also does climate related research. Tarfela research station here to study glaciers and climate change. Also linked to research in Antarctica. Aubisko, scientific research station is polar research program in Sweden that arranges expeditions e.g., to Antarctica. They now run the research station in Arbisko now. Umea university also has a research station there. Aubisco does work on climate impacts on environment here. e.g., moose adaptation to snow conditions, tree level changes, dendrochronology in pine for climate records, pollen in sediments for climate records, and permafrost which is here in some areas. Kittila, Finland goals are made in annual budgets here. includes work plan for the next year. 1. is employment both support existing and to create new jobs. 2. pop growth. now is 6200 and is growing since 2002. 3. developing level of municipal services here. Politics is leftist here (former communists in office) so support for strong social services is common. History of Lapland is to be poor relative to Finland. This is the rural poor subsidized part of Finland. Kolari, Finland most of economy from tourism industry. have famous Yllas. this is important for about 60% of the workforce. ski hills and national park which is 100 km long. 2 is mining industry challenge to put tourism and mining in same area. mining project is re development with rise of prices. mines also have copper and gold. 3 is to use wood as biodiesel source as biofuel. Kvalsund, Norway Missed the first one (not in the audio), better economic opportunities, population growth Mo I Rana, Norway 1. to establish a new airfield here. to get jet service hter 2 higher education here 3better communication and transportation connections (better roads) They have E6, 12, and harbor. RR with Sweden is also developing. All this would help the basic industry here. would like pipeline for gas to come here too. Monchegorsk, Russia a. to reduce monofunctionality of city of Monchegorsk b. improved quality of life for the people of Monchegorsk. c. development of major enterprises that will become city forming function of Mondhegorsk. Muonio, Finland to get employment higher and year-round. most is now seasonal tourism, so summer unemployment is high. 2. strengthen the two core activities here - tourism and cold environment testing of automobiles. Winter is important here. also to meet requirements of service needs of people here. Aging population here requires more services for elderly. Murmansk, Russia 1. Improve quality of life of Murmansk citizens. a. improve demographic situation. b. improves labor market. c. improve health of population. 2. Develop economy that will be competitive on modern day market. a. make fishing industry more effective. b. involve innovation in economic development. c. provide incentives for development of tourism industry that can be competitive. 3. Improve infrastructure in city of Murmansk which will lead to comfortable living. a. develop logistics and facilities for education and industry. b. development of transportation, improve safety and quality of shipping. c. improve environmental conditions in Murmansk. 4. Improve municipal management and move toward civil society. a. implement new effective ways of city management using approaches of complex management (view city as a complex, not just disconnected entities). b. develop international collaboration in the Arctic, and collaboration within Murmansk oblast. c. develop institutions for civil society: create incentives for people to participate in society.

Nordkapp, Norway Growth: re-establishing industry, sustainable growth, good quality of life, young educated people are in more urban areas and not so much in the municipality, population growth Olengorsk, Russia Olenegorsk goals are 1. to continue iron ore mining, 2. improve living conditions here, 3. get away from mono economy and diversify the economy. they don't have complete mono economy. but will need to diversify. iron is deep mined and quite deep. employees are about 10,000 miners. Diversity is sought via SME developments. Pajala, Sweden Pajala has mine exploration and mining here and across in Finland. They are planning for population growth after years of population decline. The current pop is 6200 in Pajala. The goal is for 10,000 by 2020. Housing growth is also a goal. Shortage now is from immigration. Natural decrease has happened. Pajala city has about 2100 now and will grow to 5000. need housing in city of Pajala and infrastructure too. Need more diverse economy. including tourism development. airport project is part of this. climate change may affect this tourism. Pelkoseniemi, Finland Tourism, Pyhä tourism area, public and private services, nature Pella, Finland Goal is to keep young people here. popl = 4000 now and declining, common in Lapland everywhere. 2 = how kunta can serve the older population, 3 = how to keep firms here and how to help them succeed. Porsanger, Norway To find new things we can export or another area for economic development and job growth such as connecting our service industry to other municipalities (shopping center), Using our nature, becoming the new communication center to Finnmark Rost, Norway population here is over 6000 years There is a cave painting here that is 3-4000 years old. goals here are: 1. maintain and grow population. need new factories and schools, and welfare services. pop here is 600+ and stable. It declined from 856 in 1967. It doubles in winter when 600 vessels deliver fish here and stay for nights in the town. Lot of jobs here during the fish processing. about 7 million kilos are hung to dry, same amount is salted, and some is sold fresh, also roe, cod liver oil made here. one half of cod liver oil produced here. labor comes from Poland, Estonia, and other Baltic area countries. and as far as Kosovo and Africa. Trade is connected to Southern Europe and Southern hemisphere. Dominican Republic buys a lot of salt fish. Fish racks are full from January to March April. Rost is most dependent on fishing of the region. Also Vareo has lot of herring fish. Cod moved this year to the west . Factories have gone bankrupt during low fish years. Stock fish here is 40% of Lofoten production. Highest in world. Rovaniemi, Finland 1. In land use, it is a big commune -- over 8000 sq. km. many villages, but most live near Rovaniemi. Have new strategic plan for six villages outside of Rovaniemi kaupunki. Goal is to keep whole area alive and to make life possible in the rural villages. politicians want to keep life in villages, but people want to move to Rovaniemi. 60,000. Total for Lapland is 180,000 pop. Elderly pop is growing fast too. expect doubling of >65 by ? 2. goal of services and structure of services. These are being tailored to needs of elderly. How to provide level of services in time of rising costs and needs. Encourage people to stay at home and get services there, not in institutions and hospitals. 3. Look for new sources of funding. State is cutting back on funds to municipalities in Finland. Rovaniemi needs to cut about 20% of its budget unless revenue can be raised. Distances are great here and costs are high because of this. Salla, Finland population is 4100. 50 years ago was 12000. lost is highest in Finland. Was much bigger territory, but Stalin took 50% of the territory in 1944. then people started leaving here. lot of them went to Sweden. migration came into Finland at that time . pop decline has been continuous ever since. young people move to Rovaniemi and other places to study and work. it is an agricultural. return retiree migrants bring money with them from Swedish pensions. 1. new strategy is to promote tourism here. 2. gateway to Russia -- border crossing here for 12 years. expect 200,000 people crossing over here. Russians come to shop. also expect RR extension can be built across to connect to RR in Russia which connects all Russia. Only two or three are crossing now and this would be first in north. VR is under construction from Finnish side. Russian government in Murmansk is passive and slows it down. Just had meeting to bring people together on this. Russians are scared that it will mean loss of Murmansk cargo and it will come to Finland instead. 3. green energy program (swamp and forest) think future is in green energy. Big power station being built in Rovaniemi now that will use fuel from here. mainly waste products from forest industry. Savukoski, Finland Mining activity here -- a big phosphate deposit is here and developed by Yara co. this is the biggest deposit in w Europe of phosphate. Only one mine exists now it is in Siljanjarvi (4% of the ore) here it is 16% phosphate. Estimate is for 600 jobs during construction phase followed by 15 during production. 2. promoting tourism. there is not much here yet, but potential is here. Population density is lowest in all Finland here. population now is 1200. 3. Have tried to use nature products like berries, reindeer meat, Sodankyla, Finland 1. mining for copper and nickel (new discovery) production will start next year. this is deep mining. Nickel and copper associated 5 % each. 2. cooperation with Universities of Oulu and Lapland in geophysical observation satellite data station here SG0 (check on www) 3. Cold issue research on occupation. part of Finnish meteorological institute. 4. tourism. In order of importance mines, tourism, university programs for research. Traena, Norway we depend on one large working place. it is a fishing company. This is the smallest commune in . Goals = need to be more robust and able to deal with changes. want to have more diversity. need to be able to get people to come here with other kinds of education and training. fish company employs (sept to march) about 90 people working there, along with this is school, commune, social welfare employ another 55 people. There is one shop for food, another for flowers. post office and bank also are in the shop. Goal to be 1. able to adapt to changes. 2, and to maintain population. 3. working places with diversity. The only school here is 1-10 grade. pop is young here. have large group of young people (about 25% under 15. also 25% older pop. in 2009 13 people moved here, which is highest growth rate due to migration in Norway. This commune is different because of the fishing company. All houses are full here. Immigrant workers bring families along and this is support by the company. They work through social networks to recruit. More poles here now than swedes. Troms Commune, Norway Adapt the new building plans to calculate with sea level and increasing precipitation, water system needs to be built larger (will not hold for next 50 years) as well as more polluted drinking water, Oil development, Tourism (air in and boating out), Transportation…. The horizon of planning is 4 years and we often forget to look at the big picture Troms County, Norway Reduce emissions (co2), increase the production of renewable energy, more efficient energy usage Troms Fylkismann, Norway No answer given Utsjoki, Finland to provide basic services, this is challenge because of difficulty getting professional people to work and live here. People may live here and work in NOrway..2 support local business to start here and who need space. promote business startup and finding housing. this includes all business incl. reindeer herding. 3. population recruitment and retention. pop = 1300 now was 1500 20 years ago. stable now at 1300. Vagen, Norway Vagen plan for development has four goals: 1 to develop youth population and be best coastal commune take care of youth education and live. 2. use places in commune outside Svolvaer in the planning and development 3. Work to cooperate with other communes in area. especially cooperate with Kabel municipality instead of fighting them (these are two biggest cities in Vagen) Population in Vagen here is growing by 28 since July. Has been slow decline for several years, but may have hit bottom now. Amenity is very high here and they hope this is a factor Vega, Norway Pride in past excited for future. pop = 1200, and declining about 2 percent since last census. Records here of stone age culture just after Pleistocene. 10K years ago. land rising over 60 meters in 10K years evident in terraces. Trondheim University excavates here. 3 goals: actually 4 directions = health care -- to save its quality and services school and education on culture and heritage -- quality, activity and culture development, incl. physical, cultural and arts. settlement and development -- plan to be active in fish farming and ag. world heritage sites (currently a world heritage site, since 2004) UNESCO chooses these. chose Vega for cultural landscape for eider duck and down production which is collected for sleeping bags. Wild duck protection is part of this. Tourism is linked to this. have built small overnight huttes for tourists on ocean. agriculture and fisheries -- fish farming is new industry. milk and meat are traditional farms. Vik, Norway survival we are in outskirts so challenge is to keep people from moving out. muni formed 1900, then combined with others, and now are alone as muni,. because people want to be alone. 2200 in 1977. today pop = 2000. aim is to increase pop. this is an ag. area. mainly dairy, also meat, crops, sheep, eggs. poultry. big focus on ag industry and trade and industry and services. New directions in ag.? Ag tourism. is coming. local beer also. they have local brewery here since last year. Big dairy. Tina is here in Somna. They processing plant for cheese. Fish farming also here and industry producing equipment for fish farming employs 30.

