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Blockchain Healthcare & Policy Synopsis
Blockchain Healthcare & Policy Synopsis AN EXECUTIVE REPORT OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES & NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY’S BLOCKCHAIN CHALLENGE October 2016 digitalchamber.org Table of Contents PART I: Blockchain in Healthcare and Research Workshop | 3 | I. Overview & Key Takeaways | 3 | II. Introduction: The White House II.I. Tim Polk, The White House, Office of Science and Technology Policy | 4 | III. Blockchain Level Setting III.I. John Kelsey, National Institute of Standards and Technology | 4 | III.II. Lily Chen, National Institute of Standards and Technology | 5 | IV. Blockchain Reality Check - Alternative IV.I. Evaluating Blockchain and Alternatives: Mance Harmon, Ping Identity | 5 | IV.II. Blockchain Challenges in Real Life: Stephen Wilson, Constellation Research | 6 | IV.III. “Fit for Purpose” Distributed Ledger Technology: Drummond Reed, Respect Network | 6 | V. Blockchain Reality Check - Challenges V.I. DHS Identity Innovations Grants: Many Sporny, Digital Bazaar | 7 | V.II. IoT Device Identity: Tiana Laurence and Andrew Yashchuk, Factom IRIS | 7 | V.III. Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs): Solving the Root Identity Problem, Drummond Reed, Respect Network | 7 | V.IV. Decentralized Certification Service, Adam Migus, XCELERATE Solutions | 8 | VI. Blockchain Challenge Presentations VI.I. Blockchain: The Chain of Trust and its Potential to Transform Healthcare – IBM’s Point of View Srini Attili and Shahram Ebdollahi, IBM Global Business Service Public Sector | 8 | VI.II. Blockchain: Securing -
Chancen Und Herausforderungen Von DLT (Blockchain) in Mobilität Und Logistik
Chancen und Herausforderungen von DLT (Blockchain) in Mobilität und Logistik FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FÜR ANGEWANDTE INFORMATIONSTECHNIK FIT CHANCEN UND HERAUSFORDERUNGEN VON DLT (BLOCKCHAIN) IN MOBILITÄT UND LOGISTIK Prof. Dr. Gilbert Fridgen Prof. Dr. Nikolas Guggenberger Prof. Dr. Thomas Hoeren Prof. Wolfgang Prinz (PhD) Prof. Dr. Nils Urbach Johannes Baur, Henning Brockmeyer, Wolfgang Gräther, Elisaweta Rabovskaja, Vincent Schlatt, André Schweizer, Johannes Sedlmeir, Lars Wederhake Vielen Dank den weiteren Mitwirkenden: Matthias Babel, Martin Brennecke, Patrick Camus, Benedict Drasch, Tobias Guggenberger, Luis Lämmermann, Jannik Lockl, Sven Radszuwill, Alexander Rieger, Marco Schmidt, Nico Thanner, Patrick Troglauer, Florian Vogt, Malte Weißert, Felix Würmseher Inhalt 1 Management Summary .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Zielsetzung des Gutachtens ..............................................................................................................1 1.2 Allgemeine Analyse..........................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Technische Betrachtung ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Gesellschaftlich-ökonomische Perspektive ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2.1 Status quo ...................................................................................................................................................... -
2016-05-31 Overview of Swirlds Hashgraph
Overview of Swirlds Hashgraph Leemon Baird [email protected] May 31, 2016 The hashgraph data structure and Swirlds consensus algorithm provide a new platform for distributed consensus. This paper gives an overview of some of its properties, and comparisons with the Bitcoin blockchain. In this paper, the term “blockchain” will generally refer to the system used in Bitcoin, rather than the large number of variants that have been proposed. The goal of a distributed consensus algorithm is to allow a community of users to come to an agreement on the order in which some of them generated transactions, when no single member is trusted by everyone. In this way, it is a system for generating trust, when individuals do not already trust each other. The Swirlds hashgraph system achieves this along with being fair, fast, provable, Byzantine, ACID compliant, efficient, inexpensive, timestamped, DoS resistant, and optionally non-permissioned. This is what those terms mean: The hashgraph is fair, because no individual can manipulate the order of the transactions. For example, imagine a stock market, where Alice and Bob both try to buy the last available share of a stock at the same moment for the same price. In blockchain, a miner might put both those transactions in a single block, and have complete freedom to choose what order they occur. Or the miner might choose to only include Alice’s transaction, and delay Bob’s to some future block. In the hashgraph, there is no way for an individual to affect the consensus order of those transactions. The best Alice can do is to invest in a better internet connection so that her transaction reaches everyone before Bob’s. -
Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets
1/25/2018 Nick Szabo -- Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets Copyright (c) 1996 by Nick Szabo permission to redistribute without alteration hereby granted Glossary (This is a partial rewrite of the article which appeared in Extropy #16) Introduction The contract, a set of promises agreed to in a "meeting of the minds", is the traditional way to formalize a relationship. While contracts are primarily used in business relationships (the focus of this article), they can also involve personal relationships such as marraiges. Contracts are also important in politics, not only because of "social contract" theories but also because contract enforcement has traditionally been considered a basic function of capitalist governments. Whether enforced by a government, or otherwise, the contract is the basic building block of a free market economy. Over many centuries of cultural evolution has emerged both the concept of contract and principles related to it, encoded into common law. Algorithmic information theory suggests that such evolved structures are often prohibitively costly to recompute. If we started from scratch, using reason and experience, it could take many centuries to redevelop sophisticated ideas like property rights that make the modern free market work [Hayek]. The success of the common law of contracts, combined with the high cost of replacing it, makes it worthwhile to both preserve and to make use of these principles where appropriate. Yet, the digital revolution is radically changing the kinds of relationships we can have. What parts of our hard-won legal tradition will still be valuable in the cyberspace era? What is the best way to apply these common law principles to the design of our on-line relationships? Computers make possible the running of algorithms heretofore prohibitively costly, and networks the quicker transmission of larger and more sophsiticated messages. -
The Performance, Interoperability and Integration of Distributed Ledger Technologies
LICENTIATE T H E SIS Emanuel Palm Palm Emanuel Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Division of EISLAB The Performance, Interoperability ISSN 1402-1757 The Performance, Interoperability and Integration of Distributed Ledger Technologies and Integration Interoperability of Distributed Ledger The Performance, and Integration of ISBN 978-91-7790-402-1 (print) ISBN 978-91-7790-403-8 (pdf) Luleå University of Technology 2019 Distributed Ledger Technologies Emanuel Palm Industrial Electronics The Performance, Interoperability and Integration of Distributed Ledger Technologies EmanuelK.Palm Dept. of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Lule˚a University of Technology Lule˚a, Sweden Supervisors: Ulf Bodin, Olov Schel´en and Jerker Delsing Printed by Luleå University of Technology, Graphic Production 2019 ISSN 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7790-402-1 (print) ISBN 978-91-7790-403-8 (pdf) Luleå 2019 www.ltu.se To my beloved wife, Sofia. iii iv Abstract In the wake of the financial crisis of 2008, Bitcoin emerged as a radical new alternative to the fiat currencies of the traditional banking sector. Through the use of a novel kind of probabilistic consensus algorithm, Bitcoin proved it possible to guarantee the integrity of a digital currency by relying on network majority votes instead of trusted institutions. By showing that it was technically feasible to, at least to some extent, replace the entire banking sector with computers, many significant actors started asking what else this new technology could help automate. A subsequent, seemingly inevitable, wave of efforts produced a multitude of new distributed ledger systems, architectures and applications, all somehow attempting to leverage distributed consensus algorithms to replace trusted intermediaries, facilitating value ownership, transfer and regulation. -
Crypto Garage Developed and Executed the Contract of a P2P
April 19, 2019 Crypto Garage, Inc. NEWS RELEASE Crypto Garage Developed and Executed the Contract of a P2P Protocol Based Crypto Asset Derivative Settled in Bitcoin 〜Executed First Derivative Contract with Blockstream〜 Crypto Garage, Inc. (HQ: Tokyo; Representative Director: Masahito Okuma; Crypto Garage), a Fintech company developing blockchain financial services and also a subsidiary of Digital Garage, Inc. (TSE first section: 4819; HQ: Tokyo; Representative Director, President Executive Officer and Group CEO: Kaoru Hayashi; DG) developed a peer-to- peer crypto asset derivative contract protocol and executed a contract based on this protocol on the Bitcoin Blockchain. Blockstream Corporation (HQ: Victoria Canada; CEO: Adam Back; Blockstream), the global leader in blockchain technology and financial cryptography, and Crypto Garage entered into a derivative contract that locks the future Bitcoin price [on a collared basis] in order to hedge the Bitcoin price fluctuation risk against the US dollar. Crypto Garage developed a P2P derivative technology based on the Discreet Log Contracts (https://dci.mit.edu/smart-contracts) that Thaddeus Dryja from MIT Digital Currency Initiatives proposed. This contract is a smart contract applied on the Bitcoin Blockchain and requires the agreement and posting of collateral by both parties. The agreed terms and collateral are defined on the Bitcoin Blockchain. Since settlement is cryptographically secured, this contract minimizes counterparty risk, such as breach of contract and other contract termination events. Contact: Hiroshi Ikemoto, Leo Shiraishi, Corporate Communication Dept., Digital Garage, Inc. Email: [email protected], TEL: +81-3-6367-1101 April 19, 2019 Crypto Garage, Inc. NEWS RELEASE The bitcoin price for the maturity date is determined by the ICE Cryptocurrency Data Feed, as agreed upon by both parties in advance. -
