DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction THE SOCIAL SITUATION IN THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC: PROBLEMS AND TRENDS Musa Yusupov Introduction The Chechen Republic lies at the very heart of the North Caucasus. Its territory comprises around 15.6 thousand square km. It shares its western border with Ingushetia, but this border is not yet defined. In 2011, the population was 1,275,219, of which 34.4 percent were in urban areas and 64.4 percent in rural areas. 95.3 percent are ethnic Chechens, 1.9 percent are Russian, 1 percent Kumyks and 1.9 percent come from other ethnic groups – Ingush, Avars, Nogais and others (2010 census). Chechnya was annexed by Russia as a result of the Caucasus war in 1859, and in 1922 the Chechen autonomous oblast was formed as part of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Chechen and Ingush autonomous oblast were unified into a Chechen-Ingush autonomous oblast in 1934, and in 1936 the unified area became an autonomous republic. In 1944 the Chechen and Ingush peoples were deported to Kazakhstan and other parts of Central Asia. In 1957 the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was reinstated. On 6 September 1991 there was a change in Soviet leadership in Chechnya-Ingushetia, on 1 November the sovereignty of the Chechen Republic was announced and in 1992 the Ingush Republic was formed. The Chechen conflict in 1991 did not take place on the basis of interethnic, interreligious or intra-religious tensions, but on the basis of a socio-political crisis: the sharpening of contradictions between socio-economic groups, the population and the authorities, which grew into a nationalist political conflict between the Federal Centre and the Republic. The conflict in Chechnya grew into wars (1994–1996, 1999–2003). During the second campaign, the conflict was extinguished by military force. Subsequently, the administration of the Chechen Republic, which was nominated by the centre, was legitimised by the 2003 referendum on the new Chechen Constitution, the presidential election and then Chechen parliamentary elections. On 26 April 2009 the Counter-Terrorist Operational (CTO) regime was abolished in the Chechen Republic. The head of the Chechen Republic and its Parliament are elected for 5 years. The Parliament has one chamber, and works on full-time basis. Ramzan Kadyrov is the Head of the Republic. The post-conflict situation in the Chechen Republic is characterised by active efforts to reconstruct and develop its socio-economic infrastructure. In recent years, there have been significant achievements in the reconstruction and development of Grozny, as well as other towns and communities. Currently, Grozny, which was destroyed during the war, has been reconstructed and several modern cultural and social facilities have been built; the towns of Gudermes, Argun and other communities are also being reconstructed. Social institutions, including those providing healthcare, education and culture, are functioning. The opening of Grozny City, a business centre and large medical complex, on 5 October 2011 was a socially important event. Saferworld The revival and development of the economy is not flowing as quickly. The oil industry, agriculture and the service sector are at the core of the economy, and over 90 percent of the republic’s income is subsidised. More than half of the population of the working age does not have a job. Registered unemployment is 27.2 percent.1 Methodology Research Approach The approach identifies the socio-economic interdependence between the quality of life, social sense of wellbeing and the people’s confidence in the future. Meanwhile, cultural values and norms, ethnic, religious and other types of self-identification are viewed as relatively independent phenomena which are not directly connected to the current situation. Methods These consisted of collecting information through interviews conducted by experts, focus groups and conversations with officials. In total, there were 11 interviews with specialists in the social sciences, and representatives of youth and human rights organisations. Focus groups were organised in September 2011 with non-governmental organisation (NGO) leaders; representatives of small and medium business and farming enterprises; students and young people not in education; the self-employed; and doctors and teachers. A theme-based questionnaire was prepared for each meeting and a key focus of all conversations was the social aspect of everyday life. The work mainly took place in Grozny, there was one focus group in Urus-Martan, and there were separate conversations with people living in Shalinski and Vedenski rural settlements. The participants chose the language they preferred to speak in; all the interviews took place in Russian, there were two focus groups in Russian, three in Russian and Chechen and one in Chechen. The aim of the research investigation was to identify social problems of concern to the population, unveil their underlying causes, determine to what extent the measures to address them are effective, and determine and evaluate the potential for further improvement of the social situation and the wellbeing of the people. The results of the study The problems which emerged through the discussions can be classified as follows: social, economic, judicial, cultural and political. Some of them require solutions at an institutional level, while others – on the organisational/operational level; the federal, regional and local institutions and organisations each have their areas of responsibility and a role to play in solving these problems. 