What strategies have you used to achieve your development goals? Alstahaug, Norway airport expansion, infrastructure investment, to assist the big oil companies, also have public sector employment. this is also a regional center for the area. Alta, Norway Good Planning and having lower level goals. Emphasis on following the plan, there is an ongoing process to make a new one. Alta commune has a long tradition of using planning to reach goals. Bode, Norway cooperate with state gov. esp. on the military air force base. Also doing media relations to advertise the community. Working with housing to promote growth of population and with medical community to build heath center services. The need to get diversity of jobs for dual career families. building culture hall with library. music festival here now. Brunoy, Norway In ag and fishing, also tourism is important strategy. tourism is central with active tourist sites including parks and amenities. There is boat traffic along the sound and this is good place to stop. also has airport. Wideroe has flights here. Airport since 1968, then expanded runway to 1200 meters in 2000. Oil activity affects this area too is a base for oil activity in north sea. Helicopter base is here for transport to north sea. Personnel go from Bronnoysund by helicopter to the north sea fields. This is projected to last 30+ years. Enontekio, Finland development strategy plans are made. communications, advertising and promotion with their own commune company. work together with local entrepreneurs. Some projects get EU support, Finland, and Lapland organization. Rovaniemi serves to help throughout the Lapland region and administers EU programs. Pop support being done through land sales, support for child bearing, job creation support (difficult to live here w/o job, difficult to create jobs) for entrepreneurs. Hammerfest, Norway Have created over 1000 jobs in past ten years. Employees now live here and commute from elsewhere. Goal is to make them stay in Hammerfest. Commune followed the process for LNG development with Statoil and Norway and the local area. They have learned from this and will continue. Harstad, Norway have done lobbying in for support of Harstad, and also work with industry here. make investment in infrastructure and industry needs. Inari, Finland and use planning and town planning and environmental building internationalization of municipality with Europe and Asia. This is for tourism and for the testing business. Jokkmokk, Sweden encourage smaller company formation here. there are now just two main employers -- commune and hydropower. working through branding and helping small companies grow, and infrastructure support. pop decline at rate of 70 to 100 per year for many years. have aging pop. natural decrease is biggest problem. have tried to support fertility. Jokkmokk winter market (400 years of this last year) This is a Sami tradition since 1604. Gave prize of 10K sk and free childcare for 2 years if born on market Saturday. Problem in 2006 was a decline. working on education here to keep younger people here. have high school with national program specialties. have extension courses taught here via Umea and Lulea. have study center here and in use internet online courses. also share courses with Kiruna, and pianna and jokkmokk. Karasjok, Norway For Tourism: We have started a Sami Park, and we have people who work with reindeer in the area share their culture. We have a Sami museum, and many Sami artists. Kautokenio, Norway training for special jobs in mining and in reindeer processing. Kirkenes, Norway have lot of public planning documents. have government policies too, e.g., related to sea level rise buildings must be higher in elevation. Helped with the visa agreement for Russia. they work at local, regional, national, and international levels. tourists come here on ferry Hurtigruten every day. comes at 9.45 and leaves at 12.30. Kiruna, Sweden Strategies follow politics. Have had different directions, but not so much in environmental areas. Environmental staff provide ideas for improvement here and have a "roadmap" for success here. Also housing strategy for future needs. Also have a plan for how commune should develop and where? This is a spatial plan with differential sensitivity to environmental issues. New themes are added as needed, e.g., wind power development (here now). Pressure is high to develop summer and winter vacation homes along the route to Narvik. Commune works to protect environment and limit impact. Road to Narvik is new, since 1970s. Only RR before. There was resistance to the road for environmental reasons. Lots of studies of the impact of the road. Kittila, Finland In Kittila there is strong cooperation between government and business. Have tourism and gold mine (Canadian company) both open pit and underground mining. since 2006 when it started pop has increased by 400. they are now in production for 3 years. first gold bar in Jan 2009. plan to continue until 2032 with current ore body they could go longer. Levi ski resort is other big company it is owned 51% by municipality. employs about 100 with multiplier effect much bigger. mine employs 600, tourism 2000 (some are seasonal), and municipality 400. Kolari, Finland In Yllas, working with a general plan and with subsets for smaller areas within the area. Now have 23000 beds and going up to 50000 beds for tourism. have 60 slopes for skiing and 300 km cross-country ski trails and several hundred km for snowmobiles. market is southern Finland, and also (1.4 million sleeping nights per year) 1 mil from Finland, rest from UK and other Europe. Russian is growing too. Kvalsund, Norway Getting different industries to the community for example, mining (copper), oil, try to establish infrastructure, develop wind power, we also try to establish areas for building homes lower than Hammerfest to encourage population growth Mo I Rana, Norway working with local industry, and with the Nordland county, and joint effort with other communes… Monchegorsk, Russia a. A new plan "Complex investment plan of modernization of the mono-city of Monchegorsk". This includes: diversification of city's economy, development of small and medium enterprises and entrepreneurship, development of new and existing firms and business of the economy, modernization of city environment and reduction of tension on the labor market. b. "Strategy of company Norilsk Nickel 2020." which includes: number of investment projects directed at modernization existing modules to optimize the production process and reduce environmental impact. Muonio, Finland Initiatives and projects so were specific to funding initiatives, e.g., EU funding programs. They have been helped by EU funding Tunturi Lappi (fjell) Murmansk, Russia They have developed programs and investment projects. Target programs are based on local budget and cover both social and economic goals. From demographic policy to SME business development. To pursue economic goals, they think it important to develop investment projects to attract both international and domestic interest. To attract investors, they are focused on innovation and technology especially in fields of natural resources and especially marine bio-resources. In one of their strategic plans with goal of 2020, they mention that fish industry can benefit from creation of pharmaceutical and cosmetology products using marine bio resources. Nordkapp, Norway Need to focus on population growth and growth of industry Olengorsk, Russia trying to attract investments by developing investment plans and mainly from domestic sources. no FDI here yet, but one company has connections with Finland and Norway capital. they come here often. Mine is owned by Sever Stal a private company. privatized in late 1990s Pajala, Sweden planning for housing and infrastructure and try to advertise Pajala to potential employees. trying to make it attractive as place to live and work. Featuring the amenity of the river. Have idea to make bike and walking path along river Torni. Pelkoseniemi, Finland Business strategy Kemijärvi-Pelkosenniemi, East Lapland business strategy, Lapland tourism strategy, Finnish tourism strategy Pella, Finland have good services here today for population and elderly. this is OK today. Have good services for business. Porsanger, Norway It has been difficult to make the change from being dependent on military activity to other economic activities. We have been trying to find a way to change the focus from having a good income from the military activity to find other things to develop. We have been encouraging business activity as the central trade for the municipality in the middle of Finnmark, as well as to provide new infrastructure (trains, roads). We also have military from abroad coming to train here. Rost, Norway Rost has used a lot of money to create facilities and programs here e.g., a big hall for sports built here recently at 19 million Kr. encourage people to make their own jobs businesses, and some tourist promotion in media and brochures. Electricity has been a problem here until now with a new cable and some windmills. Rovaniemi, Finland See plan just developed. and also city strategy on www site passed by the city each year along with the budget. This involves both land use and service strategies. Salla, Finland meeting with Russians on RR to get going. Tourism -- have resort here 10km from Salla. have 3400 beds here for tourists. had 100K hotel guests last year. income from tourism is almost 12m Euros. Resort has reindeer park, ski resort, winter is high season. have spa here too and downhill skiing on Sallatuntari. Spanish are here now, Netherlands, , Germany too, and lots of Russians from St. P and Moscow. Now Russians have money. They have built two big super markets here to serve Russians. 30% of sales are to tourists. Sala not as big as Levi, but important and has Russian market. airports at Rovaniemi and Kuusamo. Most Russians drive their cars here. in January, they use ;private planes and special trains to Finland. have had as many as 50 special trains here. Russian tourist company sells these tickets and train comes to Kemijarvi. They helped a new Dutch company get started here last year called Pan Village. owned by rich Dutch man. so this is high level accommodation. the rest of investors is Finnish money. Holiday Club is the biggest tourist company here. the Dutch have also invested in other Eastern European countries. They like to be near national parks and there is one big park. Also important is mining industry here. The phosphate project is also important to Salla commune. but it will probably be transported to Russia via pipeline. This would mean less jobs. Savukoski, Finland Forestry is main activity here now. it is sale of raw material. commune has helped with mine development to prepare for the activity and also with nature product manufacturing. most important is blackberry then lingenberry, and then cloudberry. a berry company is here from mid-Finland. they buy berries and freeze for sale in central Europe. they need berry pickers here, so they get from Thailand, Russia, and Ukraine. they are for three months here on a work permit. July to October. about 200 on average come here. they pick 2 m kilos. sell to company. Sodankyla, Finland Finnish geological survey (private company) made discovery of the ore body. commune makes things possible and makes process work. get finance from government for both science and tourism population here 8.8 K and increasing. Traena, Norway 1. working together with other communes, the regional group of 7 communes -- they work together to strengthen , and also work with Nordland Filkeskommune to get project money. Tilflukting Flushacta. (attempts to get people to move to Helgeland). 2. marketing. 3 to make Traena as good as possible to live in. They started to get an incubator started here. Need two things to get incubator going (1) internet access -- this will be coming with new cable here now. 2. need more houses. Many houses are rented during the fishing season and owners come in summer to be here. Houses can be built, but very expensive. Water is a problem here. They have to make their own out of sea water. This is done at a plant here on island. Fishing industy uses a lot of it. competes with other users. they will expand this. Troms Commune, Norway Establishing a climate fund Troms County, Norway We have replaced the speedboats using lots of energy with smaller more efficient units for passenger travel between areas, We have bought new busses for the town that can use biogas (currently use diesel), being aware of avalanche dangers when building infrastructure. Troms Fylkismann, No answer given Norway Utsjoki, Finland Have two planning projects going next year. Public promotion of Utsjoki, recruiting population through new websites for tourists. they hire the www design services. also have provided investments, they will build new home for elderly population next summer. other projects include tourism projects for landscape, fishing, and Sami culture. It is a nature tourism.10,000 come to fish in summer. winter is slow season. Also promotion of winter tourism here. Vagen, Norway promoting a good life in the plan for politicians. Local culture, arts and culture, health care and maintenance, employment opportunities and growth, knowledge of nature. 3. Knowledge -- for everyone K through adult education. Keep futuristic education. high school (after K-10) and post-high school training 4. infrastructure -- Svolvaer will be transport hub and communication hub and ocean port and transport corridor. High speed internet very important. Vega, Norway Cooperation with county on strategies with other communes. This is increasing from 3000 to 30000 per year. bicyclists too like to come here. Vik, Norway see above: also hosting refugees in one month, about 15 each year from Africa etc. up to about 50. working with immigration UDI, IMDI authorities. This commune is skeptical about this yet, but he hopes the fear will go away, and it is necessary. Main reason is humanitarian, but also means more people and activity for commune.

What are the most important natural resources in your municipality? Alstahaug, Norway from the sea. agriculture, dairy and sheep. not much fishing here (only a few, salmon), local regional access is good. Alta, Norway Mining, the fjord, fishing, reindeer herding (summertime), salmon farming (biggest industry) Bode, Norway beautiful nature for tourists. possible will find oil and gas here next year and we have strategy for this industry here. Brunoy, Norway agriculture land and fishing. Enontekio, Finland natural environment here. All of the fjells (mountains) over 1000 meters are here (tallest in Finland) Halti is tallest Sani is next. Skiing is popular and fishing, hunting too, and snowmobiling (canoeing). Hiking too. don't have big resorts here so not too much money gets spent here. (creating tourist "packages, advertise beyond the EU) Need more non-EU tourists. Inari and others are ahead of this commune on tourists. Japanese like northern lights (intelligent children belief). Hammerfest, Norway Fish. Always has been here and always will, he hopes. Oil and other minerals may not last forever, but he hopes fish will last forever. Fishing was bigger in 1960s in terms of labor, but same production today is made with less than half the workers. They need other jobs and industry too. Harstad, Norway Location is good here and center of . Long history of settlement. fish, oil and gas, fish not as importance as used to be. agriculture works here too. Tina is here with dairy product distribution center. Inari, Finland nature tourism 60% of the area is protected wilderness and is unique in Europe. This includes lakes and mountains and rivers. This scenery is important. Forestry and reindeer are about 8% each of regional economy. Jokkmokk, Sweden iron ore (but still in the ground). more than 70% of commune is protected for environmental. ore is near surface. open pit mining is being analyzed. RR is here. also a tourist RR in summer. Can come from Stockholm by RR e.g., 40K visitors come here during market week. culture, nature, and hydropower. Sami is culture of interest. market is Sami theme with crafts and culture. including music, foods, entertainment, races, could be developed further. This is held in Feb on first Thursday. Australians and Japanese like the northern lights. Karasjok, Norway Minerals, National Park, River, Wild Animals (salmon, bears, moose, elk) Kautokenio, Norway reindeer. fish also, and now mining and stone quarry. Kirkenes, Norway have ability to farm here. She has farm with 16 dairy cows. minerals are here, iron, quartz, gold, diamonds, quartz is clearest in world here. also nickel vein from Russia extends to here. wood is also here. rare earth here too. Micro climate here allows farming nearby. Fishing also important including king crab, and fish farming. pellets come by ship from Europe. Milk goes to Tana Bru for processing at Tina plant (cooperative). Kiruna, Sweden Iron ore deposits. Space available here to develop and use. Nature is unique and an asset to resident people and for tourism and research. Kittila, Finland Ski hills, gold ore, other mineral resources also, including iron, copper and others. there are over 1000 permits for mines. snow and minerals most important. Kolari, Finland minerals, forests, nature, fells (ski mountains) Kvalsund, Norway Copper ore, water, fishing Mo I Rana, Norway hydro power plants one of biggest is here. minerals, - iron, copper, lead, zinc, silver, gold prospecting now too. iron and steel production closed in 1989. Now scrap metal recycling is here. They used coal from Spitzbergen and iron ore .rom here. Others? Spruce trees, this is northern limit for spruce, also birch, they are planning for a climate that is more wet, more fluctuating and variable. Will cause more flooding, and higher sea level, warmer summers, more snow in winter, more precip in general, quicker changes expected. Monchegorsk, Russia Lakes, tundra, mineral resources (copper, nickel, chrome ores, and construction materials). Muonio, Finland nature and scenery, fells, no mining here in Muonio. Not explored here yet but she thinks it is likely that minerals are here too. Winter is also a resource (snow). Murmansk, Russia Marine bio resources (Barents Sea) e.g., cod, flounder, paltus. Also lower level species such as mussels, scallops, sea hedgehog. There is no extraction of mineral resources within the city of Murmansk (this is different from most other cities in the Arctic Russian region). Nordkapp, Norway Fish, tourism Olengorsk, Russia iron ore. about 30%. Pajala, Sweden iron ore, forests, and forest industries (wood products) construction. Pelkoseniemi, Finland Pure unique nature, Pyhä-Luosto National Park Pella, Finland Wood and wood industry is most important. also beauty of nature. no mines, or skiing, but lots of wood industry and logistics. Torni river, have RR from Helsinki here on way to Kolari. airport in Kemi, and Rovaniemi. Overnight train to Helsinki. Porsanger, Norway Nature, valuable minerals, wind (possible energy source), fish, reindeer; very few are exploited or exported Rost, Norway fish - cod most important, ling, haddock Rovaniemi, Finland forests, water, lakes, rivers, power plants (hydroelectric) minerals, new discoveries here and potential development near Ranua and Ylitorneo for mining development. Also wind energy sources here. A survey was made and found some prospects here. One is quite close to Ranua. Salla, Finland forest. all green energy materials. minerals. Lapland has good data on exploration, except Salla because of the border situation. Now it is changed and Finland exploring this border area and discovering ore. This will continue in Salla. So more could develop here. Now border is not so risky. Savukoski, Finland forest, mineral ore, phosphate and other minerals, including niobium (alloy for steel) this is one of few sources for this niobium (rare earth). berries also a resource. Sodankyla, Finland minerals and forestry (12k km sq.) bioenergy is possible and lumber and pa\per ind important here. doing survey next year on energy possibilities in villages. Gold mining came in 1995. started surface and now going to shaft. 100 empl. new will start at 300. Anglo American is the company. Swedes do the gold. Traena, Norway 1. fish -- a wide variety of fish here. used for export frozen sold to Ukraine. Shipped out in freezer containers. 2. Wind is resource too. Will make a pilot of wind power (windmill on outer island. 3. Seawater. 4. natural beauty amenity. Troms Commune, Norway Fishing, Coastline (port) Troms County, Norway Water, forests, wind, oil Troms Fylkismann, Norway No answer given Utsjoki, Finland Fish, the river here is best salmon river in Europe, clear water , landscape, land for reindeer herding clean air. seasons. Vagen, Norway Sea has been most important for fishing. Now it is nature and beauty of the area. Fish have moved. Have been reduced in Vagen 50% in last five years. Both herring and cod migration from Barents to Lofoten in winter has changed from moving into harbor between Svolvaer and mainland to outer waters by Rost. Mackerel was gone but now is here again. These are changes that could be due to climate change and water temperature changes. A problem is now that the small fishing boats are now not able to get out to where the fish are located. This could increase cost of fishing catch. At same time, it will give northern fisheries an advantage. Vagen will need to adapt to these changes and plan is to diversify economy to include amenity based tourism and recreation based on the sea and boating and skiing in winter. Fishing policy controls how much fish can be caught. It is a quota system. Trawlers can buy quotas by buying smaller boats and combining with others on large boats. Fewer fishermen is the result and fewer and larger boats. changes in fishing are both economic and climate related. Vega, Norway grass production is good in ag. fisheries had been good in past. history and nature. Vik, Norway ag. land -- flat valleys, , and mountains. trying to keep the soil quality. amenities are here and tourism is possible. "most beautiful area in Norway" Challenge is to sell the amenities. need to educate people about promotion of their area.

