Cypherpunk Manifesto
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Joseph Gao EAS 499: Senior Thesis Advisor: Brett Hemenway [DRAFT]
Joseph Gao EAS 499: Senior Thesis Advisor: Brett Hemenway [DRAFT] Introduction to Cryptocurrencies for Retail Investors 1. ABSTRACT In the year 1998, roughly seven years before the smartphone revolution, (2007 marked the release of the iPhone, which arguably kicked off the ‘always online’ era that we live in today), Wei Dai published a proposal for an “anonymous, distributed electronic cash system”.(http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt). In the paper, Dai introduced two protocols to achieve his proposal - the first using a proof of work function as a means of creating money, and the second defining a set of servers responsible for keeping accounts, which must be regularly published, and verify balances for the other participants in the decentralized system. While B-money never took off, in part due to the impractical requirement of the first protocol that asks for a broadcast channel that is synchronous and unjammable, Wei Dai’s proposal planted the seeds of an idea that would later inspire Satoshi Nakamoto to publish the Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System white paper. This publication sparked a renewed wave of interest in distributed payment systems and resulted in thousands and thousands of new proposals and protocols to be developed in the next ten years. 2. INTRODUCTION The year of 2017 showed immense mainstream adoption in a number of cryptocurrencies. However, while mainstream chatter of these various cryptocurrencies has become nearly impossible to avoid, many retail investors are unfamiliar with the underlying technology powering each coin, according to studies performed by CoinDesk, Blockchain Capital, and The 1 University of Cambridge . -
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography Alex Biryukov1 and Léo Perrin2 1 SnT, CSC, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] 2 SnT, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] Abstract. Lightweight cryptography has been one of the “hot topics” in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products. In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a “lightweight” algorithm is usually designed to satisfy. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (nist...) and international (iso/iec...) standards are listed. We then discuss some trends we identified in the design of lightweight algorithms, namely the designers’ preference for arx-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs and simple key schedules. Finally, we argue that lightweight cryptography is too large a field and that it should be split into two related but distinct areas: ultra-lightweight and IoT cryptography. The former deals only with the smallest of devices for which a lower security level may be justified by the very harsh design constraints. The latter corresponds to low-power embedded processors for which the Aes and modern hash function are costly but which have to provide a high level security due to their greater connectivity. Keywords: Lightweight cryptography · Ultra-Lightweight · IoT · Internet of Things · SoK · Survey · Standards · Industry 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the foremost buzzwords in computer science and information technology at the time of writing. -
Privacy-Enhancing Technologies for the Internet
Privacy-enhancing technologies for the Internet Ian Goldberg David Wagner Eric Brewer University of California, Berkeley iang,daw,brewer ¡ @cs.berkeley.edu Abstract ing privacy issues on the Internet, and Section 3 provides some relevant background. We then discuss Internet pri- The increased use of the Internet for everyday activi- vacy technology chronologically, in three parts: Section 4 ties is bringing new threats to personal privacy. This pa- describes the technology of yesterday, Section 5 explains per gives an overview of existing and potential privacy- today’s technology, and Section 6 explores the technology enhancing technologies for the Internet, as well as moti- of tomorrow. Finally, we conclude in Section 7. vation and challenges for future work in this field. 2. Motivation 1. Introduction The threats to one’s privacy on the Internet are two-fold: your online actions could be (1) monitored by unauthorized Recently the Internet has seen tremendous growth, with parties and (2) logged and preserved for future access many the ranks of new users swelling at ever-increasing rates. years later. You might not realize that your personal infor- This expansion has catapulted it from the realm of academic mation has been monitored, logged, and subsequently dis- research towards new-found mainstream acceptance and in- closed; those who would compromise your privacy have no creased social relevance for the everyday individual. Yet incentive to warn you. this suddenly increased reliance on the Internet has the po- The threat of long-term storage and eventual disclosure tential to erode personal privacies we once took for granted. of personal information is especially acute on the Internet. -