Joseph Gao EAS 499: Senior Thesis Advisor: Brett Hemenway [DRAFT]
Joseph Gao EAS 499: Senior Thesis Advisor: Brett Hemenway [DRAFT] Introduction to Cryptocurrencies for Retail Investors 1. ABSTRACT In the year 1998, roughly seven years before the smartphone revolution, (2007 marked the release of the iPhone, which arguably kicked off the ‘always online’ era that we live in today), Wei Dai published a proposal for an “anonymous, distributed electronic cash system”.(http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt). In the paper, Dai introduced two protocols to achieve his proposal - the first using a proof of work function as a means of creating money, and the second defining a set of servers responsible for keeping accounts, which must be regularly published, and verify balances for the other participants in the decentralized system. While B-money never took off, in part due to the impractical requirement of the first protocol that asks for a broadcast channel that is synchronous and unjammable, Wei Dai’s proposal planted the seeds of an idea that would later inspire Satoshi Nakamoto to publish the Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System white paper. This publication sparked a renewed wave of interest in distributed payment systems and resulted in thousands and thousands of new proposals and protocols to be developed in the next ten years. 2. INTRODUCTION The year of 2017 showed immense mainstream adoption in a number of cryptocurrencies. However, while mainstream chatter of these various cryptocurrencies has become nearly impossible to avoid, many retail investors are unfamiliar with the underlying technology powering each coin, according to studies performed by CoinDesk, Blockchain Capital, and The 1 University of Cambridge . -
Read the Report Brief
A REVOLUTION IN TRUST Distributed Ledger Technology in Relief & Development MAY 2017 “The principal challenge associated with [DLT] is a lack of awareness of the technology, especially in sectors other than banking, and a lack of widespread understanding of how it works.” - Deloitte Executive Summary1 The Upside In 2016, the blockchain was recognized as one of the top 10 In a recent report, Accenture surveyed emerging technologies by the World Economic Forum.2 The cost data from eight of the world’s ten potential of the blockchain and distributed ledger technology largest investment banks, with the goal of putting a dollar figure against potential (hereinafter “DLT”) to deliver benefits is significant. Gartner cost savings that might be achieved with estimates that DLT will result in $176 billion in added business DLT. The report concluded that the value by 2025; that total reaches $3.1 trillion by 2030.3 banks analyzed could reduce infrastructure costs by an average $8 to Investment in the field reflects the widespread belief that the $12 billion a year. The survey mapped technology can deliver value. Numerous trials, and some more than 50 operational cost metrics deployments, can be found across multiple sectors. and found the savings would break down as follows: Over two dozen countries are investing in DLT 70% savings on central financial More than 2,500 patents have been filed in the last 3 reporting 4 30-50% savings on compliance years 50% savings on centralized operations As of Q4, 2016, 28 of the top 30 banks were engaged in 50% savings on business blockchain proofs-of-concept operations. -
On Trade-Offs of Applying Block Chains for Electronic Voting Bulletin
On Trade-offs of Applying Block Chains for Electronic Voting Bulletin Boards Sven Heiberg1, Ivo Kubjas1, Janno Siim3;4, and Jan Willemson2;3 1 Smartmatic-Cybernetica Centre of Excellence for Internet Voting Ulikooli¨ 2, 51003 Tartu, Estonia fsven,[email protected] 2 Cybernetica AS, Ulikooli¨ 2, 51003 Tartu, Estonia [email protected] 3 Software Technology and Applications Competence Center Ulikooli¨ 2, 51003 Tartu, Estonia 4 Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu Ulikooli¨ 18, 50090 Tartu, Estonia [email protected] Abstract. This paper takes a critical look at the recent trend of building electronic voting systems on top of block chain technology. Even though being very appealing from the election integrity perspective, block chains have numerous technical, economical and even political drawbacks that need to be taken into account. Selecting a good trade-off between de- sirable properties and restrictions imposed by different block chain im- plementations is a highly non-trivial task. This paper aims at bringing some clarity into performing this task. We will mostly be concentrating on public permissionless block chains and their applications as bulletin board implementations as these are the favourite choices in majority of the recent block chain based voting protocol proposals. 1 Introduction In virtually all of the modern democratic societies, democracy (translated from Greek roughly as rule of the people) is implemented via some sort of public opinion polling e.g. voting on the elections of representative bodies. Regrettably, the process of public polling is very fragile. Many things can go wrong, and have gone wrong in the history of elections. To address the his- torically experienced problems, many requirements have been put forward and many measures have been developed to meet them. -
Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger Technology: a Lawyer’S Guide
Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger Technology: A Lawyer’s Guide Presented by: Ken Moyle Clear Law Institute | 4601 N. Fairfax Dr., Ste 1200 | Arlington | VA | 22203 www.clearlawinstitute.com Questions? Please call us at 703-372-0550 or email us at [email protected] All-Access Membership Program ● Earn continuing education credit (CLE, CPE, SHRM, HRCI, etc.) in all states at no additional cost ● Access courses on a computer, tablet, or smartphone ● Access more than 75 liVe webinars each month ● Access more than 750 on-demand courses Register within 7 days after the webinar using promo code “7member” to receive a $200 discount off the $799 base price. Learn more and register here: http://clearlawinstitute.com/member Clear Law Institute, © 2018 Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger Technology A Lawyer’s Guide Agenda Smart Contracts: Theory and Reality Concepts and Confusion • Legal vs. Technical viewpoints The Lexicon • Common Accord • Distributed Ledger Initial Coin Offerings and SAFTs • Blockchain Regulatory Developments • Cryptocurrency • State blockchain statutes • Smart Contracts • Delaware Resources www.ClearLawInstitute.com (703) 372-0550 Clear Law Institute, © 2018 “ The digital revolution is radically changing the kinds of relationships we can have. What parts of our hard- won legal tradition will still be valuable in the cyberspace era? ” - Nick Szabo, 1996 “What is the best way to apply these common law principles to the design of our on-line relationships?” Integrity of record Trust in the Enforceability outcome -
What's Next in Blockchain Research?
What’s Next in Blockchain Research? – An Identification of Key Topics Using a Multidisciplinary Perspective Horst Treiblmaier, Melanie Swan, Primavera de Filippi, Mary Lacity, Thomas Hardjono, Henry Kim To cite this version: Horst Treiblmaier, Melanie Swan, Primavera de Filippi, Mary Lacity, Thomas Hardjono, et al.. What’s Next in Blockchain Research? – An Identification of Key Topics Using a Multidisciplinary Perspective. Database for Advances in Information Systems, In press. hal-03098483 HAL Id: hal-03098483 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03098483 Submitted on 5 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems What’s Next in Blockchain Research? – An Identification of Key Topics Using a Multidisciplinary Perspective Horst Treiblmaier [email protected] Melanie Swan [email protected] Primavera de Filippi [email protected] Mary Lacity [email protected] Thomas Hardjono [email protected] Henry Kim [email protected] Date of Acceptance: 6/23/2020 This file is the unedited version of a manuscript that has been accepted for publication in The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems. Feel free to distribute this file to those interested in reading about this forthcoming research. -
What Is the Upper Limit of Value?
WHAT IS THE UPPER LIMIT OF VALUE? Anders Sandberg∗ David Manheim∗ Future of Humanity Institute 1DaySooner University of Oxford Delaware, United States, Suite 1, Littlegate House [email protected] 16/17 St. Ebbe’s Street, Oxford OX1 1PT [email protected] January 27, 2021 ABSTRACT How much value can our decisions create? We argue that unless our current understanding of physics is wrong in fairly fundamental ways, there exists an upper limit of value relevant to our decisions. First, due to the speed of light and the definition and conception of economic growth, the limit to economic growth is a restrictive one. Additionally, a related far larger but still finite limit exists for value in a much broader sense due to the physics of information and the ability of physical beings to place value on outcomes. We discuss how this argument can handle lexicographic preferences, probabilities, and the implications for infinite ethics and ethical uncertainty. Keywords Value · Physics of Information · Ethics Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the Global Priorities Institute for highlighting these issues and hosting the conference where this paper was conceived, and to Will MacAskill for the presentation that prompted the paper. Thanks to Hilary Greaves, Toby Ord, and Anthony DiGiovanni, as well as to Adam Brown, Evan Ryan Gunter, and Scott Aaronson, for feedback on the philosophy and the physics, respectively. David Manheim also thanks the late George Koleszarik for initially pointing out Wei Dai’s related work in 2015, and an early discussion of related issues with Scott Garrabrant and others on asymptotic logical uncertainty, both of which informed much of his thinking in conceiving the paper.