What are the most important human resources in your municipality? Alstahaug, Norway young pop moving back. education level is low, outmigration for higher ed, and don't come back. brain drain. (has always been like that) Alta, Norway Young and educated population, entrepreneurs Bode, Norway population growth, services, new education facilities, medical and education center here for region of Nordland. Brunoy, Norway communication and transportation and location. Enontekio, Finland a bit of problem here. Median age is over 50 and this is limiting. Need to recruit labor force. funds here are doled out by pop size. Net migration is positive but low. Aged dependency is high and growing (discussed age group on other materials, get a copy of them?). Hammerfest, Norway in past 40 years many moved out of the region. pop 18 to 35, has declined the young pop declined. Now some are moving back and are younger (immigrants) young people now look at life here as more promising. Harstad, Norway expertise in oil and gas industry. college, science park, renewable energy, retail center, nice central shopping, plus shopping centers outside. Along with Tromso and Bode, Harstad is the third largest city. Inari, Finland Berry picking, hunting, fishing. Cloud berries, and others. Some make income picking these earning 5 to 10K euros per year. 1970s when public sector was strengthened, Inari public schools were strengthened and academics moved into the area. one third of original population had the high school education. another important factor is that in 1980 when tourism grew, it positively affected entrepreneurship and helped raise the level of education here. Sami education system established in 1970s and grew in 1980s to third level education system. this is a vocational school with branches in Ivalo, Inari, and Enontokio. It has strengthened competence in traditional culture and economy, including reindeer herding, crafts, and culture. Now half of teachers here are from here or returned after university. one third of population is Sami. 1,800 have voting rights in Sami parliament. out of total of about 2200. This is biggest of the four Sami kunta in Finland Jokkmokk, Sweden Sami culture. + their traditional knowledge. Sami only indigenous people in Europe. Electric power labor force is shrinking as mechanization happens. Have education research on turbines for hydropower. Karasjok, Norway Highly educated population, Sami Parliament Center Kautokenio, Norway high education level. Sami education center is here also reindeer husbandry center. Draws Sami from all over the Arctic. Sami university has been here since 1989. Kirkenes, Norway Important to have all ages in population. None are more important than others. Not just higher education important either. Have lowest unemployment here 1.6% . There are jobs here. This is a growth area. People are moving into Sor VAranger. Commuters work here and live elsewhere too. Big political issue is how to get people to stay here and build housing. have 1000 new house lots available (move to goals as number 1 goal). Young people leave to get higher education. "we try to give them good memories" so they will come back. Some people now like to think about their homeland and may come for new industry developments as opportunities arise. Direct flights daily to Oslo from Kirkenes. Kiruna, Sweden Human capital is high here compared to other rural areas. It is critical to their development programs. Population is not extremely old here, but is aging. Young people do move out, especially women, but with local regional expansion, young people now can get good jobs here with good pay. More women now involved too in mining. Migration is net negative, but not extreme. Kittila, Finland skilled in tourism jobs and in mining industry. resurgence now occurring in mining. universities dropped mining programs in 1990s. (Anglo American found big deposit here -- biggest in Europe) but in a protected area. future will be difficult to find skilled miners and mining engineers. Kolari, Finland technical departments working with planning. mean age is 44. have 3800 population total. most are working in service and tourism industries and have those skills. have also old miners with skills but young people are learning. have branch of health care, mining from Oulun yliopisto. Kvalsund, Norway Educated population, Elder people Mo I Rana, Norway competence of labor force in industry. lots of engineers and civil engineers here. have part of national library here. this came when iron and steel industry closed they got archives here, also debt collection agency came here, services for labor ministry employment (unemployment and assistance). The aid from Norway was because the industry was a state owned company and government felt responsible for unemployment. Today about 100 different companies are here and over1900 employed. the mining company was bought by employees and is expanding now. they make concentrate and sell on world market. high quality ore here for iron. Now Mo i Rana is more diversified in employment. is third largest commune pop in northern Norway, and 4th in area in Norway. pop = 25,500 4463 sq. km. pop is stable. was up to 27,000 before collapse of ind. now it is growing again. Hieger ed center is coming and will be branch of Bode and Narvik Tech. will open Jan 2013 The steel mill was built by gov after WWII to help rebuild the country. Cheap hydro power helped.. Monchegorsk, Russia High concentration of highly qualified labor resources (67% of population in working age). Muonio, Finland average population, but workers are skilled in hospitality industry. Hotels are here. Tourist approach here is more toward nature and outdoor sports in silence as opposed to the night life of Levi. Murmansk, Russia Population in 2012 is 305,000. 65% are in working age. 54% female, 46% male. One of the main problems is out-migration. People leave for better climatic conditions. In 2011, CBR = 10.8/1000; CDR = 11.6, which leaves negative natural increase of .8/ 1000. However there is a positive trend during the last decade. It had been worse. Unemployment is only 1.6%. Nordkapp, Norway Rich cultural life, positive minded people Olengorsk, Russia skilled miners, problem to get high quality trained people. low unemployment here, but problem is that attraction of people to the northern region is chronic problem here in the region. population NI is positive here and population is young here. pop = 30,000 in the municipality. had a baby bust after 1990 and now it is growing again but with a smaller cohort of parents. NI = 3/1000. pop is aging and migration is even at about 0. slight net outmigration. Pajala, Sweden mining technicians and construction workers. have hospital and medical services also. Pelkoseniemi, Finland People are very polite, unique Lappish people Pella, Finland usual for the region. Porsanger, Norway Education center, communication center, rescue base SAR unit, military Rost, Norway knowledge about fishing is most important here. It is learned by life here. Both catching fish and processing fish. During winter, the boats go 1 hour from shore, but farther in summer, e.g., to north sea for mackerel and halibut. population here is rather young. Age structure is younger than average here. Some of the immigrants stay here but most are just men. Some families come here, including Swedes. Schools get children from Thailand, and all over world. need to learn Norwegian. Commune has helped teach Norwegian to labor force that stay permanently. They work hard and long and want to make money. Housing here is limited, but land is available. Rovaniemi, Finland Students here at U Lapland. Also polytechnic here. Image of Rov. is city of youth and sporting activities. Innovative people here. Tourism is high here. It brings people here. They come from wide variety of tourist sources. Salla, Finland labor, but problem is that they move out of here. and the people who stay behind have problem getting employed -- unemployment here 20% and highest in all of Finland. History of high unemployment here. reached 30% in 1991. Lapland now is 9%, Finland is 7%. this means there are 350 people without work. these people are really outside the labor market because of age, skill, experience is not competitive. (Canadian professors from Newfoundland were here 10 years ago) Savukoski, Finland schooled and trained people here. but this could be improved here too. population is declining from outmigration. young people move to they go to Oulu and Rovaniemi and Helsinki. Sodankyla, Finland educated people. work ethic, had unemployed population after early '90s, at 30% down to 9% now. measurement of unemployment is not so easy after they don't seek jobs. Traena, Norway young population they have music festival every July which draws 4 to 5000 people here and they stay in camp and in peoples' houses. they come by boat (private). e.g. over 150 boats came this year to it. This festival draws lot of media attention and makes Traena rather famous during the summer. A source of pride for the local people here. Locals organize this. Festival is music and food. Even Oslo restaurants come here for the week. The talent is local and musicians starting out. Have one doctor. Also helicopter and boat ambulance. Troms Commune, Norway Center of education (university, college, research centers) Troms County, Norway Skilled workers, university, renewable energy technology Troms Fylkismann, Norway No answer given Utsjoki, Finland The natural Sami culture here. it is the only genuine Sami culture in Lapland. Here the culture is normal and language is used here. also a high birth rate here. Population here is 50% Sami, but not related to birth rate. Vagen, Norway 16% have ed beyond HS. This is low. Fishing skill is big here with years of experience. but labor is declining in this industry now and future will be different. Youth want and need more education. Retirement in-migration is happening here too. older people are moving into center and enjoy the nice life here. Younger people forced out to the periphery. Need entrepreneurs. It is low here. Vega, Norway population is declining and is problem. Vik, Norway people (farmers) have wide skill set. employment = 100% so need workers. lacking educated pop. because of young people moving away. pop age structure increasing, but mostly in past 5 years. health care is here, both muni. and state health care. rehab is now commune function since two years ago. they get share of hospital fees now because they have the rehab facility which will serve neighboring communes.

What do you consider to be the comparative advantages of your municipality for economic development? Alstahaug, Norway strategic base for oil industry. shipping lanes, access to RR at Mosjoen, (big tunnel 15 km long for cars) Mosjoen will have RR to Sweden. a geographic advantage, enhanced with improvements Alta, Norway Good place to live: good climate and citizens usually stay, high young population, many ongoing projects with entrepreneurs training young people. Bode, Norway City status, education system hospital, communications, transportation, young population and culture amenities. geographic location is good advantage. they are central in the Nordland region. 1.15 hours to Oslo by plane. Three airlines land here, and flights to London, Europe, etc. Brunoy, Norway Nature, sea access, location in the region, mid-point of Norway between Trondheim and Bode, fjord and coast. Hutegruten stops here, once each way per day. Enontekio, Finland Opposite of hectic city life here. Quiet and great natural amenities, Sami sites too are attractive, but people want museums and art too. Have German battle defense line here. Holy places for Sami but not too showy. Hammerfest, Norway Have only petroleum plant in Finnmark County. This is gas (LNG) plant. In two years they will have first platform for oil production in G----? field which will operate from Hammerfest. by 30 to 40 employees. Hammerfest is a good supply base for Barents Sea, including transportation and location. . Harstad, Norway Location. population in the area. Close to Nordland. but in Troms county and they cooperate with Nordland county along with Troms.. Inari, Finland Arctic nature, culture, indigenous people. Lakes, mountains, etc.. is diverse here with all three (lakes, rivers, and fells) along with protected areas. Also professional staff in nature services and tourism services. One special trait is a cultural tradition of people crossing borders and therefore immigrants are welcome here. Russian and Asian people are here. Teachers from France, England etc. Jokkmokk, Sweden Nature and culture (darkness, cold, mosquitoes, white snow) .at E45 crossing. potential is there for tourism. Karasjok, Norway River, need to find out how to use it less expensively than other countries i.e. Finland. Also need to expand knowledge of the river. Kautokenio, Norway knowledge of reindeer herding and natural resources employment industries. People here are experienced in this. Kirkenes, Norway Location close to Finland and Russia. Harbor with no ice, close to resources on land and sea. Harbor is interesting for Finland. Possible RR from Helsinki to Kirkenes. Finns are interested in this. Norway is more stable than Russia, so RR may come here. Also Norway has much experience with Russian trade. Cooperation with Russia is good but also with other countries. there are people from 70 nations here in Kirkenes. Kiruna, Sweden Exotic place = mine, ice hotel, northern location. Also an easy life despite long winter. not really dark here. Electric power from hydro, wind, and nuclear. Kittila, Finland Compared to Finland, just natural resources. compared to other northern municipalities, most are old fashioned and small. politics are conservative and difficult to change. Helped by influx of tourists and workers who come from outside. also have airport at Kittila. This is an advantage compared to other communes here. also have population growth. rate of unemployment has dropped from 27% years ago to 11% now, and population age is younger in Kittila than neighbors. Kolari, Finland Logistical place. is northern most RR station in Finland. Need to take advantage of this. Pajala and kittila have airports. Daily RR to Helsinki from here. five months every day and three days per week during the rest of year. Take car on train from big cities. mining is surface mining. Kvalsund, Norway Low cost, not expensive child care, being close to Hammerfest Mo I Rana, Norway they have lot of industry competence and in national institutions and are logistical center in the region of Helgeland and have good relations with Sv and Finland and will have transport corridor to Russia via Sv , Fi and to Russia. Monchegorsk, Russia Central location in the Kola peninsula, minerals of national importance, availability of surface and ground water, availability of agricultural lands, availability of all segments of educational system, attractive living conditions in the city. Muonio, Finland concepts for tourism differ and Muonio has a different market than the others. Muonio more private and less corporate in approach to tourism. outdoors sports here are more individual like Nordic skiing. fishing in summer is good too. Muonio river has wild salmon. Murmansk, Russia There are several advantages: Deep seaport that does not freeze. Access to international transportation corridors. They have their own scientific institute for research on fishing industry. High level of education in the region. Nordkapp, Norway Milder climate, sea never freezes, strategic location Olengorsk, Russia Resources of iron ore, high prices for resources, these are not sustainable for long term, why they are trying to diversify. and bring other business here. Kirovsk is about 80 km away. possible market for tourism? makes living here better? yes, but FDIs want everything ready here first. had local ski area here, RR to St. P? is it used? and valued here? yes. here the connection is better than Monchegorsk. Could be transit stop for transfer here and they are looking into this.. Pajala, Sweden iron ore and mining. people are nice here. low crime, safe, small, friendly. good school here (one of best in Sweden) also mix of Swedish and Finnish. Pelkoseniemi, Finland Tourism Pella, Finland Have not as much travel and tourism here. but we have many kinds of manufacturing business here. Porsanger, Norway Strategic position, airfield that does not have restrictions like others Rost, Norway close to marine resources is important. fish population close here. Also climate is good. need wind, sun, fog, and rain. All are needed to dry the fish properly, also must not be too warm or wet. This is a climate issue. Temps should be around zero c. and not too cold. 0 to 2c is good if smell is bad during drying, the fish is not so good. changing climate could also affect location migration of the fish. The industry was here since 1000 years ago. During Viking age, corn was grown, but then went back to normal. Fish migrations may change and not come back. This is an important area for research. Consolidation of fish industry is also happening. Larger boats can go farther. Rovaniemi, Finland Rovaniemi has no industry. just services and retail business. This is because of comparative advantage of location connecting both north and south. Meeting for transportation routes of all modes. This includes potential for shipping timber and resources. Also have airport and RR service. Good connections to Helsinki. Future energy projects in Russia also will probably come through here. Salla, Finland if we get new investment here, we will do anything we can to help make it succeed. So the climate for business here is very good. All kunta may say this, but it seems different here. people here welcome anyone from outside who comes. Salla is ready to invest in infrastructure and provide land for development. example is the Dutch project. salla did lot of work on it and spent little money. many of the unemployed are willing to work and have low expectations and some have education and they are here. salla will offer employment training for company workforce. Finland will pay 90% of costs for labor force training.

Border situation with Russia is a location advantage. Lapland gate to Russia is here. There are two crossings in Lapland and this is shortest to Sweden also and goes to a more wealthy part of Russia than lower crossings in . Savukoski, Finland Savukoski has nature. Not big fjells for skiing, but hundreds of km of clean rivers and lakes and the Kekkonen national park is here. 40% of area is protected area. Named for Kekkonen came after his president. founded in 1983 when he was 80 Sodankyla, Finland mining prospects here. it contributes money to local economy. Traena, Norway Fish and infrastructure in fish handling and processing. Troms Commune, Norway Nature, studying, high amenities area Troms County, Norway The University and high schools (education), many natural resources, landscape Troms Fylkismann, Norway No answer given Utsjoki, Finland State subsidies here. low unemployment rates. Several unused resources, which are possibly being reconsidered. Attitude toward change may be changing. He is a professional, not politician. education at Rovaniemi. Vagen, Norway The nature and beauty here. Fishing, artists like it here, northern lights, fishing villages are here and are very attractive to people. History, UNESCO heritage list Norway wants Lofoten to be on this. Local politicians are skeptical about this. Don't want to be controlled by outside. Vega, Norway community (municipality) is biggest employer, next is agriculture. Commuters to oil fields in north sea. 14 on 1 month off and earn big money. Vik, Norway amenities, oil economy can be serviced by this muni. location is disadvantage because of remoteness. have 192 sq. km area. land is ag and rest is sea and mountains. transport is a challenge. nearest airport is at Brynnoysund.