1 The figure was given by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin during his trip to Gudermes on 20 December 2011, in Кира Латухина, «Кавказский Маршрут», Российская Газета, 21 декабря 2011. 2 The North Caucasus: Views from Within Discussion participants raised socio-economic and judicial themes on their own initiative, while problems in the cultural, ethnic and religious spheres were most often addressed only when the moderator introduced the topics. Key social gradations Ethnicity/identity The political component of ethnicity, or rather of a region’s ethno-social commonality, manifests itself through the self-organisation of the republic and the existence of limited sovereignty along with the right to autonomy. However, ethnicity has become somewhat less instrumental since the 1990s; the ‘ethno-political’ has declined from being at the centre stage to a sleeping regime, and how active it will be in future will depend on processes within the country and the North Caucasus region. At this point it is appropriate to contrast two differing opinions from the interviews. In one, the political aspect of ethnicity was regarded as a ‘favourite political myth’. According to this view, if the desire for ethnic identification is ‘justified’ in society undergoing a transition, as a defensive reaction, which exists for the ethnic group’s survival, then in times of peace this desire leads to a further escalation of conflict. 2 According to another point of view, today ethnicity cannot be a factor in community development by itself; it leads the society to self-isolation. Only inclusion into the international civilisational process will allow the ethnic group to take its rightful place in the general mosaic of different peoples. The concept of multi-ethnicity has a strong political aspect to it, since in this context it is relevant to both a multi-ethnic country and a ‘super-ethnic’ region – the North Caucasus.3 According to sociological studies, interviews and focus groups, national (ethnic) commonality in the Chechen social consciousness is primarily characterised by features like traditions, language and religion; other characteristics mentioned were territory, self- awareness, character traits and appearance, historical memory, ‘blood’ and the existence of nationhood (the republic). Opinions given in interviews, and shared by humanitarian experts, are that ethno- territorial identification in Chechnya is significantly more important than pan-Russian identification and self-identification as Russian citizens.4 This is likely to have been the result of the armed conflict in the region and its consequences, i.e. the localisation of social and physical survival. Feelings like this can change in the long run. In this situation, a more important factor is the dominance of traditional elements in social and cultural life and within the social consciousness. It is the existence of a traditional segment within the culture that determines the dominance of local identities in the region, such as family, 2 Interview ‘Social and ethnic situation’, No 1, 14.09.2001. 3 Interview ‘Ethnicity and religiosity’ No 6, 24.09.2011. 4 Sociological study ‘Interests, norms, values’, Chechen Republic, 2003, sample size: 1,060 people. Sociological study ‘The region’s socio-cultural problems’, Chechen Republic, 2009, sample size: 1,000 people. 3 Saferworld relatives, friends, people of the same generation, those who share the same territory – a community or a republic. Humanitarian experts also share this view. For example, one of the interviewees said that a person’s world view and social behaviour are influenced by ethnicity more than by anything else. “This is explained by the fact that ethnicity is an older phenomenon than religion; in pagan times ethnic culture had already been formed. Throughout the development of ethnic qualities the ethnic group came into being as a distinctive phenomenon.” 5 Another interviewee pointed out the wide variety of self-identifications. “More often than not, for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mapping Russian Census 2002
    CENSUS ATLAS OF RUSSIA: FERTILITY An NCEEER Working Paper by Timothy Heleniak American Geographical Society National Council for Eurasian and East European Research 1828 L Street NW Suite 1200 Washington, DC 20036 [email protected] http://www.nceeer.org/ TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Principal Investigator: Timothy Heleniak NCEEER Contract Number: 828-06 Date: August 29, 2014 Copyright Information Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funded through a contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research (NCEEER). However, the NCEEER and the United States Government have the right to duplicate and disseminate, in written and electronic form, reports submitted to NCEEER to fulfill Contract or Grant Agreements either (a) for NCEEER’s own internal use, or (b) for use by the United States Government, and as follows: (1) for further dissemination to domestic, international, and foreign governments, entities and/or individuals to serve official United States Government purposes or (2) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United States Government granting the public access to documents held by the United States Government. Neither NCEEER nor the United States Government nor any recipient of this Report may use it for commercial sale. * The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available by the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Training Act of 1983, as amended).
