Low-Carbon Africa: Leapfrogging to a Green Future
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LOW-CARBON AFRICA: LEAPFROGGING TO A GREEN FUTURE Lead authors: Alison Doig and Mohamed Adow, Christian Aid November 2011 b Country case studies by: Partner organisations Kenya: Practical Action Consulting KITE Ghana: KITE KITE is a Ghanaian not-for-profit development organisation and South Africa: Economic Justice a leading actor in the energy, Network technology and environment Ethiopia: Ethio Resource Group sectors in Ghana and the West Practical Action Consulting (PAC) Africa subregion. Rwanda: Climate and Development is the consulting arm of the Centre, Smith School of Enterprise and international non-governmental the Environment, University of Oxford organisation Practical Action, which Economic Justice Network Nigeria: International Centre has been a leader in the field of development consultancy for more The Economic Justice Network for Energy, Environment and (EJN) is a project of FOCCISA, the Development (ICEED) than 40 years. Practical Action uses technology to challenge poverty, Fellowship of Christian Councils in Southern Africa. FOCISSA is an Full-length country case studies working with poor people around ecumenical organisation working are available from: the world. with 11 national councils of churches christianaid.org.uk/low-carbon-africa in southern Africa. EJN works to harness the resources of the southern African region for all of Lead authors its people, with a view to bringing about economic justice. Dr Alison Doig, Senior Adviser, Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Christian Aid Ethio Resource Group Alison has worked for 20 years in Ethio Resource Group (ERG) is a the international development and SJS Climate Associates is an consultancy group based in Addis environment sectors, specialising independent research consultancy Ababa, which works on energy in climate change and clean energy. specialising in the inter-linkages policy and renewable energy At Christian Aid she leads the policy between poverty, environment, technology installation. agenda on climate change and climate change, economics and sustainable development, supporting social issues. the organisation’s advocacy in the UK, Europe and at the United Nations. Climate and Development Centre, Smith School of Mohamed Adow, Senior Adviser, Enterprise and the Global Advocacy and Alliances, Environment, University of Christian Aid EcoEquity is a small, activist think- Oxford Mohamed, a Kenyan, leads Christian tank that has had a significant The aim of the Climate and Aid’s global climate advocacy work. impact on the international climate Development Centre is to help He observes the United Nations justice debate. It has done this developing countries and their Framework Convention on Climate primarily, but not exclusively, development partners understand Change and other climate change and through the Greenhouse climate impacts, and identify sustainable development negotiations, Development Rights project. opportunities and design strategies where he engages and influences for effective climate adaptation and governments and other stakeholders low-carbon development. in favour of the world’s poor people and countries. Mohamed has worked in Africa for nine years, helping to improve drought management International Centre for capacities, disaster risk reduction and Energy, Environment and climate adaptation. Since January Development 2011, he has been based in London. The Pan-African Climate Justice The think-tank International Centre Alliance (PACJA) fully endorses for Energy, Environment and With input from: this report and will advocate for Development (ICEED) provides the leapfrog fund – outlined on ideas that link energy and climate Sarah Standley, SJS Climate p35 – and other recommendations change policy reforms to prosperity Associates; Cat Smith, Practical presented in this report for Africa for Nigeria’s poor. Action Consulting; Tom Athanasiou, and internationally. EcoEquity; and Sivan Kartha, Stockholm Environment Institute Low-carbon Africa: leapfrogging to a green future Contents 1 CONTENTS Overview 2 Realising the renewable potential 3 1.0 Current energy context 6 1.1 The significance of energy to development in Africa 7 1.2 Current energy situation in Africa 12 1.3 What has worked in the past and why? 14 2.0 Low-carbon and renewable potential 20 2.1 Renewable potential in Africa 21 2.2 Initiatives, plans and strategies in Africa 23 2.3 What is possible in the future for energy 25 2.4 Estimated costs for universal access and low-carbon development 27 3.0 Policy recommendations – leapfrogging to a green future 34 3.1 Challenges for African countries to achieving a big low-carbon transition 35 3.2 Leapfrog fund – a fair share of mitigation finance for African people 35 Annex 1: country case studies 37 South Africa 38 Nigeria 41 Kenya 44 Rwanda 48 Ghana 53 Ethiopia 57 Endnotes 60 2 Low-carbon Africa: leapfrogging to a green future Overview OVERVIEW The scandal of poverty, suffered by billions of people around the globe, could soon become far worse. It is being exacerbated by the effects