What factors have helped your municipality achieve its development goals? Alstahaug, Norway outside decisions have helped (big oil decisions) Decision to build a shipping base here was important. it took about 15 years. Alta, Norway Good economy in Norway, we believe in girls (gender equality) in Norway, Oil industry development in Northern areas. High levels of optimism for the future in Alta. There have been strong national programs that have helped Alta since the 70s, turning Alta into a growth center. But, this was mostly on private money. One of the most important is the decision to make Alta an educational center. The combination between entrepreneurship and municipal programs investments has helped Alta. Bode, Norway political stability here. party in charge social democrat party has been strong for long time, even opposition party cooperates together on big needs of commune. (progressive politics) In this county, cities also do not compete seriously, but accept Bode as leader. Brunoy, Norway No answer Enontekio, Finland He only here two weeks, so --- strict economy for municipality. need to focus resources. advertising is most important today. Cooperation with other communes in region in health care, study services such as folk school shared by several municipalities. use online teaching and on-site. Kansalaisti opisto with crafts. Local foods and crafts are here, but hard to market. Sami organization in Inari is working to help with production scale beyond unique item ;production. Younger people understand this. Hammerfest, Norway LNG projects. Harstad, Norway Attitude here is positive. Pro-growth and creative here. self-sufficient in development efforts. also that they are not dependent on just one industry. people like to live here, so not difficult to recruit employees to Harstad. winter is mild here. popular recreation area here. Inari, Finland One factor is activity of municipality and partnership with state of Finland and we receive help from Finland. Entrepreneurship during 1990s has helped too. This was related to tourism. and amenities here. Globalization has helped too. Change in population structure also has helped. This results from immigration from other countries. Public sector grew in 1970s and tourism in 1980s. All have helped bring new strengths. Kunta employs about 400 here. in next 10 years 30% will retire and this is a challenge. Jokkmokk, Sweden haven't achieved goals yet, but maybe in beginning of establishing a meeting place and high quality tourist destination. one factor has been Jokkmokk brand. it is well-known in Sweden. This branding has been a strategy for some time. (see Terra madre conference brochure) on slow food and sustainable food systems. they held it in a tent here and got 300 people here wind power is also good potential here. but only one small single windmill here. Karasjok, Norway Sami knife factory, Duodji craftspeople, reindeer herding Kautokenio, Norway Haven't reached them yet. but school of Sami is important. Need entrepreneurs. The school focused on teacher ed, journalism, nature, and sciences. traditional culture and herding. Kirkenes, Norway both human optimism and government policies from Norway. good planning program has helped too with public infrastructure. Kiruna, Sweden see above Kittila, Finland mining industry, renaissance of mining, leadership in ski and tourism industry. key employees are good. Amenity factor is working here now and Kittila stands out as unique and attractive up here. Some IT people are here and more will probably come here in future. Others from mining are from outside and like the recreation opportunities here. Quality of life is good. Municipality supports this entrepreneurship also here. Kolari, Finland highest mountain (fell) with skiing in Lapland. Old villages are important, and national park wilderness area. All ski trails have been here over 40 years. all these are important in winter and hiking in summer and mt biking too. Kvalsund, Norway Low taxes Mo I Rana, Norway Post WWII investments helped a lot here. investment in infrastructure was made at that time and it paid off. Female labor force is very high here too. Low unemployment = 3.4% here now in total Norway. Monchegorsk, Russia Geographic location, low seismic activity, absence of climatic extreme events, and availability of highly educated labor force. Muonio, Finland Creative entrepreneurship by key people. Murmansk, Russia No answer Nordkapp, Norway Economic turning away from the recession, Statoil project, infrastructure Olengorsk, Russia No answer Pajala, Sweden planners are now important for this and to get moving on the strategies. also discovery of iron ore and attractiveness of community. culture of the community is good here and school is good. Also have connection with Umea and Lulea universities here working with Kiruna, Jokkmokk, and Jallivare. Cooperation with these on education and industry.. Pelkoseniemi, Finland We have a high standard unique tourism area Pyhä where there is very unique nature and environment. Pella, Finland No answer Porsanger, Norway Some help from central authorities on the transition from military activities to civilian activities, as well as leftover infrastructure from the Cold War. I am convinced that this has helped us to achieve the goals for development in this municipality. Rost, Norway fish continues to come in winter. without this, all fails. fish industry makes good money lately and needs more labor. regulation of fisheries is not in favor of smaller vessels they have here. Quotas are too small. Every vessel has a quota. Also knowledge about production and fishing important for their goals. Need many boats, many factories and many hands. 9 companies here on shore, ;plus the fishing boats. 7 stock fish, 1 cod liver oil. Rovaniemi, Finland Rovaniemi has no industry. just services and retail business. This is because of comparative advantage of location connecting both north and south. Meeting for transportation routes of all modes. This includes potential for shipping timber and resources. Also have airport and RR service. Good connections to Helsinki. Future energy projects in Russia also will probably come through here. Salla, Finland Salla cooperates with four communes in this region. they do many things together in Eastern Lapland alliance. Have good connection to Lapland region state authorities. they know our situation and during 20 years they have been very supportive with finances. Now is harder because Finland is cutting budgets because of financial problems in national economy. after next year the funding will slow down. Cooperation between tourist companies and the municipalities here. Kunta are small and private business companies are small and poor. marketing budget is very small, so they must think about how to spend it wisely. this is done through cooperation with neighbors. They do this by marketing Salla, but including Kusuumo and eastern Lapland. all three scales are used. biggest part of budget is for local, but companies use the Lapland theme. Lapland is famous in Finland. Savukoski, Finland until now, progress has been very limited. Have not had much success. Compared to Norway, where policy is to give support to rural areas, but that is not the case here in Finland. They like to develop larger cities and towns. Mining project will help economy. They have sister town in Russia (Jona) Sodankyla, Finland mining discoveries. But it presents challenges and growth means more services. also environmental effects. Traena, Norway local volunteers., The fishing company, Governmental support, Norway wants people living in small communities. This is different from Sweden. Here the gov supports rural residential communities. Tax funds used to subsidize rural communes. funds are doled out to cover costs of being rural, small, and elderly, children, etc. Troms Commune, Norway Establishment of the university Troms County, Norway Speedboats, money from oil industry (national gov.) Troms Fylkismann, Norway No answer given Utsjoki, Finland see audio there is not much planning here. Vagen, Norway tourism and government support for this. Norway promotes Lofoten. Vega, Norway municipal government and county support. (nordland county) they give money for development projects, also the state gives on per capita basis. Vik, Norway most important is the soil and good water -- lots of it. good for dairy, three lakes in mountain provide this water captured in reservoir that serves muni.

Does your Municipality emphasize any of the following to promote business development? Consulting Business Venture Wifi Other Services Education Capital Infrastructur Or e Loans Alstahaug, Yes Yes Yes Yes business park, petro park, hired staff person as consultant and will hire more. to help business development. also participate with company who serves several Norway communes here. Alta, Norway Yes Yes Yes No Bode, Norway Yes Yes Yes Yes Bode lacks land area for new development. companies want to be near the center and Bode is already crowded in center. Bode has funds to help companies develop. Brunoy, No No No Yes Norway Enontekio, Yes Yes No Yes promotion on www and other efforts by the development company Finland Hammerfest, No No No No Norway Harstad, Yes Yes Yes Yes meet with business leaders to promote. there are limits to investments that commune can make in Norway. They can provide land and buildings industry park Norway format for lease to companies. This includes land for oil and gas ind. This has been gradual over 30 years. Inari, Finland Yes Yes Yes Yes have municipal economic development company here and business education in collaboration with the Sami here. Venture cap loans are done with shared investment in facilities that are rented on lease/purchase agreement with company. The current project is a specialized hall for cold temp testing of tires. IT is also co-financed in broadband service here at rate of 400K euros or about 8% of cost. Jokkmokk, Yes Yes Yes Yes have business development company. Sweden Karasjok, Yes Yes Yes Yes Norway Kautokenio, No No No No consulting and Business ed in Alta, Tromso. small bank here only so no loans available. Norway has some funds. Norway Kirkenes, Yes Yes Yes Yes have had strong internet fiber optic network and wireless radio links to everyone. Norway Kiruna, Yes Yes Yes Yes Have organization Foritorgina (Sweden program all over country) here to support new companies. This is a support organization offering all of above services. Sweden Because of Foritorgina, commune does not need to provide these, but has a one-stop office to help with all permits etc. Kittila, Yes Yes No Yes Kittila Development Company is part of the commune staff. municipality supports internet broadband services. Finland Kolari, Finland Yes Yes Yes Yes work with polytechnic university.(Tornio and Rovaniemi) and Lappia. and RAML see www. State has venture capital available from Finnvera. Discussing wi-fi with operators (Sonera) and planning for broadband networks as part of a goal in Finland to every house. Kvalsund, No No No No Low cost industrial land Norway Mo I Rana, Yes Yes Yes Yes a public private joint company works to provide these Norway Monchegorsk Yes Yes Yes Yes infrastructure to support small and medium business is offered by city administration, center of law and legislation, and council of development and union of , Russia entrepreneurs of the city of Monchegorsk. For business education they offer courses on beginning entrepreneurship at the center of employment and business incubator that is supervised by the city administration. For loans, there are six banks to finance SME development and there are subsidies for interest rates provided by the city. Muonio, Yes Yes No No contacts for entrepreneurs, mostly importing educated people. many foreigners here so about 10% of population foreign. Finland Murmansk, Yes Yes Yes Yes Subsidize expenses related to advertising, exhibitions, and to connect to technical infrastructure, to rent municipal assets. Russia

Nordkapp, No No No No Tourism industry stocks & publications Norway Olengorsk, Yes Yes Yes No SME development efforts. Stores are mainly private here Russia

Pajala, Yes Yes No Yes Commune owns with a private company, the development consulting service. Sweden Pelkoseniemi, Yes Yes Yes Yes Finland Pella, Finland No No No No Porsanger, Yes Yes Yes Yes Norway Rost, Norway Yes Yes Yes No Need to change and grow new knowledge of doing business. commune helps with land and space needs for new companies and with quick permitting. Four of the nine fish companies are new in past 10 years. and leaders are rather young people. A problem can be when young people go away to get education they don't come back. some also stay here after high school and work in fishing. education does concentrate ;people into cities. here they have k-10 education. Rovaniemi, Yes No No Yes She works with the development folks to look for land and locations for new business ventures here. Finland Salla, Finland Yes Yes No No Most important is the consulting and business education Savukoski, Yes No No No have organized courses for people and have paid for consulting services. Finland Sodankyla, Yes Yes No Yes look at their needs, and try to offer help broadband is free to all here. Finland Traena, Yes Yes Yes Yes Norway Troms No No No No Commune, Norway Troms No Yes Yes Yes County, Norway Troms No answer given Fylkismann, Norway Utsjoki, Yes No No No Sonera did broadband here and commune helped with the costs. There will be better service here soon. Finland Vagen, Yes Yes Yes Yes very positive here to encourage entrepreneurship and to get land available for it. loans of 200K NOK are available. Norway Vega, Norway Yes No Yes Yes This is low demand Vik, Norway Yes No Yes Yes Yes, not listed

What role does the national government play in assisting economic development? Alstahaug, Norway Has a fund but difficult for commune. functions as a welfare system. suffering because of some progress here. Alta, Norway The Norwegian economics have a very important influence in the regional areas. They assist with education loans (subsidies for northern communities), and tax breaks in northern areas. For example, no cost for energy. Bode, Norway Yes, but Bode is not as needy as smaller communes, so does not qualify. The No funds are important in smaller communes. Brunoy, Norway Filkes commune has helped with three-commune cooperation on projects. Enontekio, Finland makes it more difficult. economy here is declining and free money is limited. Too much going outside Finland. cuts predicted soon in commune support. having Sami here helps along with the great distances here. which makes funding better than it would be. Need reduced tax rates for entrepreneurs. Hammerfest, Norway Norway until now has not. they know how important it is for Hammerfest, and give H 150m kr per year in taxes from the LNG plant, but there are many activities and jobs to do with this kind of development. We need assistance for new roads, airport, communication infrastructure, and other. not responsibility for commune, and H has only 10,000 population. The project is big for the state, but state does not really share the costs of local needs for dealing with it. Harstad, Norway Have innovation Norway which provides loans to companies. office is in Tromso here but they come here and serve this area. Inari, Finland Finland provides support in general and two years ago gov decided to help kunta with small pop and remote they rec'd 3.3 million E here. and this will be annual. It will help provide public services and resources for development here. and supporting entrepreneurship. when enterprises come here, Finland supports them with 15 to 25%. This varies around Finland, but north is favored. if companies work together on export industries may get 50% cost sharing. So it varies with the business too. e.g., cold climate tech. gets support from Finland. Tourism will not be supported in future. Jokkmokk, Sweden Sweden provides system resources from the state. Due to hydropower, this commune gets a little financial return from the state owned hydropower. these funds are restricted. 50% of hydropower in sv is from here, and 7% of total power in Sweden. (see winter conference on climate change -- www.winterconference.se) this is same time as winter market. Nordic network on climate change. Jokkmokk has been known as a meeting place for 400 years or more. this climate change conference is an extension of that. brings 250 people from23 countries. brings traditional knowledge of locals together with academics and policy makers. People fly to Lulea and take bus. Karasjok, Norway Help from Norway, most of the money that we use in the commune is from the state. We pay taxes, and 30% stays in the commune and the rest goes to the state. Kautokenio, Norway not involved in this. on climate change -- we are not yet so affected by it, but not sure about future. reindeer herders are seeing changes in grass cover, expanding forest cover, etc. too early to tell. He has web page showing pictures of this area shows changes since 1955. trees are much higher in 50 years. see his pictured at www.kautkokeino.net. Kirkenes, Norway They give some money. also pointing at special areas for harbor development and transport infrastructure development e.g., airport. Kiruna, Sweden Foritorgina is part of this. Also provide infrastructure and transportation, including RR and airport (SAS) and charter flights come here. Also German network of travel agents come here to promote Lapland to Germany. Kittila, Finland Some projects are funded by Finland under rural development programs. organized around the Lapland county centered in Rovaniemi. All projects through this were funded by EU, Finland, and local business. e.g., how to do www pages and internet services. Kolari, Finland No Answer Given Kvalsund, Norway Same as other northern communities. Mo I Rana, Norway very central part of it. loans, grants, innovation Norway funds, along with county matching funds. Monchegorsk, Russia Federal government and Murmansk Regional administration help much: they have special method of targeted financing, co-investments for Monchegorsk projects, development of industrial park, construction and reconstruction of recreational facilities, etc. Muonio, Finland some programs do help. through regional initiatives. Murmansk, Russia Of course, the federal government supports development programs in Murmansk. In 2016 Murmansk will celebrate 100 years. Russian Federation adopted a plan of facilities to facilitate development in Murmansk. This includes development of transportation cluster (Arctic harbor project) and to support development of economic and cultural collaboration on international level. Nordkapp, Norway Very big role, they are the main owner of Statoil for example, but they have to follow the rules, lots of politics Olengorsk, Russia Federal gov only issues laws. not much help to municipalities? yes, maybe not as much as possible, but latest election may help this. Pajala, Sweden Pajala gets funding from a regional development organization supported by Sweden and channels of EU funds through this. Mining now employs 600 here. It started since 2008 here. Will be in production in 2013 now they are doing mine development. It is surface mining.

Pelkoseniemi, Finland Very important role and also EU. Pella, Finland No answer given Porsanger, Norway Some $ from the military transition, including funds from the Norwegian Defense Department, Funds from Regional authorities, some money from our own region which we are trying to put into the society to encourage other activities Rost, Norway important role, but wish they were more occupied with adding more value to the products we produce. it is about 1 million kr per person here that is produced. County is more involved in smaller communes like Rost. Laws passed tend to fit larger communes best and not the rural small places. Rovaniemi, Finland they provide some loans via application from businesses and government agencies like Rovaniemi and other centers. This also includes facilities in the infrastructure of the city. Salla, Finland very important and huge in earlier years until 1990s. during last 10 years this has declined. Salla had 250 state jobs here 20 years ago. now are only 100 state jobs here. This will decline further soon. The state is in trouble now. Savukoski, Finland Not much help here. no concrete examples. Was better during Kekkonen's time. Sodankyla, Finland yes, they have helped with all above. Finland and EU. Traena, Norway Very important. stated above. support for living here and programs for projects and entrepreneurial activities, Troms Commune, Norway Focus on northern areas from state, Local office of innovation Norway which is state money to help start new businesses Troms County, Norway Financial support, Arctic Council Troms Fylkismann, Norway No answer given Utsjoki, Finland Very dependent on Finland on this. e.g. the elderly housing got 40% funding from Finland. it is easier for Utsjoki to get funding because of its location in remote area. Vagen, Norway Promotes Lofoten. Have funds available that are transferred to commune based on population size and characteristics. Also have funds for good ideas for development. Vega, Norway Gives money Vik, Norway some planning capacity. Filkeskommune helps.e.g. fish farming.