A Technical Overview of Digital Credentials
A Technical Overview of Digital Credentials Dr. Stefan Brands Credentica [email protected] February 20, 2002 Abstract Applications that involve the electronic transfer of credentials, value tokens, profiles, and other sensitive information are quickly gaining momentum. Traditional attempts to introduce electronic authentication, such as PKI and biometric verification, expose organizations to po- tentially unlimited liability, lead to consumer fear, and stifle the adoption of new systems. To overcome these barriers, innovative solutions are needed that address the entire spectrum of security and privacy interests for all parties involved. This paper is a technical overview of Digital Credentials. Digital Credentials are the digital equivalent of paper documents, plastic tokens, and other tangible objects issued by trusted parties. At the same time, they are much more powerful than their physical counterparts. For example, individuals can selectively disclose properties of the data fields in their Digital Credentials while hiding any other information. Digital Credentials also provide much greater security. As a result, they can be used to securely implement objects that traditionally are made identifiable in order to deal with certain kinds of fraud. Examples are diplomas, work permits, access cards, and drivers’ licenses. 1 Introduction Around the world, influential organizations are rushing to provide individuals with digital identity certificates that will be the sole means of participating in their systems. Among the front-runners are telecommunication organizations, health care providers, mobile service providers, financial institutions, and state and federal governments. A digital identity certificate is just a sequence of zeros and ones, and so it can be transferred electronically and can be verified with 100 percent accuracy by computers. -
Blockchain and The
NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX Notes Introduction 1. The manifesto dates back to 1988. See Timothy May, “The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto” (1992), https:// www . activism . net / cypherpunk / crypto - anarchy . html. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Timothy May, “Crypto Anarchy and Virtual Communities” (1994), http:// groups . csail . mit . edu / mac / classes / 6 . 805 / articles / crypto / cypherpunks / may - virtual - comm . html. 7. Ibid. 8. For example, as we wi ll describe in more detail in Chapter 1, the Bitcoin blockchain is currently stored on over 6,000 computers in eighty- nine jurisdictions. See “Global Bitcoin Node Distribution,” Bitnodes, 21 . co, https:// bitnodes . 21 . co / . Another large blockchain- based network, Ethereum, has over 12,000 nodes, also scattered across the globe. See Ethernodes, https:// www . ethernodes . org / network / 1. 9. See note 8. 10. Some blockchains are not publicly accessible (for more on this, see Chapter 1). These blockchains are referred to as “private blockchains” and are not the focus of this book. 11. See Chapter 1. 12. The Eu ro pean Securities and Market Authority, “Discussion Paper: The Dis- tributed Ledger Technology Applied to Securities Markets,” ESMA / 2016 / 773, June 2, 2016: at 17, https:// www . esma . europa . eu / sites / default / files / library / 2016 - 773 _ dp _ dlt . pdf. 213 214 NOTES TO PAGES 5–13 13. The phenomena of order without law also has been described in other con- texts, most notably by Robert Ellickson in his seminal work Order without Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). 14. Joel Reidenberg has used the term “lex informatica” to describe rules imple- mented by centralized operators online. -
Pdf-Fulltext (142
IRIE International Review of Information Ethics Vol. XY (MM/YYYY) Breilla Zanon: Transparency for institutions, privacy for individuals: the globalized citi- zen and power relations in a postmodern democracy Abstract: The aim of this article is to observe how technologies of communication, especially the Internet - allow extensive and intensive connections between several global territories and how they begin to influence the formation of demands and the organization and participation of individuals/citizens around local and global causes. For this, the below article uses Wikileaks and the cypherpunk philosophy to exemplify how information can be both used and abused in the common space of the internet, allowing new citizenship developments as well as government control strategies. Agenda: Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 56 An information paradox ................................................................................................................ 56 Wikileaks and the lesson of transparency ............................................................................................. 57 Free and controlled information: a philosophical reflection on the conduction of practices ....................... 58 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 59 Author: Breilla Zanon: Federal University of Uberlândia, João Naves -
What Is the Upper Limit of Value?