of climate change, which are already having an impact in some parts of the world, with an increase in severe tropical cyclones, drought, falling crop productivity, rising sea levels and shrinking glaciers. To date, poverty eradication has largely come at a price, change. Addressing poverty must therefore include with progress going hand in hand with massive carbon addressing climate change. emissions. Those used to a carbon-intensive way of doing But there is a second powerful reason why the two business say the choice is plain: policy makers can either challenges must be faced together. In this report, we draw chose to lift people out of poverty or they can tackle climate on evidence from six sub-Saharan African countries to change. They can’t do both simultaneously, for progress and show the enormous opportunity that exists for developing clean air are mutually exclusive. countries to leapfrog ahead in the journey to sustainable Sensitive to the energy needs of such governments, the development. World Bank has refused to stop funding fossil fuel projects, Put simply, they have no need to pursue the dirty despite the way in which this will lock countries into a dirty development route. In case after case, we see that the development path. In its defence, the Bank cites arguments poorest people are not best served by large-scale, carbon from developing country governments that it would be intensive projects. Instead, the measures that will deliver hypocritical for rich countries to ‘pull up the ladder’ after most to address energy poverty can also be those that their own dirty development has been secured. Why, goes would set countries on the much-sought alternative path to the argument, should South Africa be denied coal power by low-carbon development. countries that relied on it themselves? As a result, one of the biggest institutions with the potential to catalyse cleaner Africa has a big opportunity to leapfrog and transition to a development has washed its hands of the responsibility. low-carbon development path and at the same time still expand access to energy services. It is possible to lift Africa Christian Aid believes the ‘choice’ between addressing out of energy poverty without increasing emissions. But it poverty or addressing climate change is a fundamentally will need financial and technological support to rise to the false one. We see in our work with partners all around occasion. Africa, in other words, can be a low-carbon leader. the world that it is the poorest and most vulnerable communities that are already bearing the brunt of climate The energy challenge • Kenya’s per capita • Rwanda’s total installed • Wood and charcoal • In sub-Saharan Africa, electricity consumption is electricity capacity is 85 provide 73 per cent of total cooking on open fires 156 kilowatt-hour (kWh) megawatt (MW), energy consumption in fuelled with wood or per year, compared to a equivalent of one small Nigeria and 81 per cent in charcoal results in 359,520 global average of power station in Europe. Ghana. premature (<5 years) child 2,751kWh. In Ethiopia, the About 90 per cent of deaths and 23,212 (>30 average electricity people in Rwanda have no years) female deaths per consumption is just electricity. year. 35kWh. (These figures are taken from the full version of the case studies contained in Annex 1: christianaid.org.uk/ low-carbon-africa) Low-carbon Africa: leapfrogging to a green future Overview 3 This report presents the case for a low-carbon Africa that At present, energy consumption throughout sub-Saharan is able to deliver clean and sustainable energy to millions Africa (excluding South Africa) is roughly equivalent to that of energy-poor people across the continent, and to drive of New York State, with nearly half a billion people – almost a productive green economic expansion for the region to 70 per cent of the population – without access to electricity. deliver a higher sustainable standard of living well into the Across Africa there is a massive dependence on imported future. Energy diversity, local resources and sustainable fossil fuels, which consume a very high portion of the long-term supply from low-carbon energy will help to deliver region’s export earnings. Even Nigeria, the region’s largest modern energy to the people, services and industry where exporter of crude oil, has to import refined fuels. Fluctuation it is needed, and to stimulate greater economic growth and of oil and gas prices further complicate the task of delivering energy security in the region. a secure energy supply in the region. The focus on delivering Delivering low-carbon energy is a key development centralised conventional power through thermal power from challenge. Without significantly expanding the provision oil, gas and coal or from large-scale hydropower (projects of energy services, Africa will not be able to meet those of more than 100MW) has not effectively delivered either poverty-eradication indicators the Millennium Development energy access for poor people or the rate of economic Goals (MDGs), to say nothing of its broader sustainable growth that sub-Saharan African countries aim for.