Does your municipality have a comprehensive climate change plan? Yes, Yes but No, but No, but No, but we are considering developing a No, there are more pressing Yes, adopted and Other Information adopted not under developed plan issues implemented (YEAR) Formalized Development In one year Alstahaug, ------Norway Alta, Norway ------No, but climate change is a part of a larger plan Bode, Norway ------Brunoy, Norway ------Enontekio, ------Finland Hammerfest, ------Norway Harstad, ------Norway Inari, Finland ------Attitude toward making a plan varies here. a strong political discussion is here about climate change. some say it is not reality. when it comes to practical decisions, there are no controversies. Jokkmokk, ------Sweden Karasjok, ------Norway Kautokenio, ------Norway Kirkenes, ------2011, climate and energy plan Norway ------Kiruna, Sweden ------Decision is put forward to have an energy plan and this should also address climate. The regional plan does work on climate change issues like high precipitation and flooding. also collecting data on snow, rain, etc. Kittila, Finland ------Lappinliitto has done for Lapland county. Kolari, Finland ------(No year This is a plan for all Lapland and now Kolari is Given) working with this for their region. This is Muonio, Kolari, Kittila, and Enontekio. They work together. Now in process of commenting on the Lapland plan. Kvalsund, ------Norway Mo I Rana, ------Norway Monchegorsk, ------Russia Muonio, Finland ------Lapin Liitto is doing a plan now for the region for 2030. Lapland County has plan for whole region developing now for 2030. See Marko Varajarvi 040 076 8251 Located in Rovaniemi. Murmansk, There is no direct answer to question here, but Russia during the course of the interview, Ms. Kalnish mentioned positive and negative effects of climate change. But no plan has been mentioned. Nordkapp, ------Norway Olengorsk, ------Russia

Pajala, Sweden ------they are using national maps for planning and this includes flood risks. Pelkoseniemi, ------Actually, climate change is included in many of Finland their other plans. Pella, Finland ------They use wood energy. They are part of the Lapland plan on climate change Porsanger, ------No, but it is incorporated into a larger Norway development plan Rost, Norway ------Rovaniemi, ------Finland Salla, Finland ------Savukoski, ------We can look at TV from climate problems and Finland read about these, but it is not so important here in normal life. Sodankyla, ------they are talking about it. Finland Traena, Norway ------Troms ------Commune, ------Norway Troms County, ------Says that the plan needs to be updated Norway ------, 2000 Troms ------Fylkismann, Norway Utsjoki, Finland ------Vagen, Norway ------Vega, Norway ------2011 with Brunoy and Vik, Norway ------

Roughly what percentage of the plan is devoted to CO2 reduction? ≈50 More than 50% Less than 50% Other Information % Alstahaug, Norway ------Alta, Norway ------Bode, Norway ------Brunoy, Norway ------Enontekio, Finland N/A Hammerfest, Norway ------Harstad, Norway ------Inari, Finland N/A Jokkmokk, Sweden ------Karasjok, Norway N/A Kautokenio, Norway N/A Kirkenes, Norway ------Kiruna, Sweden N/A Kittila, Finland ------Kolari, Finland ------Kvalsund, Norway N/A Mo I Rana, Norway ------Monchegorsk, Russia N/A Muonio, Finland ------Murmansk, Russia ------in Murmansk, the main source of air pollution is the housing-communal complex (heating stations, garbage utilization plant (burning garbage). The problem of air pollution is especially important for a northern city because the main fuel is diesel and the heating season lasts long. There is a program in Murmansk region which is directed at reduction of atmospheric pollution. Directly this could help reduce emissions, which indirectly could help reduce global warming. Part of this program is to replace old heating equipment with new technologically advanced equipment that will reduce emissions. Nordkapp, Norway N/A Olengorsk, Russia N/A Pajala, Sweden N/A Pelkoseniemi, Finland ------Pella, Finland N/A Porsanger, Norway ------Rost, Norway N/A Rovaniemi, Finland ------Salla, Finland N/A Savukoski, Finland N/A Sodankyla, Finland N/A gov had EU goals to reduce Carbon emissions. they are starting that survey next spring. Traena, Norway ------Troms Commune, Norway ------Troms County, Norway ------Troms Fylkismann, Norway ------Utsjoki, Finland N/A Vagen, Norway ------Vega, Norway ------Vik, Norway ------

Roughly what percentage of the plan is devoted to climate change adaptation? ≈50 More than 50% Less than 50% Other Information % Alstahaug, Norway ------Alta, Norway ------Bode, Norway ------Brunoy, Norway ------Enontekio, Finland N/A Hammerfest, Norway ------Harstad, Norway ------Inari, Finland N/A Jokkmokk, Sweden ------Karasjok, Norway N/A Kautokenio, Norway N/A Kirkenes, Norway ------have instructions for buildings and infrastructure. future conditions and how to prepare. Kiruna, Sweden N/A Kittila, Finland ------Kolari, Finland ------Kvalsund, Norway N/A Mo I Rana, Norway ------Monchegorsk, Russia N/A Muonio, Finland ------the plan focused on impacts of climate change on Lapland and future scenarios. and impacts on tourism so this is not a local plan, but a regional approach. Murmansk, Russia No direct goal to adapt here Nordkapp, Norway N/A Olengorsk, Russia N/A Pajala, Sweden N/A Pelkoseniemi, Finland ------Pella, Finland N/A Porsanger, Norway N/A Rost, Norway N/A Rovaniemi, Finland ------They have addressed local issues related to climate change including human behavior in transportation and energy use, but also in adaptation to future climate change. Salla, Finland N/A Savukoski, Finland N/A Sodankyla, Finland ------The Lapland plan did try to focus on adaptation, but final document not so good. Traena, Norway ------Troms Commune, Norway ------Troms County, Norway ------Troms Fylkismann, Norway ------Utsjoki, Finland N/A Vagen, Norway ------Vega, Norway ------Vik, Norway ------I feel well informed about climate change issues. Strongl Agree Disagre Strongly Cannot Say Other Info y Agree e Disagre e Alstahaug, Norway ------Alta, Norway ------Bode, Norway ------Brunoy, Norway ------Enontekio, Finland ------Hammerfest, Norway ------Harstad, Norway ------Inari, Finland ------Yes they are aware of the Lapland plan. Jokkmokk, Sweden ------Karasjok, Norway ------Kautokenio, Norway ------Kirkenes, Norway ------Kiruna, Sweden ------Kittila, Finland ------Kolari, Finland ------Kvalsund, Norway ------Mo I Rana, Norway ------Monchegorsk, Russia ------Muonio, Finland ------Murmansk, Russia ------Nordkapp, Norway ------Olengorsk, Russia ------interested in this as a person. Pajala, Sweden ------Pelkoseniemi, Finland ------Pella, Finland ------Porsanger, Norway ------Rost, Norway ------Rovaniemi, Finland ------Salla, Finland ------knows the news media and aware of changes, every year snow comes later and later. information is difficult to trust. Savukoski, Finland ------Sodankyla, Finland ------have been working since march here but on the climate issue much longer since 1990s. So. Africa meeting reports today that 6c increase by end of century. Traena, Norway ------Troms Commune, Norway ------Troms County, Norway ------Troms Fylkismann, ------Need more information on downscaling, how it affects the Norway municipality Utsjoki, Finland ------Vagen, Norway ------Vega, Norway ------Vik, Norway ------

There is sufficient information on the consequences from climate change available for including in your development plans. Strongl Agree Disagre Strongly Cannot Say Other Information y Agree e Disagre e Alstahaug, Norway ------Alta, Norway ------Bode, Norway ------Brunoy, Norway No answer Enontekio, Finland ------Hammerfest, Norway ------Harstad, Norway ------Inari, Finland ------Jokkmokk, Sweden ------Karasjok, Norway No answer Kautokenio, Norway ------Kirkenes, Norway ------Kiruna, Sweden ------Kittila, Finland ------Kolari, Finland ------Information on how it will affect all of Lapland only. They are told that climate will change to lose winter in south Finland, but Kolari will have advantage for a while. Kvalsund, Norway ------Mo I Rana, Norway ------Monchegorsk, Russia ------Muonio, Finland ------Murmansk, Russia ------Murmansk is experiencing a lack of information on climate change and its consequences and measures to prevent it, as well as national policies and global initiatives related to climate change. The broader coverage of climate change questions in media would facilitate the formation of civic position among the people and will lead to actions to prevent climate change. Nordkapp, Norway ------Olengorsk, Russia ------Pajala, Sweden ------Pelkoseniemi, Finland ------Pella, Finland ------Porsanger, Norway ------Rost, Norway ------Rovaniemi, Finland ------Salla, Finland ------Savukoski, Finland ------Sodankyla, Finland ------information about change is there, but not about what to do to adapt. Traena, Norway ------Troms Commune, Norway ------Troms County, Norway ------Troms Fylkismann, ------need more local information and how to use it in municipal planning Norway Utsjoki, Finland ------the best knowledge about climate change is in traditional ecological knowledge here from old people. Vagen, Norway ------Vega, Norway ------Vik, Norway ------

There are enough resources available to get acquainted with the research information on climate change and its consequences. Strongl Agree Disagre Strongly Cannot Other Info y Agree e Disagre Say e Alstahaug, Norway ------Alta, Norway ------Bode, Norway ------Brunoy, Norway ------Enontekio, Finland ------Hammerfest, Norway ------Harstad, Norway ------Inari, Finland ------Jokkmokk, Sweden ------Karasjok, Norway ------Kautokenio, Norway ------Kirkenes, Norway ------we are planning more busses instead of cars for future. Kiruna, Sweden ------Both were marked Kittila, Finland ------Time to work on this is not available. Time is the missing resource. knowledge is from news media. and national news. Kolari, Finland ------Kvalsund, Norway ------Mo I Rana, Norway ------Monchegorsk, Russia ------Muonio, Finland ------Murmansk, Russia Murmansk Pinro organization is an institution that studies climate and its effect and publishes findings in scientific journals and internet. And they also participated in developing a strategic plan. The problem of climate change has not been recognized in Murmansk. Nordkapp, Norway ------Olengorsk, Russia ------Pajala, Sweden ------there is not enough time or personnel to work on this now because of pressing needs in other planning. Pelkoseniemi, Finland ------Pella, Finland ------Porsanger, Norway No answer given Rost, Norway ------Rovaniemi, Finland ------Salla, Finland ------I have seen that snow comes later than previous years and it means problem for tourists also www sites are helpful here.. Savukoski, Finland ------Sodankyla, Finland ------news and TV not so clear but science is better. Traena, Norway ------Troms Commune, Norway ------Troms County, Norway ------Troms Fylkismann, ------Norway Utsjoki, Finland ------Vagen, Norway ------Vega, Norway ------Vik, Norway ------

What information about climate change do you need to make better planning decisions? Alstahaug, Norway have a lot of info, so they know much. politicians need to make decisions to make a difference. Alta, Norway None given Bode, Norway more of local information about. we get the global information, but not applied to local issues, e.g., sea level issue will not be uniform in Norway, but don't have this information. In past few years, weather is getting better. People think this is good, but don't really know if this is long-term trend. "this has been best summer in many years" Hydropower is complex and tries to sell most of it in winter when demand is high, but may have more rain than snow now. Norway has worked with communes directly. everyone is learning together. funding provided. ENOVA is the program. http://www.enova.no/ Brunoy, Norway central government. Enontekio, Finland should get the facts for ten-year forecast? Less snow? warmer summers? more specific temp and precip information. most people can't think about 100 year scope Hammerfest, Norway We have participated in the process where Hammerfest had their own report on what would happen in Hammerfest itself. Including sea level rise, and other problems. So don't need more info. now. Other elements in climate plan we could use some more info. Harstad, Norway 430 communes in Norway and have organization that provides information about climate change. Inari, Finland there is climate change, but will be more rain here. largest muni in area here, so have large borders so water systems are shared (lakes and rivers systems) across borders. Jokkmokk, Sweden problem is not what info we need, but that that this issue has not high priority as other issues. Karasjok, Norway Some uncertainty about this Kautokenio, Norway about consequences of climate change here in Kautokeino and Norway and this region of Finnmark. Facts would help Kirkenes, Norway maybe more information needed. some people don't think we have a problem. some think it will be nicer weather. but reality is not so. Kiruna, Sweden Need more human resources available to work on the problems of climate change. We know things about climate impacts, but have not implemented planning to adapt. Kittila, Finland need information about adaptation and solutions to climate change problems. Kolari, Finland information they need is concrete information and facts on how to stop the process from going further. Also facts about impacts on snowfall for skiing. Kvalsund, Norway Not sure. I think there is enough information. The problem is how to stop climate while still developing. Mo I Rana, Norway more info about what is happening in total about specific rates of change and how it will affect us = downscaling. Monchegorsk, Russia they don't have a plan, but for this kind of planning, what is needed are dynamic indicators to provide local forecasts and threats of climate change and consequences of climate change. Muonio, Finland the general plan of county will be sufficient at this stage. concrete issues will follow. Murmansk, Russia We need information about the volumes about bio resources in the Barents sea and how this changes. Nordkapp, Norway There is plenty of information Olengorsk, Russia it is important to get information but it should be available to local administrators. is it long term or short term? they still have questions in this area. fluctuation in temperatures happen and some winters are colder even now. we need to be careful with the information about climate change or they might panic and not try to understand. Pajala, Sweden maps with precise flooding risks. energy and CO2 sustainable levels for building houses in future. They know about prediction 5c temp increase here in 100 years. Pelkoseniemi, Finland objective information and more facts about their local region as what to expect?. Pella, Finland No answer given Porsanger, Norway It’s hard to stay the further effects of climate change will affect our municipality. Information about the weather changes, for instance when we take new areas for development there can be some new information about what kind of nature phenomenon could occur in that area. This is the kind of thing that we don’t know. We do have the local knowledge but that is perhaps not enough. Rost, Norway Need better information about solutions to the climate problem and its impacts. How much is natural and how much is human. We are aware that warmer climate will affect fish population locations and drying abilities. There is no point in polluting, so we should stop it" Rovaniemi, Finland no, they are well connected to cli change news and research. Salla, Finland people in municipality sector need better information about local level effects of climate change. This is a downscaling issue. in seaside, they know that in 50 - 100 years the sea level will rise. in Salla there is not such information. we do see warmer autumn and later winter. Problem now is that the heating system can't sell steam when it is warmer and they don't get revenue. commune owns the system and needs revenue. may need to raise the prices. Savukoski, Finland Information is too theoretical, need better practical information. Sodankyla, Finland he planning project for Lapland is a start and good, but social adaptation not so good. better for nature and infrastructure. Traena, Norway more specific fact and trends about how it will affect Traena in next decades Troms Commune, Norway In principle we have all the information, but if we go to the next closest city, they need the same information but they don’t have the data. Troms County, Norway I think the information is sufficient Troms Fylkismann, Norway Local level information, how to best make decisions about climate change on a local level, especially for building and zoning projects Utsjoki, Finland don't know yet. hard to say. this is such a small area and is not a big deal here. we do think about nature and plans for future such as a central heating facility here. also buildings of municipality are heated with oil now. these are old and will be replaced with more efficient central system. this is a municipal project with outside funding. it may use natural gas or waste or both. Vagen, Norway We need specific information on e.g., sea level rise amount, to plan for adaptation. New codes do require higher elevation for all buildings here. Need accurate recommendations for the local area. Vega, Norway maps showing effects of sea level rise and penetration here. Vik, Norway have been part of project for using cow manure to capture this as a resource. choosing the optimal location for the plant? can buy this process equipment now, but need to know if it is practical? State needs to step in to make this practical economically.