WHAT IS THE UPPER LIMIT OF VALUE? Anders Sandberg∗ David Manheim∗ Future of Humanity Institute 1DaySooner University of Oxford Delaware, United States, Suite 1, Littlegate House [email protected] 16/17 St. Ebbe’s Street, Oxford OX1 1PT [email protected] January 27, 2021 ABSTRACT How much value can our decisions create? We argue that unless our current understanding of physics is wrong in fairly fundamental ways, there exists an upper limit of value relevant to our decisions. First, due to the speed of light and the definition and conception of economic growth, the limit to economic growth is a restrictive one. Additionally, a related far larger but still finite limit exists for value in a much broader sense due to the physics of information and the ability of physical beings to place value on outcomes. We discuss how this argument can handle lexicographic preferences, probabilities, and the implications for infinite ethics and ethical uncertainty. Keywords Value · Physics of Information · Ethics Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the Global Priorities Institute for highlighting these issues and hosting the conference where this paper was conceived, and to Will MacAskill for the presentation that prompted the paper. Thanks to Hilary Greaves, Toby Ord, and Anthony DiGiovanni, as well as to Adam Brown, Evan Ryan Gunter, and Scott Aaronson, for feedback on the philosophy and the physics, respectively. David Manheim also thanks the late George Koleszarik for initially pointing out Wei Dai’s related work in 2015, and an early discussion of related issues with Scott Garrabrant and others on asymptotic logical uncertainty, both of which informed much of his thinking in conceiving the paper. -
A R E S E a R C H Agenda
Cooperation, Conflict, and Transformative Artificial Intelligence — A RESEARCH AGENDA Jesse Clifton — LONGTERMRISK.ORG March 2020 First draft: December 2019 Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Cooperation failure: models and examples . .3 1.2 Outline of the agenda . .5 2 AI strategy and governance 8 2.1 Polarity and transition scenarios . .8 2.2 Commitment and transparency . .8 2.3 AI misalignment scenarios . 10 2.4 Other directions . 10 2.5 Potential downsides of research on cooperation failures . 11 3 Credibility 12 3.1 Commitment capabilities . 13 3.2 Open-source game theory . 13 4 Peaceful bargaining mechanisms 16 4.1 Rational crisis bargaining . 16 4.2 Surrogate goals . 18 5 Contemporary AI architectures 21 5.1 Learning to solve social dilemmas . 21 5.2 Multi-agent training . 24 5.3 Decision theory . 25 6 Humans in the loop 27 6.1 Behavioral game theory . 27 6.2 AI delegates . 28 7 Foundations of rational agency 30 7.1 Bounded decision theory . 30 7.2 Acausal reasoning . 31 8 Acknowledgements 35 1 1 Introduction Transformative artificial intelligence (TAI) may be a key factor in the long-run trajec- tory of civilization. A growing interdisciplinary community has begun to study how the development of TAI can be made safe and beneficial to sentient life (Bostrom, 2014; Russell et al., 2015; OpenAI, 2018; Ortega and Maini, 2018; Dafoe, 2018). We present a research agenda for advancing a critical component of this effort: preventing catastrophic failures of cooperation among TAI systems. By cooperation failures we refer to a broad class of potentially-catastrophic inefficiencies in interactions among TAI-enabled actors. -
The Mathematics of Bitcoin Cyril Grunspan, Ricardo Pérez-Marco
The mathematics of Bitcoin Cyril Grunspan, Ricardo Pérez-Marco To cite this version: Cyril Grunspan, Ricardo Pérez-Marco. The mathematics of Bitcoin. European Mathematical Society Newsletter, 2020. hal-02486029 HAL Id: hal-02486029 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02486029 Submitted on 20 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Newsletter of the EMS – Manuscript Page 1 The mathematics of Bitcoin Cyril Grunspan (De Vinci Research Center, Paris, France) Ricardo Pérez-Marco (CNRS, IMJ-PRG, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France) 1 Introduction to Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a new decentralized payment network that started operating in January 2009. This new technology was created by a pseudonymous author, or group of authors, called Satoshi Nakamoto in an article that was publically released [1] in the cypherpunk mailing list. The cypherpunks are anarchists and cryptographers that who have been concerned with personal privacy in the Internet since the 90’s. This article follows on a general presentation of Bitcoin by the second author [2]. We refer to this previous article for general background. Here we focuss on mathematics being a feature of the security and effectiveness of Bitcoin protocol. -
Bitcoin Yongdae Kim
