Two-Handed Input Using a PDA and a Mouse
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Two-Handed Input Using a PDA And a Mouse Brad A. Myers, Kin Pou (“Leo”) Lie , and Bo-Chieh (“Jerry”) Yang Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 [email protected] http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pebbles ABSTRACT around that could serve as an extra input device for the computer: their Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). PDAs, We performed several experiments using a Personal Digi- such as 3Com’s Palm Pilots and Microsoft’s Windows CE tal Assistant (PDA) as an input device in the non- devices, are designed to be easily connected to PCs and dominant hand along with a mouse in the dominant hand. have a touch-sensitive screen which can be used for input A PDA is a small hand-held palm-size computer like a and output. Furthermore, newer PDAs, such as the Palm V 3Com Palm Pilot or a Windows CE device. These are be- and the HP Jornada 420, are rechargeable, so they are sup- coming widely available and are easily connected to a PC. posed to be put in their cradles next to a PC when the user Results of our experiments indicate that people can accu- is in the office. Therefore, if using a PDA in the non- rately and quickly select among a small numbers of dominant hand proves useful and effective, it should be buttons on the PDA using the left hand without looking, increasingly easy and sensible to deploy and configure us- and that, as predicted, performance does decrease as the ing hardware devices that users already have. number of buttons increases. Homing times to move both hands between the keyboard and devices are only about Another advantage of PDAs over the input devices studied 10% to 15% slower than times to move a single hand to in previous experiments is that they are much more flexi- the mouse, suggesting that acquiring two devices does not ble. PDAs have a display on which virtual buttons, knobs cause a large penalty. In an application task, we found that and sliders can be displayed, and they can be programmed scrolling web pages using buttons or a scroller on the PDA to respond to a wide variety of behaviors that can be well- matched the speed of using a mouse with a conventional matched to particular tasks. However, a disadvantage is scroll bar, and beat the best two-handed times reported in that the controls on the PDA screen are virtual, so users an earlier experiment. These results will help make two- cannot find them by feel. Research is therefore needed to handed interactions with computers more widely available assess how well the PDA screen can work as a replacement and more effective. for other input devices that have been studied for the left hand. Keywords: Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), Hand-held computers, Palm Pilot, Windows CE, Two-Handed Input, This paper reports on several experiments that measure Smart Environments, Ubiquitous Computing. various aspects of using a PDA as an input device in the non-dominant hand. Two experiments are new and are de- INTRODUCTION signed to measure the parameters of using a PDA. One experiment repeats an earlier study but uses a PDA in the Many studies of two-handed input for computers have of- non-dominant hand. Since the actual pragmatics of input ten shown advantages for various tasks [1, 3, 7, 9, 15]. devices can have a large impact on their effectiveness [2, However, people rarely have the option of using more than 8], we wanted to determine whether the results seen in just a mouse and keyboard because other input devices are prior experiments would also apply to using PDAs. relatively expensive, awkward to set up, and few applica- tions can take advantage of them. However, increasing In summary, the results are: numbers of people now do have a device that they carry x People can quickly and reliably hit large buttons drawn on the PDA with their left hands without looking. 99% of the button taps were correct on buttons that are 1-inch Submitted for Publication square in a 2x2 arrangement. With a larger number of smaller buttons, the accuracy significantly decreases: 95% were correct for 16 buttons that are ½ inch on a side arranged 4x4. The time from stimulus to button tap Two-Handed Input Using a PDA And a Mouse - 2 - ** SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION** was about 0.7 sec for the large buttons and 0.9 seconds scrolling task using a variety of devices, which is a repeat for the smaller buttons. of an earlier experiment [15]. The subjects reported a x In a task where the subjects had to move both hands number of problems with the scrolling devices on the PDA from the keyboard to the PDA and the mouse and then in the last task, so we redesigned the scrolling devices, and back, we found that it took an average of 0.791 seconds in a second study with new subjects, we evaluated the per- to move both hands from the devices to the keyboard. formance of the new scrollers on the same task. Each of This was about 13% longer than moving one hand from these experiments is described below. the mouse to the keyboard (which took 0.701 sec). Apparatus Moving to a PDA and mouse from the keyboard took an average of 0.838 seconds, which is about 15% longer Subjects sat at a normal PC desktop computer that was than moving one hand to the mouse (0.728 seconds). running Windows NT. On the right of the keyboard was a x In a repeat of the experiment reported in [15], subjects mouse on a mouse pad. On the left was an IBM WorkPad were able to scroll large web pages and then select a link 8602-30X PDA (which is the same as a Palm IIIx). In the on the page at about the same speed using buttons or a first study, we put the WorkPad in its cradle. Subjects scroller on a PDA compared to using the mouse with a complained that the WorkPad was wobbly it its cradle, so conventional scroll bar. The times we found for scrolling for the second study, the new subjects used a WorkPad with buttons on the PDA were faster than any of the resting on a book and connected by a serial cable to the times in the earlier study, including the 2-handed ones. PC. There were no further comments about the position- ing. RELATED WORK The WorkPad has a 3¼-inch diagonal LCD display screen There have been many studies of using input devices for (about 2 ¼ inches on a side) which is touch sensitive. It is computers in both hands, but none have tested PDAs in the 160x160 pixels. Figure 1 shows a picture of the full Work- left hand, and we were unable to find measurements of Pad. homing times from the keyboard to devices for two-handed The software running on the WorkPad was the Shortcutter use. program [10] that allows panels of controls to be created so One of the earliest experiments measured the use of two that each control sends specified events to the PC. The hands in a positioning and scaling task and for scrolling to software on the PC consisted of various applications spe- known parts of a document [3]. This study found that peo- cifically created for this experiment (except in the scrolling ple naturally adopted parallel use of both hands and could task, which used the Netscape browser running a custom scroll faster with the left hand. Theoretical studies show JavaScript program to collect the data). that people naturally assign different tasks to each hand, and that the non-dominant hand can support the task of Typing Test the dominant hand [6]. This has motivated two-handed We used a computerized typing test called “Speed Typing interfaces where the non-dominant hand plays a support- Test 1.0” [14]. The subjects were asked to type a para- ing role, such as controlling other drawing tools [9] and graph displayed on the screen as quickly as possible. adjusting translation and scaling [3, 15]. Other studies have tested two-handed use for 3D interaction [1, 7] and Button Size Task found the extra input to be useful. In this task, the PDA displayed between 4 and 16 buttons There has been prior work on using PDAs at the same time in eight different arrangements: 2 rows by 2 columns, 2x3, as regular computers for various tasks including meeting 3x2, 2x4, 4x2, 3x4, 4x3, and 4x4 (see Figure 1). To con- support [11], sharing information [12], and to help indi- trol for ordering effects, half of the subjects used the order viduals at their desks [10], but we found no prior work on shown above, and the other half used the reverse order measuring performance of non-dominant hand use of (4x4 first down to 2x2 last). In the 2x2 condition, the but- PDAs. tons were about one inch square, and in the 4x4, they were about ½ inch square. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN At the beginning of each condition, a picture was dis- Two new studies were performed. In the first, the subjects played on the PC screen showing the corresponding layout did five tasks in a row. The first task was a typing test to of the buttons (with the same size as the PDA). Then one see how fast the subjects could type. Next, they performed of the buttons was shaded black (see Figure 2).