Is adaptation to climate change delegated to another administrative official in your municipality, and if so, who? No Ye Name (if given)/Other Info s Alstahaug, Norway ---- Not Given Alta, Norway None Given Bode, Norway ---- Interviewee Brunoy, Norway --- Enontekio, Finland None Given Hammerfest, Norway ---- Environmental Specialist Harstad, Norway None Given Inari, Finland None Given Jokkmokk, Sweden ---- Wolfgang does this one person at regional government does work with this but it is only starting now. . Karasjok, Norway --- Kautokenio, Norway ---- She is it here, and is working on the plan with others from within the commune. and politician. Kirkenes, Norway ---- yes, we have an employee. Trygve does this. Kiruna, Sweden --- Not as specific climate change function Kittila, Finland not in Kittila, but in Climate Strategy of Lapland organization centered in Rovaniemi. Kolari, Finland --- Kvalsund, Norway None given Mo I Rana, Norway --- have environmental officer. who reports to technical branch. Monchegorsk, Russia --- nobody does it in Monchegorsk, but on federal level there is a committee on hydrometeorology and environment, but climate change is not of interest at the local level. She agrees that it might be happening, but is not sure if it is cyclic or a real trend. Muonio, Finland --- Murmansk, Russia --- PINROL organization Nordkapp, Norway None Given Olengorsk, Russia --- nobody here. but dept. in Murmansk. Pajala, Sweden Not sure. Pelkoseniemi, Finland --- Municipality board. Pella, Finland --- Porsanger, Norway --- Yes, him Rost, Norway --- him and a group here. Rovaniemi, Finland --- no they are all involved. But Erikki Lehtonen, coordinated the plan. Salla, Finland --- Savukoski, Finland --- Sodankyla, Finland --- Traena, Norway --- Troms Commune, Norway --- Troms County, Norway --- There is another official in the county who works on these issues Troms Fylkismann, --- Norway Utsjoki, Finland --- Vagen, Norway --- Vega, Norway --- all are working on this here. especially those in building planning and energy planning. Vik, Norway ---

In your municipality, what are the most important climate change issues you have experienced? Alstahaug, Norway not much here. except media coverage and reporting. Chernobyl effect was different. it affected us here. Alta, Norway I have been living here for 55 years now, and I would say in the past 7 years we don’t have snow before Christmas. It has not been very cold, warmer winters especially before Christmas. For example, in my garden in November flowers were blooming. Last winter the snow melted before mid-March. There is no doubt among reindeer herders that the climate is changing. The weather specialists cannot say because they are working on the long term. Bode, Norway Not much, because weather is variable here and always blowing here and has for many years. Six years ago the storm called Narva came not from East or West, (90% e or w )but Narve came from the south. and stopped life here in Bode. Schools, roads, business closed here and was lots of damage. roads closed. This was a windstorm from the wrong direction. This started a move toward climate planning. The effect was regional and many communes felt it and forests were the fear here is not just sea level rise, but the waves from wind. Wind is back to normal now, but could come again Brunoy, Norway rain, wind, water level (sea level) are all important issues in their planning here. Predictions about rain in middle Norway are understood here. Sea level increase of half meter or more in 100 years expected. Buildings must be protected they have evidence of land rise here during past 100 years too, so question is which changes faster?. Enontekio, Finland black grouse has come here with warmer winters. municipality should make a climate change plan in future. it will affect snow and ski industry. Sami friend said that when he was a small boy it was all tundra, but now is covered with trees. Hammerfest, Norway Not sure we have seen much yet? Stronger winds may be happening, but not sure if it is really a change yet. Harstad, Norway sea level will rise , but that is in future, not yet have they experienced climate change. The infrastructure needs to improve to reduce co2 from cars, but this is on the prevention side. Inari, Finland Flood is expected here and frequency will increase. Flood 10 years ago got close to flooding the village. Need to be prepared to evacuate people. They have been making these plans now to Saariselka to hotels. this requires both people and equipment. military will help in next event. What we need is information on water system, predictive measures, and more precise data. Main responsibility for this is in Rovaniemi at regional environmental offices. Jokkmokk, Sweden energy efficiency. reindeer herding has been affected. also fishing, cloudberries, from heavier rainfalls. noticed changes are finding food as climate changes. ice forms on ground and they can't graze and have to feed pellets. temps are warmer and snow melts, freezes, melts, ice forms, and causes a block on the lichen food for grazing. moss in trees has declined. it is a food for reindeer too. larvae that eat birch leaves is here some years too. insect decline is also a change because of heavy rain in early summer. Karasjok, Norway Shorter winters, more rain in the summer and early autumn and the municipality used to be one of the driest places in Norway, now this is not so. More snow and spring is coming earlier, ice free river for longer. The river, you can now see is open in the autumn, which is a problem for herders. The ice is not safe (unreliable). Kautokenio, Norway winters are not like in past. spring comes earlier and seasons are changing. Rain in winter is common now but was not in past. Kirkenes, Norway winter is shorter and not as cold. the traditional long cold winter is gone. more fluctuations year to year now than in the past. more variable year to year. Sea storm surges were much bigger this year. Water flooding was common this year (winter) also ice is melting so shipping open more each year. still don't have big storms yet. Kiruna, Sweden Have had heavy rain and precip. affecting road here and also RR was affected. road and RR tracks were washed out. Lots of snow causes increased costs. No floods yet, Tree level has changed, but not noticed yet. This is being noticed and predicted in future. Lots of floods in Sv this year in western Sweden may be related. Insects are noticed, also wildlife changes, include new range for deer. Kittila, Finland Lack of snow this year, but not sure is climate change. last two summers were hottest in 50 years. Not experienced with other changes. Kolari, Finland some years the snow comes earlier or not at all. variability seems to be increasing. difficult to predict. long term changes here have been experienced. about 1 degree c in 40 years. coldest days have been warmer in past 10 years. Kvalsund, Norway The ice in the north, change in cold, so much change in a short time. I am afraid it will continue the same as past 5 to 10 years and it’s a sign that something is wrong. I see that the experts point out the change. It is difficult for normal people to know what is right. Mo I Rana, Norway more rain, more snow, more variability in temperature. Monchegorsk, Russia none Muonio, Finland seasons have changed and people talk about it. this is a longer autumn and later snow season. is this the future? that is the question. last ski season was shorter than normal too. spring came early and fall lasted longer than normal. Murmansk, Russia Increase of temperatures above the Barents Sea and adjacent seas. High indicators of heat containment in Atlantic during the last decade and resulting decline of ice cover in the Arctic. Also bio resources of Barents sea and adjacent water bodies. If anthropogenic processes in Barents region will increase it will produce a negative effect and most vulnerable regions will be affected. There is a concern that a level of pollution produced by Shtockman will affect the bio resources of the Barents sea. Most vulnerable areas are fish spawning areas and also areas where fish feed and live. In the northern passage, they expect a trend to increase probability of icebergs which imposes more responsibility on ice-breaking function. This would involve charting them for navigation. Nordkapp, Norway Milder weather, frost season is shorter which is challenging; we notice the rising sea level already, challenges to secure the roads especially from landslides Olengorsk, Russia former winters were hard. in 90's weather started getting warmer. now getting colder again. it is cyclic on local level Pajala, Sweden Flooding catastrophe occurred here caused by spring ice breakup. may have fewer insects here. Pelkoseniemi, Finland Heating from oil to wood. They have converted to central heat in the two centers and use wood and forest sources of fuel. . Pella, Finland warmer than usual. this winter is warmer than 20 years ago. Porsanger, Norway Changes in the weather, length of the winter, more rain/snow coming during the year, we experience more extreme weather than before, the topography in the valley is very special and the cold air causes storms and high winds. We know what really bad weather is in this area. Rost, Norway Rising of temperature is most important. Records here show warmer summers and last two winters have been colder, but will it last? more snow in recent winters. snow of 1+ meter here last hear from Dec. to march. more snow less ice now than in past. Rovaniemi, Finland see the plan Salla, Finland later arrival of winter, and late snow, and shorter heating period, and many storms during past 10 years. last weekend was a big storm in southern Finland. Savukoski, Finland transport trees from forest requires good roads. Now the roads are not freezing. they remain soft and transport of logs is prohibited until later. Used to be in October, now is late November and is finally freezing. This is a problem for the industry. Also spring comes earlier. but not every year is the same. Sodankyla, Finland this autumn, winter very late. today is beginning of cold temps at -10c. not so much discussed here, except for timing of seasons. Traena, Norway none Troms Commune, Norway Sea level rise, more intense rain, more avalanches, temperature changes, shift between rain and snow Troms County, Norway Consequences from climate change that we have had more floods and snow avalanches. More rain in summer, less snow in winter. If it continues the same as the two last years it will impact the quality of the blueberries. Troms Fylkismann, Norway Flooding (rivers), mudslides, avalanches, storm water, sea level rise, ice in winter can cause agricultural damage, but sometimes we also can get two cuts of hay which is a positive aspect Utsjoki, Finland winters are warmer. and start later. in Oulu, people talk about it as an issue. (he is new here) Vagen, Norway warmer temps. warmer winters, warmer summers, earlier spring, more trees here now and higher up the mountains. Sea water temperatures and fish migration patterns have changed. More storms predicted too, but not yet. Vega, Norway longer summer and longer growing season. Vik, Norway building codes have changed to make things ready for sea level rise. need to think longer period for growth season in agriculture. will have bigger changes in weather. stronger wind, more extreme rain, extreme temperatures. second and third crops of hay now being harvested. this year was warmer and winds from north more often. Again in your municipality, how has climate change affected people’s way of life? Alstahaug, Norway have best water here. people don't complain. they do talk about it. it does limit some building. Alta, Norway People are angrier when they can’t drive snowmobiles after February. People are spending more time indoors. Bode, Norway none Brunoy, Norway not an important . People adapt. the new children’s' building will use latest technology for climate future and will be a showplace for energy efficiency Enontekio, Finland not really to his knowledge. herding might be easier because of more vegetation. reindeer has increased too, causing grazing pressure. Hammerfest, Norway no effect Harstad, Norway No Inari, Finland in case of floods, yes. if climate change causes extreme conditions, then there have been fluctuations in temperatures here. e.g., 10 years ago it was extremely cold and energy was in short supply. Dependence on electric heat was common, but now people learn that a backup system is important when power stops. Jokkmokk, Sweden None Karasjok, Norway Difficult to say. The people can spend more outdoor time in the winter because it’s not so cold. I don’t think it has changed much. It has perhaps changed the way people fish or conduct reindeer herding. For example in autumn it is not safe to cross and the snow is melting faster in the spring, putting more pressure on the coastline areas. Kautokenio, Norway yes, reindeer herding is changing because of this. rain in winter causes ice cover on the lichen so hard to eat. also when it gets -40c people complain more than in past. but they like the summer and early spring. Kirkenes, Norway no Kiruna, Sweden Not here Kittila, Finland a little. there is no public transport here. they drive everywhere and may be a bit more aware of impact on environment. new program here is "green values" this is new. Kolari, Finland yes, reindeer herders experience different timing of harvest. Now it is later than in past. this is a cultural tradition about when to butcher the meat. Kvalsund, Norway None Mo I Rana, Norway people need to be more interested in weather because it affects roads and other transportation e.g., fog at airport, difficult driving, more wet weather and variability "wilder" climate. Monchegorsk, Russia none Muonio, Finland not specifically. restrictions on emissions has affected household expenditures such as gas prices. Murmansk, Russia It has been noticed that there are certain effects of climate change on morbidity in northern regions. climate change can produce changes in health in people who are meteorologically dependent. The most dangerous effects are from changing temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and solar insolation which will be observed more with changing climate. The major causes of cardiovascular disease in the north is stress, continental climate and big range of temperature and atmospheric pressure. Decline of upper layer in atmosphere leads to skin cancer as well. It is necessary to monitor the health of the population living in the very northern areas and in relation to climate change and their adaptation measures should be elaborated. There is a need in infrastructure that will support life and living in extreme conditions. Nordkapp, Norway Don’t know, people are very adaptable Olengorsk, Russia No influences on people here. Pajala, Sweden no Pelkoseniemi, Finland Not very much, winter comes later than before. Pella, Finland not much winter season later though. Porsanger, Norway Yes in a way, the climate change is not something sudden, it is slowly coming. It may have affected some people in the way that 50 years ago that the culture was a huge income in this area and it has changed. If I can connect that to climate change I am not sure, but some of it has some connections absolutely. People are tenser regarding bad weather and some people are not comfortable because of the climate. We don’t have a usual summer or winter anymore. Most people like the warmer weather. The difference between summer and winter temps are decreasing, it used to be for example from +30 in summer to -30 in winters. There is now more variability. You can’t say this is because of one reason, but it is put together as an effect of everything. Rost, Norway not really. people are very clever in taking care of property. they adapt. higher temps in past 30 years. Rovaniemi, Finland winters not reliable now. tourism season is affected. loss of tourists result from loss of winter. it is important here they are used six months of snow cover. this is a land of winter and its loss is important. Salla, Finland normal life not so much, but reindeer herders have problems. example, last winter was very cold, but first came rain and then froze hard and caused a hard crust. many reindeer died and herders had to bring food to reindeer. also timber companies have difficulty moving equipment in forest because of lack of frost in ground. (soft ground) if there is lack of snow and yet cold, plants can die. variation in snow and winter has been increasing. He remembers snow in October as a child in Rovaniemi. now it came in middle of November. last year it came in October. most of past 10 winters have been warm. summers were nice in past two years. summer comes earlier now. by end of May leaves were green. Savukoski, Finland no effect Sodankyla, Finland not much they adapt. like lack of snow and even if winter is shorter, it is long enough! Traena, Norway none Troms Commune, Norway Not yet Troms County, Norway Maybe on a small scale, the less snow and unstable weather has impacted the quality and length of the time people can ski. Troms Fylkismann, Norway agriculture Utsjoki, Finland don't know, but said that fish have decreased in river, but it may be natural cycle. salmon come from arctic sea to here. in herding, the ice layers cause problems. ice on roads a problem too. Vagen, Norway no Vega, Norway no Vik, Norway no

How has climate change affected the mental and physical health within your municipality? Alstahaug, Norway none Alta, Norway I don’t think so. It has taken away the ability for people to spend time outside, for example skiing. It is very icy. We don’t think that has affected the overall health, but we notice the changes when it is dark and no snow in the autumn. Bode, Norway none maybe happier if it gets warmer Brunoy, Norway not yet. transport and cars will change peoples' way of life in future. Enontekio, Finland none Hammerfest, Norway none Harstad, Norway no Inari, Finland none observed Jokkmokk, Sweden maybe in Sami culture Karasjok, Norway None Kautokenio, Norway people may be happier some but not all. Kirkenes, Norway no Kiruna, Sweden none Kittila, Finland not aware of any effects. some may be worried, but most don't care Kolari, Finland technology compensates for this. but people talk about the weather and dark days with no snow, but rain instead. ut us tii dark without snow. Kvalsund, Norway None Mo I Rana, Norway hard to say about that. just more concern. Monchegorsk, Russia none, no research has been done on this topic. Muonio, Finland none noticed Murmansk, Russia see above Nordkapp, Norway None Olengorsk, Russia not beyond normal northern climate conditions here. Pajala, Sweden maybe, but no evidence yet. lots of rain and overcast skies. causes depression. Pelkoseniemi, Finland Some concern because of the winters come later and are more warm and winter tourism is very important for us. Pella, Finland not so much Porsanger, Norway Hard to say. We have some problems with the darkness from people coming from the Southern part of Norway, but this has not changed concerning the climate. It is darker because there is less snow. Rost, Norway physical health is good. living long here. psychic problems do exist here. Too much drugs and alcohol. Rovaniemi, Finland maybe it does affect mental health. people get depressed about and talk about it when snow does not come. moods go up and down. if temperatures change and get warmer it is OK for summer but not in winter. Summer seasonal temps may have changed animal species immigration. plants are responsive to sunshine. Salla, Finland people here are used to nature but if no snow comes, it is dark and slippery with rain and freezing. Savukoski, Finland none Sodankyla, Finland not so important and no snow cover is bad too. Traena, Norway no Troms Commune, Norway None Troms County, Norway I couldn’t say Troms Fylkismann, Not really Norway Utsjoki, Finland not sure of any Vagen, Norway is better. people are happier with warmer climate. more gardening is possible now. Vega, Norway no Vik, Norway hired a new person to coordinate peoples health (physical and mental) climate may be related. get out of cars onto bikes, etc.