EE817/IS893 Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Yongdae Kim 1 Cypherpunk v 1970년대 암호는 군과 스파이 기관의 전유물 v 1980년 경부터 큰 변화 – Data Encryption Standard (DES) by NIST – “New DirectionS in Cryptography” by Diffie-Hellman – David Chaum: ecaSh, pSeudonym, reputation, … v 1992년: Gilmore 등이 작은 그룹을 만듬 – Cypherpunk: cipher + cyberpunk, Cypherpunk mailing liSt v A Cypherpunk’S ManifeSto "Privacy iS neceSSary for an open Society in the electronic age. Privacy iS not Secrecy. A private matter iS Something one doeSn't want the whole world to know, but a Secret matter iS something one doesn't want anybody to know. Privacy is the power to selectively reveal oneSelf to the world.” – “Privacy”는 잘못된 것을 숨기는게 아님! 커텐은 집안에 나쁜게 있어서? 주목할 만한 Cypherpunk들 v Jacob Appelbaum: Tor v Paul Kocher: SSL 3.0 v Julian Assange: WikiLeaks v Moxie Marlinspike: Signal v Adam Back: Hashcash v Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn: v Bram Cohen: BitTorrent DigiCash, Zcash v Hal Finney: PGP 2.0, v Philip Zimmermann: PGP 1.0 Reusable PoW v Matt Blaze: Clipper chip, v Tim Hudson: SSLeay, the crypto export control precursor to OpenSSL 3 Cypherpunk와 블록체인 v David Chaum (1980s) – "Security without Identification: Transaction Systems to Make Big Brother Obsolete” – Anonymous Digital Cash, Pseudonymous Reputation System v Adam Back (1997) – Hash cash: Anti-spam mechanism requiring cost to send email v Wei Dai (1998) – B-money: Enforcing contractual agreement between two anons – 1. Every participant maintain separate DB: Bitcoin – 2. deposit some money as potential fines or rewards: PoS v Hal Finney (2004) – Reusable PoW: Double spending detection was centralized v Nick Szabo (2005) – “Bit Gold”: Values based on amount of computational work – Concept of “Smart Contract” 4 What is Bitcoin? v Satoshi Nakamoto, who published the invention in 2008 and released it as open-source software in 2009. -
A Broad Evaluation of the Tor English Content Ecosystem
A Broad Evaluation of the Tor English Content Ecosystem Mahdieh Zabihimayvan Reza Sadeghi Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kno.e.sis Research Center, Wright State University Kno.e.sis Research Center, Wright State University Dayton, OH, USA Dayton, OH, USA [email protected] [email protected] Derek Doran Mehdi Allahyari Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Computer Science Kno.e.sis Research Center, Wright State University Georgia Southern University Dayton, OH, USA Statesboro, GA, USA [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT It is an open question whether the fundamental and oen nec- Tor is among most well-known dark net in the world. It has noble essary protections that Tor provides its users is worth its cost: the uses, including as a platform for free speech and information dis- same features that protect the privacy of virtuous users also make semination under the guise of true anonymity, but may be culturally Tor an eective means to carry out illegal activities and to evade law beer known as a conduit for criminal activity and as a platform enforcement. Various positions on this question have been docu- to market illicit goods and data. Past studies on the content of mented [16, 22, 30], but empirical evidence is limited to studies that Tor support this notion, but were carried out by targeting popular have crawled, extracted, and analyzed specic subsets of Tor based domains likely to contain illicit content. A survey of past studies on the type of hosted information, such as drug tracking [12], may thus not yield a complete evaluation of the content and use of homemade explosives [20], terrorist activities [7], or forums [39]. -
Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger Technology: a Lawyer's Guide
Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger Technology: A Lawyer’s Guide Presented by: Kenneth Moyle Clear Law Institute | 4601 N. Fairfax Dr., Ste 1200 | Arlington | VA | 22203 www.clearlawinstitute.com Questions? Please call us at 703-372-0550 or email us at [email protected] All-Access Membership Program ● Earn continuing education credit (CLE, CPE, SHRM, HRCI, etc.) in all states at no additional cost ● Access courses on a computer, tablet, or smartphone ● Access more than 75 live webinars each month ● Access more than 750 on-demand courses Register within 7 days after the webinar using promo code “7member” to receive a $200 discount off the $799 base price. Learn more and register here: http://clearlawinstitute.com/member Clear Law Institute, © 2017 Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger Technology A Lawyer’s Guide Agenda Concepts and Confusion Smart Contracts: Theory and Reality The Lexicon • Legal vs. Technical viewpoints • Distributed Ledger • Common Accord • Blockchain Initial Coin Offerings and SAFTs • Cryptocurrency Regulatory Developments • Smart Contracts Statutory Developments Resources www.ClearLawInstitute.com (703) 372-0550 Clear Law Institute, © 2017 “ The digital revolution is radically changing the kinds of relationships we can have. What parts of our hard-won legal tradition will still be valuable in the cyberspace era? ” - Nick Szabo, 1996 “What is the best way to apply these common law principles to the design of our on- line relationships?” Integrity of record Trust in the Enforceability outcome under law www.ClearLawInstitute.com