How important are each of the economic sectors in your municipality? Fishing Mining Oil Gas Constructio Education Tourism Transportatio Ocean Herding Manufacturing Medical Agricultur Other n n Shipping services e

Alstahaug, High Low High High High Medium High High High Low Low High High Norway Alta, Norway High High Low Low High High High Medium Low High Low Medium High Shops/Retail- High Bode, Norway Mediu Low Low Low Low High Mediu High High Low Low High Low m m Brunoy, N/A High High N/A N/A Medium High High N/A N/A High N/A Norway Enontekio, Low Low Low Low Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low Low Finland Hammerfest, High Low High High Medium Medium Mediu Medium Medium Low Medium High Low Norway m Harstad, Mediu Low High High Medium High Mediu High Low Low Low Medium Medium major distribution center for dairy products in Norway m m north Norway Inari, Finland Low Low Low Low Medium Medium High High Low High Medium Medium Low e.g., milk production has 1 million liters. concentrated on river lands. after WW2 there were 100 + farms, now only 5. Jokkmokk, Low Low Low Low Medium High High Medium Low High Medium High Low High, Hydro Power Sweden Karasjok, Low Low Low Low Medium Low Mediu Low Low High Medium High Low Public Sector- High Norway m Kautokenio, High Mediu Low Low Medium High High Low Low High Medium Low Medium Norway m Kirkenes, High High Mediu Mediu High High High High High Mediu Medium High Medium new mfg. companies started up here. Norway m m m entrepreneurs. high tech software. for license process of skill levels. also have company making lights for airplanes (Baren co.) 20 years old now, expanded to Murmansk.entreiepreneurship grew during mining slowdown here in mid 1990s. Kiruna, High High Low Low Medium Medium High High Low Mediu Medium Low Low High, Space and research activity Sweden m Kittila, Finland Low High Low Low Medium Medium High High Low Mediu Medium Low Low m Kolari, Finland High High Low Low High Medium High High Low Mediu Low Medium Low Dairy, Medium m Kvalsund, Low High Low Low Low Medium High Low Low Mediu Low Medium Low Norway m Mo I Rana, Low High Low Low High Medium Mediu High High Mediu High High Medium High, retail and service center Norway m m Monchegorsk, Low High Low Low High High High High Low Low High High High Russia Fishing Mining Oil Gas Constructio Education Tourism Transportatio Ocean Herding Manufacturing Medical Agricultur Other n n Shipping services e

Muonio, Low Low Low Low Low Medium High Low Low High Low Medium Medium High, arctic testing. testing for European car Finland companies is important here, and has been here several years. the tests are for weather conditions. Murmansk, High Low High High High High Mediu High High Low Medium High Medium Russia m

Nordkapp, High Low Mediu Mediu Low Medium High Medium High High Low Medium Low Service Industry- High Norway m m Olengorsk, Low High Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low They have hospital, RR service, one mfg. company, Russia but all depend on mining company. have s econdary education at jr. college level. mining, law, economics. Pajala, Sweden Mediu High Low Low High High Low High Low Mediu Low High Low High, forestry m m Pelkoseniemi, Mediu Low Low Low Medium Medium High Medium Low Mediu Low Medium Medium there is an amethyst mine here for gem stones. Finland m m Pella, Finland Mediu Mediu Low Low Medium Medium Mediu High Low Mediu Medium Medium Medium m m m m Porsanger, Mediu Low Low Low Medium High Mediu High Low Low Low Medium Medium Trade Center, Military Activities- High Norway m m Rost, Norway High Low Low Low Medium Medium Mediu Low Low Low High Low Medium m Rovaniemi, Low Mediu Low Low High High High High Low High Medium High Medium international corporations and tourist related Finland m entrepreneurship. This is increasing in importance here. Older people have two homes in Finland and this includes city and rural locations. Services follow as they move to Rovaniemi locations in southern Finland. Some have roots here. Salla, Finland Low High Low Low Medium Medium High High Low Mediu Low Medium High dairy and potatoes were important here in past. m but no dairy plants near now. Savukoski, Low High Low Low Low Low Mediu Low Low High Low Low Low High, forestry Finland m Sodankyla, Low High Low Low Medium High High Medium Low High Medium Medium Low education and research are growing here. Finland Traena, High Low Low Low Medium High High High High Low High Low Low High, social services and administration Norway Troms High Low Mediu Mediu Medium High Mediu Low High Low Low High Low Commune, m m m Norway Troms County, High Mediu Mediu Mediu Medium High Mediu High Medium Medium Medium Norway m m m m Troms High Low Mediu Low High High High Medium High Low Low Medium Medium Fylkismann, m Norway Utsjoki, High Low Low Low Medium Low High Low Low High Medium Low Low High, border trade with Norway, People from Finland Norway come here to buy things for lower prices. manufacturing here is reindeer meat and other products but more should be done. also berries, clear water. and some hides and furs. Vagen, Norway Mediu Low Low Low Medium Medium High Medium Low Low Low Medium Low High, ship repair m Vega, Norway Mediu Low Mediu Low Low Medium Mediu High Low Low Low Low High m m m Vik, Norway Low Low Mediu Low Low Low Mediu High Low Low Medium High Low m m

In your municipality, what has been the effect of climate change on each sector? Fishing Mining Oil Gas Construction Education Tourism Transportation Ocean Herding Manufacturing Medical Agriculture Other Shipping Services

Alstahaug, Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Norway Alta, Norway Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Low Low Medium Bode, Norway Low Low Low Low Low High, have Low Medium, have Low Low Low Low may produce added to do road more grass, or ecology and repair and new species of economy changes, also grass. (sustainable) RR problems have been with rain and getting things harvested in the rain. dairy and meat are most important. also sheep. Brunoy, Low Low Low Low Medium Low Low Low Low Low Low Low agriculture has Norway opportunities here, but more rain could be negative factor too. more positive than negative. Enontekio, High (could cut High could be Finland season if winter impacted by bug too warm) herikarpinen, which is on moose now but could pass to reindeer.(lipoptena cervi.) Hammerfest, High, Low Low, Low, Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Norway because important for same as temp is consumption left rising .5 to issues and 1 degree effect on they get potential more fish development in Barents in future? sea. Harstad, Low Low High, the Medium, Medium, Medium High High Low Low Low Low Medium need to Norway industry is ditto changes in reduce concerned rules codes emissions about needs for building is to reduce and long important carbon term political emissions planning issue. Fishing Mining Oil Gas Construction Education Tourism Transportation Ocean Herding Manufacturing Medical Agriculture Other Shipping services

Inari, Finland Low Low Low Low Low Medium, Medium, first Low Low Medium, Herding Low Low No answer much snow comes reindeer impacted discussed later some because lakes and issue and years. rivers freeze later needs to be historically, it and cause a wait in taught. comes on oct herding. 10 on average. now it can be late by a month or more. hotels need snow to bring tourists for winter sports. to make sure there is some snow they have actually stored snow through summer to make available for skiing. In south and Europe continent, this is even worse in terms of predictability. Result is that some recreation companies want to move north for better winter. There is a new Santa resort here now and can handle 600 people as guests. Jokkmokk, Low Low Low Low Sweden Karasjok, Medium, Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Low Low Low Norway Start earlier; warmer water Kautokenio, fishing has Low Low Low Low Low Low High, see above , Norway changed. plus early spring is the habitat good for the is reindeer season. changing. fishing with nets for food fish. Fishing season is longer Kirkenes, Medium Medium Low Low High Medium Medium Medium High Medium Low Low Medium Norway Fishing Mining Oil Gas Construction Education Tourism Transportation Ocean Herding Manufacturing Medical Agriculture Other Shipping services

Kiruna, Low Medium, Low Low Low Medium, try Medium, not High, some Low Medium, in winters Medium Low Low Sweden indirectly to offer yet, but if Alps taxes raised on where the snow through EU education lose snow, energy use for came late on frozen legislation on climate maybe skiers transportation ground, the lichen that affect change. will come here. has affected freezes and is hard processing Kiruna is to eat. Reindeer of ore. dependent on herders complain, energy transportation but question is how price here. consistent this is increase becoming as a also affects problem. mining here. Kittila, Finland Medium Low Low Low Low Low Medium, Low Low Low Low Low Low awareness of green values Kolari, Finland Medium Low Low Low Medium Low High Low Low Medium Low Medium Don’t know yet Kvalsund, High Low Low Low Low Low Medium Low Low Medium Low Low Low Norway Mo I Rana, Low Low Low Low Medium Low Low Medium Low Medium Low Low Low Norway Fishing Mining Oil Gas Construction Education Tourism Transportation Ocean Herding Manufacturing Medical Agriculture Other Shipping services

Monchegorsk, Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium, Low Low Low Low Low Low Russia Reduction in the duration of certain types of tourism (winter tourism) Muonio, Low Low Low Low Low Low High, less Low Low Medium, depends if Low Low Low Finland tourism last it is long term year because of change or just short season temporary Murmansk, High Russia

Nordkapp, High- More Low Low Low Medium- Low Medium- less High- will be Medium- High- Too much ice Low Low Low Norway fish from Sea level snow makes it challenging for We are so hard to move the south- effects easier to get them the last positive here shielded harbor before Russia (N. Sea Route) Olengorsk, none are Russia relevant here. Pajala, Medium Low Low Low Medium Low Low, may Low Low Medium, may Low Low Low Forestry, Sweden increase in increase in future medium, future may have more fungi and growth; changing vegetation Pelkoseniemi, Low Low Low Low High, Better Low Medium, winter Medium, Low Medium Low Low Medium, ag Finland conditions in comes later… Barents sea could become winter time opening is a more and can major factor in important here work longer future here with longer than in past. and may bring growing new season. developments.

Pella, Finland Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Porsanger, Medium, Low Low Low Low Low Medium, may Low High, High, we see Low Low High, Norway change in not come here possible changes with our conditions Arctic because of with ice flora/nature and could be better salmon winter changes melt what reindeer eat Rost, Norway Low Low Low Medium Low Low Low Low Low Medium Low Low Rovaniemi, Low Low Low Low Low, Low Medium, the Medium, may Low Medium, hey are Low Low Medium, crops Finland depends on winter thing affect costs of freely wandering in yield may be what you airfares summer, but if they increasing. are building can't find food in climate change winter it is problem. may be most they are affected by radical here. snow cover and predictions are frost. getting food for 5 degree in winter is a increase, but problem area. not could reach 8 good if ice replaces degrees. Santa snow. is very important here and he is at risk! he is worth millions and if winter is not coming. he will disappear. Reindeer herding would also suffer. Fishing Mining Oil Gas Construction Education Tourism Transportation Ocean Herding Manufacturing Medical Agriculture Other Shipping services

Salla, Finland Low High, snow Medium, need High, problem with coming later is more sand on access to feed in problem roads winter Savukoski, Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium, winters Low Low Low Medium, Finland are not as cold, but forestry herders like this if reindeer can eat longer by grazing. it may limit herding activities without snow. also lack of ice on rivers for crossing. Sodankyla, Low Low Low Low Medium, N/A Medium, world Low Low Medium, affects Medium, Low Medium, climate Finland need to cup cancelled ability for reindeer growth of longer growing refuges adapt to this year at Levi to get food with forests season may higher winds because lack of multiple layers of ice come snow. mid in the snow cover. here. it is Europe lack of a global snow may help issue. here. Traena, cannot Low Low Low Low Low High Low Low Low Low Low Norway answer this need to talk to fishing company. Troms High- Low Low Low Low Medium High- harder for Medium High Low Low Low High- flooding Commune, movement skiing Norway of fishing Troms Low Low Low Low Low Medium, Medium, lack of Low, exposed Medium, High Low Medium Medium, more County, starting to snow, safety of infrastructure changes floods Norway focus on people is to weather in ice climate concern means research possible shipping but also safety concerns Troms High Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low High Low Low High Fylkismann, Norway Utsjoki, Medium Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Low Low Low Low Finland Vagen, High Low Low Low Medium Medium High Medium Low Low Low Low Low Norway Vega, Norway Low Low Low Low Medium, Low High, potentially High Low Low Low High new codes high impact on for sea level coastal wildlife Vik, Norway Low Low Low Low Medium Low Medium Low, Medium Low Low Low Low Low

Which of these sectors do you expect to be most affected by climate change in the future, and how? Alstahaug, Norway gas because need for more power generation. tourism could change, Alta, Norway Reindeer Herding and Agriculture Bode, Norway transportation and (maybe) fisheries. The sea warming could change the species of fish here. there is border near here bet cold and warm water. could affect fish population locations. Brunoy, Norway Agriculture Enontekio, Finland See Above Hammerfest, Norway Fishing Harstad, Norway oil and gas because of need to reduce emissions and transportation industry for same reason. need to change. Inari, Finland transportation. because it connects arctic ports year round via the north sea route. This region could be affected by ocean shipping. Russia has invested in security along coast and has activated a nuclear ice-breaker ship to extend season now. They are now promoting a RR idea to connect Kirkenes to Rovaniemi through here. This one of four options in Lapland about RR connection to Arctic. Before RR, traffic will increase through here on the highway E4. It will be mining companies who will decide how to ship ore to market in Asia. One factor affecting the decision will be the Baltic sea restrictions on emissions. Sodankylla has lots of mining including nickel mine newly discovered that is as big as the Pechenga region. Jokkmokk, Sweden fishing and reindeer herding (negative) and tourism (more snow could be positive for tourism and warmer summers) Karasjok, Norway Reindeer herding Kautokenio, Norway reindeer herding. Kirkenes, Norway Ocean shipping in positive way. tourism, fishing, agriculture will be challenged in big way because of unstable weather. more rain, less grass growth, less snow for winter tourism, more storms affect fishing. the renewable resource economy gets worst climate impacts. Kiruna, Sweden Transportation, depending on speed of climate change. Tourism could be positive for a time. Reindeer herding could be positive if winters are not as hard. Kittila, Finland Tourism and possibly reindeer herding and fishing. tourism may be most affected. they need winter and planes and transport costs. Central Europe will lose snow first, so local area here will be safe for a while. Could benefit Kittila for some time. Kolari, Finland tourism will see changes. Kvalsund, Norway Tourism, we have in the summer many tourists. I think fewer will come because they usually want to see cold and specialties of the north. Mo I Rana, Norway construction and transportation and maybe agriculture Monchegorsk, Russia Similar to changes produced by climate change below the Arctic, Arctic area in the Arctic, the most vulnerable would be agriculture, (ag. is anthropogenic factor which affects climate on a large scale. This can result in reduction of productivity. Tourism -- change in seasonal nature of tourism, emergence of new safety problems in tourism, Insurance companies (increased demand for insurance which results in reduction of premiums), health care (influence of climate change on peoples' health and mortality level and also effects on health care facilities to meet increased demand if climate affects health. Muonio, Finland tourism both positive (lack of snow in central Europe) and negative because= of short seasons here too. Murmansk, Russia fishing industry and transport sector. Nordkapp, Norway Reindeer Herding, Fishing Olengorsk, Russia founded in 1949 no sectors will be effected. Pajala, Sweden tourism and construction and maybe forestry. tourism will suffer (skiing and dog sledding) in winter and will not improve summer. maybe new forms of tourism will happen? Pelkoseniemi, Finland Tourism if less snow and less real wintertime Pella, Finland tourism if not any snow here. also reindeer herding. Porsanger, Norway Reindeer Herding, Fishing Rost, Norway fishing, if climate change continues. also construction because we need to build for bigger storms. not big problem yet. Rovaniemi, Finland Tourism and agriculture. Salla, Finland reindeer herding, tourism, transportation (ocean access in Murmansk), agriculture (now can raise apples here) one orchard is here now using Siberian apples. this could become a new opportunities. Savukoski, Finland tourism and forestry. tourists like to come from France to see winter before Christmas. about 50 people every week between Christmas and Easter. They want snow. they stay in the hotel and like to ski and drive snowmobiles and do ice fishing. The contacts with EU here are featured in an issue of Kunta (see copy) Sodankyla, Finland agriculture, tourism, and reindeer herding. Traena, Norway fishing, transportation, tourism. fishing because of fish migrations and locations, quality and quantity of fish. transportation -- may not be able to travel like we do today because of carbon emissions. Tourism -- tourists want to visit where there are small effects on climate. this is positive. but not related to climate changes. ocean shipping -- see transport Troms Commune, Norway Tourism: because Tromso is getting more friendly with respect to climate (nicer weather), Troms County, Norway Transportation and Infrastructure, Reindeer Herding, Agriculture Troms Fylkismann, Norway Agriculture, reindeer herding, ocean shipping Utsjoki, Finland fishing, herding, tourism possible Vagen, Norway agriculture will benefit from longer growing season. Tourism will benefit from nice climate. Fishing will be affected by changing migration patterns. Vega, Norway Tourism Vik, Norway agriculture most affected here of all climate change more harvests, higher income. a benefit to ag and farmers. possible new crops? wheat, normally only rye and barley here. some potatoes.

What specific development goals or strategies have you designed because of past or projected climate change? Alstahaug, Norway None Alta, Norway We have some plans about reducing carbon and changing energy from oil to other kinds of energy (renewables). Bode, Norway some flood protection in some areas. are planning for higher sea level in building codes against higher winds and sea level rise, Some rules come down from EU and Norway state. These have to do with energy efficiency and strength of dwellings and buildings. Brunoy, Norway none, but some things are being considered and will have more focus on this in future. e.g., building technologies and construction techniques. Enontekio, Finland maybe to focus on this and work with business about opportunities and problems. Hammerfest, Norway have climate plan and will address these issues in it. it will address this, but too soon yet. Harstad, Norway infrastructure plans is part of this. it is getting ready for future and making community more green. Inari, Finland especially investment in biofuels for future energy sources. have invested in three villages with distant heating systems here. each of the three have built a cooker for biofuel as heat source = investment of 10m Euros. the fuel used is mostly from trees and waste wood from sawmills about half comes from Russia. border crossing is 50km from here. have calculated that we save about 4 m euros per year saving in oil and electricity. electricity not produced here. Jokkmokk, Sweden jokkmokk plan to reduce emissions. not yet on the climate impacts here. Karasjok, Norway We are not there yet Kautokenio, Norway new plan will be about how to prevent climate impact of human activity and also how we can meet the changing climate. Kirkenes, Norway have talked about future. we are not so affected now, but could have a role in producing food for other areas that are more affected by climate change storms. cl ch will make people move here from the south. fishing will shift north. fish farms are problem too, for wild fish. Kiruna, Sweden can't say that we have taken specific action, but in spatial planning, we have ethics in transformation of city center that relate to climate impacts, such as low energy impacts. Green technology will be enhanced. Kittila, Finland none yet Kolari, Finland last week they did plans for when there is less snow and cold weather. also how to conserve energy from ground, but by taking geothermal energy from ground, the frost will last longer in the ground. -- check this out… Kvalsund, Norway None Mo I Rana, Norway have changed standards for construction of buildings and roads and harbors, Monchegorsk, Russia Modernization of industrial enterprises to reduce environmental risk. Muonio, Finland not specifically yet, but this may be coming in new plan from Rovaniemi. Murmansk, Russia To control the ratio of cars per capita. it is now very high at 229 per 1000 pop. In their strategic plan they developed idea of measures to control traffic of automobiles. Also want to replace garbage burning plant to clean it up and pollute less. Nordkapp, Norway Don’t know we are working on it now Olengorsk, Russia N/A Pajala, Sweden Not yet, except a commune strategy for dealing with risks which includes climate change. Pelkoseniemi, Finland Municipality and tourism area heating by wood and forest energy, not coal and oil. Our tourism area is the first coal neutral tourism center in Finland and among the first thee in the whole world (CEO Miia Porkkala [email protected] +358400582770) Pella, Finland see Lapland plan there are not any other strategies for Pello yet. Porsanger, Norway Not quite sure. Take into consideration the weather when planning new areas within the municipality. Pay attention to the season, especially for winter activities Rost, Norway have to think about where to put houses because sea rise projections. Rovaniemi, Finland see the plan Salla, Finland none Savukoski, Finland none Sodankyla, Finland none Traena, Norway none although fish company produces lot of warm water that is cycled through the buildings here and used for heating. this is a cooling effect that prevents pollution. Troms Commune, Norway GIS mapping on impacts, Restrict building lower than 4 meters above sea level, wastewater treatment changes for older buildings Troms County, Norway Focus to prevent damage to infrastructure, particularly roads. Using money to build walls to prevent avalanche damage Troms Fylkismann, On behalf of the state level we are looking to do 20% reduction, we are looking at both adaptation and reduction of carbon Norway dioxide. There are more guidelines on how municipalities should be looking at reduction from the Norwegian government. Municipality climate project of “development goals” in cooperation with state organizations, we are hoping to organize climate effects by downscaling to local level. This is all centered on the Norwegian laws of planning and what does the municipality have to take care of in their planning. What can we create on municipality level to take care of issues? It exists in some way already, but it’s different from looking at today’s climate versus looking at future climate data. In the project we have 3 municipalities with us and talk to them about how they have looked at climate already. Utsjoki, Finland none Vagen, Norway only building codes. Vega, Norway rules in building in master plan Vik, Norway Not yet

What specific new opportunities do you see that result from climate change in your municipality? Alstahaug, Norway none Alta, Norway Near to possible new sea routes in coming years and it could be a new economic opportunity. We have a deep harbor and space for planes. We are also on E6 highway with good connections. Maybe there are some possibilities, but maybe we also have big problems because of open sea. Bode, Norway difficult to see any. temperatures are moderated by the sea here. more affected in arctic animal’s wildlife north of here. new insects will come. Brunoy, Norway agriculture extended growing season, not so much snow and ice, longer season. Enontekio, Finland maybe in ag. ag not here now, but could develop here in future. Hammerfest, Norway maybe the warming will be positive effect. People may stay there if not so cold. Harstad, Norway summers will be warmer. northwest passage will open things up here too. whole northern region will benefit from this. Inari, Finland in addition to Arctic seaports, a comparative advantage relative to southern regions on snow volume and reliability. and also cold climate testing can survive longer here. This could already be happening compared to Sweden. Jokkmokk, Sweden tourism development and sustainable tourism and moving population here from the south of Europe. currently there are 35 nationalities here. maybe from climate refugee migration. have policy to attract refugees here from other countries through immigration program of Sweden. have contract for 20 people per year to come here. including special program for orphans support. Karasjok, Norway Tourism, because the winters will be warmer and we can use some areas for a longer time Kautokenio, Norway can't think of any Kirkenes, Norway new shipping line to China. that we can have Arctic farming with warmer temps. this is comparative advantage. Kiruna, Sweden Consider our work in new perspective, long term. use resources more carefully. Using less energy could be a cost-saving positive. Regional seminars are being held to learn about preparation for climate change. Tech staff here will keep abreast of these issues. e.g., more snow at first will be problem. climate change is a challenge. In 2016 the commune center will be moved to another area of the city. Will try new building techniques when they rebuild. Mine will come here under the commune center and city center. Subsidence is going to force move. Mine company will pay the costs of damage. Process of moving has started with relocating roads, RR, sewage, and utilities away from potential damage areas. By 2016 there will be a new city hall somewhere. Kittila, Finland comparative advantage with Europe on snow cover may be for a while.. Kolari, Finland opportunities are that warmer winters in southern Finland will send more tourists here. It is a comparative advantage situation. relative to weather in south and north. Also the weather can be too cold here. it is better to not freeze Kvalsund, Norway Easier for us to plan new projects, like house building in the community when it is warmer Mo I Rana, Norway yes, the northeast and northwest passage will develop better access to China and Japan. half the time compared to Suez canal. will bring more importance to northern harbors. Monchegorsk, Russia Reduction of energy consumption for heating, yet no increase will be needed for cooling. Muonio, Finland travel industry and tourism is seeing the European situation as advantage. Murmansk, Russia According to data of PINROL, one of the major effects of warming is the increase of bio productivity. The survival rate of young fish (smelt) will increase, which will potentially increase marine resources. Nordkapp, Norway Development of the oil industry Olengorsk, Russia founded in 1949 no sectors will be effected. Pajala, Sweden maybe a longer hunting season. maybe more tourists during warmer seasons. forestry may benefit from it. Longer growing season could help create agriculture. Pelkoseniemi, Finland We save in the heating energy costs and because of middle and southern Europe’s tourism centers and areas comes more warm and loose this real winter, we'll get more tourists to Lapland and to our municipality. We would be more competitive. Pella, Finland If middle Europe gets too warm for snow, it could mean here for people who look for snow. Porsanger, Norway New agricultural opportunities Rost, Norway possibility of new types of fish? if stocks move farther north. Rovaniemi, Finland those we know and we are learning about new things. adaptation is needed but small changes. Salla, Finland apple orchard, other agriculture, transport to ocean, arctic seaway is big here. Savukoski, Finland difficult to say. maybe in agriculture. also energy costs are lower. Sodankyla, Finland agriculture, forest products (wood estimated to double in production) Traena, Norway Awareness of climate change may affect how we live. Troms Commune, Norway Tourism, local agriculture production, shipping Troms County, Norway Agricultural sector can benefit from longer growing season Troms Fylkismann, Norway None given Utsjoki, Finland possibly in tourism there will be opportunities if there is a real winter here in future. Vagen, Norway tourism Vega, Norway longer growing season, ;possibly more rain. Vik, Norway not new, but stable here. no major ;problems with climate or weather.

What new problems do you see that result from climate change in your municipality? Alstahaug, Norway none Alta, Norway Spring monsoon rains are heavier than before (April-Jun). This summer was extremely cold. Bode, Norway insect that kill trees (spruce and birch) Brunoy, Norway wind and rain patterns. Enontekio, Finland See Above Hammerfest, Norway need to be more aware of sea level, winds, floods, heavy rains, snow, frost on ground and ice and frost effect on falling rocks. in winter the stability has dropped to become more fluctuating. - + - + etc. in past longer periods of negative temperatures were more common. Harstad, Norway climate change immigrants. if fish take new routes in migration. it will affect us. also gulf stream could make it colder here. sea level rise is part of their planning here for future. Inari, Finland the extremes of climate and weather that bring problems. if climate change causes it, then it will cause flooding here. Tourism will be negatively affected by weather changes. variability is not good in tourism industry. Jokkmokk, Sweden traditional Sami herding issues. changes in flora and fauna increase in wild deer that are not normally here. will lose two thirds of high alpine region type. this is because of tree line rising. Insect changes could change bird pop.. below question depends on how we adapt. Book Six degrees is very negative. Karasjok, Norway Difficult to say now, mostly the reindeer herding but we see that we will also get more water in the river and cause erosion. There is a possibility for more flooding in the autumn. When the ice is coming on the river and the water level changes it becomes very dangerous to travel along the river with snowmobiles. There is more wind from the north. Kautokenio, Norway only in the reindeer herding. Kirkenes, Norway weather related problems incl. storms and effects on old buildings and storm damage. challenge is more about flooding and high water table. power lines fail too. Kiruna, Sweden more snow coming will increase costs for snow removal on roads. Kittila, Finland may be restrictions on air transport. because of environmental impact of air transport prices will be too high to bring the tourists here. also, if no snow here, many companies depend on lots of snow for snowmobiles and skiing. artificial snow possible on slopes but not on trails and land in general. Reindeer herders keep the whole commune occupied but depend on snow for snowmobile travel. Traditional value of indigenous people and economy important here. also new environmental taxes could make life here too costly for transportation because of fuel costs alone. Also climate refugees worry here. Water is the new oil and people could want to move here on large global shifts, seeking refuge here. Kolari, Finland difficult to estimate what will happen. like this year there is no snow yet. Kvalsund, Norway More weather changes (rain and wind) that are variable. Mo I Rana, Norway will be stronger demand for infrastructure because of rapid changes of climate will depend on rate of change and form of change. so far the rate of change has exceeded what scientists predicted. need more research and development for better prediction about rates of change and form of change. we need to let the facts rule. . Monchegorsk, Russia None given Muonio, Finland short season of winter is serious problem here. also transportation issues that could be too costly for people to come here. There is discussion now of RR extension to Tromso. This would help Muonio and neighbor communes. Murmansk, Russia The long-term forecast by PINROL does not raise any significant concerns. The temperatures will continue to increase in the near future. However, foreign scholars state that the trend of Barents Sea warming will continue. If that happens, the areas of fishing will shift toward Shtockman and the northern part of major pipelines which connect Shtockman with Kola Peninsula. Because of this it is necessary to study all aspects of ecosystem changes in Barents ecosystem and prepare possible scenarios of effects of climate change on fishing industry taking into consideration oil and gas extraction on Arctic shelf. Nordkapp, Norway Problems when E. USA gets hurricanes, high winds, issues securing the port in bad weather, darker without snow Olengorsk, Russia in order to conclude this. he needs more information. Pajala, Sweden less snow predicted and more rain, but no more light. this means darker environment and may cause health and psychological problems and more flooding and storms. Also possible global shift in population. This could be opportunity for pop growth. Pelkoseniemi, Finland Threat to winter tourism Pella, Finland People are not so worried here because they think it good that winter is not so cold. Takes less energy. Porsanger, Norway Tourism impacts in the winter season, Nature shifts because of climate, deer for example are coming from the south Rost, Norway sea level rise Rovaniemi, Finland winter loss of it and effect on tourism. Salla, Finland heating sales are down, tourism , accidents in slippery roads. Savukoski, Finland none yet, but if it continues, it could be worse, e.g., truck transport of forest products. it could also affect mining production, but could also be an advantage if winter is easier to deal with. Sodankyla, Finland the movement of people here could be problem. Traena, Norway See above Troms Commune, Norway Sea level rise, purity of drinking water, infrastructure Troms County, Norway Could bring new insects that harm agriculture/nature etc., unstable weather, impacts on fresh water quality, ecosystem impacts Troms Fylkismann, Norway None given Utsjoki, Finland yes, if it affects fishing and reindeer herding it will be a serious problem. they come from all over Finland to fish here. it is the most important fishing place in Finland for salmon fishing. locals here have always had fish for a part of diet. fishing is in summer. locals fish any day except Monday. Vagen, Norway sea level rise will cause problems here. avalanche problems and landslides will be problem (falling rock now a problem with more rain) roads close here now often. Older houses built better. Vega, Norway problems with water and buildings. old buildings need more repair in extreme weather. water is surface runoff capture in reservoirs. Vik, Norway challenge about sea level rise it would affect sea level the margin is only two meters here, so a sea rise could be challenge.

Do you consider climate change as mostly a positive or negative factor in development of your municipality? Mostly Neutra Mostly Other Information positive l negative Alstahau No g, Answe Norway r Alta, ------Norway ------Bode, ------Norway ------Brunoy, ------Norway ----- Enonteki ------o, Finland ----- Hammerf ------est, ------Norway Harstad, ------Norway ------Inari, ------Finland ----- Jokkmok ------k, ------Sweden Karasjok, ------Norway ------Kautoken ------io, ----- Norway Kirkenes, ------This is a difficult subject to discuss because people want to put it under carpet. Science is difficult to communicate to people for the long term. Nature is difficult to understand and Norway ------winter is warmer, the moth survives and kills trees. Kiruna, ------Sweden ------Kittila, ------Finland ------Kolari, ------this is comparative advantage again in Kolari Finland ------Kvalsund, ------Norway ------Mo I ------Rana, ----- Norway Moncheg ------orsk, ----- Russia Muonio, ------Finland ----- Murmans ------k, Russia ------

Nordkap ------p, ------Norway Olengors ------If temps increase they might oscillate down again and people will leave. k, Russia ----- Climate is not as important as salary support.

Pajala, ------Sweden ------Pelkoseni ------emi, ------Finland Pella, ------Has both positive and negative aspects. On global scale this is negative, but here at local level it is neutral. Finland ----- Porsange ------r, ------Norway Rost, ------Norway ------Rovanie ------It is so specific here with dependency on winter that it is a threat to way of life here. People here want winter and don't want to move south at all, so loss of winter is serious. mi, ------Rovaniemi combines city life and nature and tourism and winter. Rovaniemi is famous around the world as Lapland center. It needs its unique climate to maintain it. Finland Salla, ------Finland ----- Savukoski ------, Finland ----- Sodankyl ------a, Finland ------Traena, ------Norway ------Troms ------Commun ------e, Norway Troms ------County, ------Norway Troms No Fylkisma answe nn, r Norway Utsjoki, ------Because there are not any obvious positive prospects. Life is getting harder and more uncertain. People here live close to nature and most prospects in nature relative to climate are Finland ------negative. Vagen, ------Norway ----- Vega, ------Norway ------Vik, ------Norway ------