    [Show full text]
  • The 2002 Russian Census and the Future of the Russian Population
    The 2002 Russian Census and the Future of the Russian Population PONARS Policy Memo 319 Dmitry Gorenburg The CNA Corporation November 2003 Throughout the 1990s, Russian and Western demographers competed over who could produce the gloomiest forecast of Russian population trends for the coming decades. Highly respected demographers argued that the population of the Russian Federation would drop from a high of 148 million in 1992 to 100–105 million by 2025. These forecasts were based on statistics produced by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation (Goskomstat), which showed that the Russian population was declining steadily due to an increase in the death rate and a simultaneous decrease in the birth rate. The panic began in the early 1990s, when in one year the death rate increased by 20 percent while the birth rate dropped by 15 percent. Overall, from 1991 to 1994 the death rate for men increased from 14.6 per thousand to 21.8 per thousand. (The increase for women was smaller.) As it turned out, most of the increase in the death rate was the result of an increase in deaths due to alcoholism that had been deferred because of the Soviet government’s anti-alcohol campaign in the mid-1980s. As this effect abated in the mid-1990s, life expectancy and the death rate recovered and long-term population estimates were to some extent revised upward. By 1998, the male death rate had dropped to 17.2 per thousand. Nevertheless, forecasts of significant long-term Russian population decline persisted based on Goskomstat data that showed that the country’s population was dropping by about half a million people annually.
    [Show full text]
  • Meskhetian Turks and the Regime of Citizenship in Russia1
    MESKHETIAN TURKS AND THE REGIME OF CITIZENSHIP IN RUSSIA1 Lisa Koriouchkina Brown University An emerging regime of citizenship in Russia is analyzed with ethnographic data on people’s responses to the census and by examination of the Russian political imagination manifested in public discourse on ethnic others. Such a framework allows presenting citizenship as a dialectical interplay between various state structures and the subjects of the state (its people). Doing so highlights the paradox of Russia as a country of “immigration and emigrants” and offers an agenda for the study of “social citizenship.” (Russia, citizenship, state, Meskhetian Turks, minorities) Shortly after the first results of the census were released, Russian newspapers proudly announced that Russia ranked third after the USA and Germany in the volume of migration, with 11 million people entering the country between 1989 and 2002. Yet, the census data also revealed an overall population decline that newspapers interpreted as “characteristic of population processes of all European countries” (Zorin 2003). Thus, according to this analysis, Russia was once again at par with the rest of the developed world. Its permanent population was decreasing while the number of immigrants increased. When the initial euphoria about the census data had subsided, a more somber analy- sis of these results appeared. Yelizarov (Bazylyuk 2004) pointed out that a decline in fertility and a rise in mortality would eventually lead to a dramatic loss of the working age population—a decline that could only be relieved by labor migration. He also cau- tioned that the extremely high migration flow of the early 1990s, which compensated for upwards of 50 percent of the population increase, had decreased significantly and now counteracts only 5 percent of the population decline.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis
    the national bureau of asian research nbr project report | may 2010 russia’s peacetime demographic crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications By Nicholas Eberstadt ++ The NBR Project Report provides access to current research on special topics conducted by the world’s leading experts in Asian affairs. The views expressed in these reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other NBR research associates or institutions that support NBR. The National Bureau of Asian Research is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution dedicated to informing and strengthening policy. NBR conducts advanced independent research on strategic, political, economic, globalization, health, and energy issues affecting U.S. relations with Asia. Drawing upon an extensive network of the world’s leading specialists and leveraging the latest technology, NBR bridges the academic, business, and policy arenas. The institution disseminates its research through briefings, publications, conferences, Congressional testimony, and email forums, and by collaborating with leading institutions worldwide. NBR also provides exceptional internship opportunities to graduate and undergraduate students for the purpose of attracting and training the next generation of Asia specialists. NBR was started in 1989 with a major grant from the Henry M. Jackson Foundation. Funding for NBR’s research and publications comes from foundations, corporations, individuals, the U.S. government, and from NBR itself. NBR does not conduct proprietary or classified research. The organization undertakes contract work for government and private-sector organizations only when NBR can maintain the right to publish findings from such work. To download issues of the NBR publications, please visit the NBR website http://www.nbr.org.
    [Show full text]
  • Observing Census Enumeration of Non-English Speaking Households in the 2010 Census: Evaluation Report
    This document was prepared by and for Census Bureau staff to aid in future research and planning, but the Census Bureau is making the document publicly available in order to share the information with as wide an audience as possible. Questions about the document should be directed to Kevin Deardorff at (301) 763-6033 or [email protected] December 12, 2012 2010 CENSUS PLANNING MEMORANDA SERIES No. 249 MEMORANDUM FOR The Distribution List From: Burton Reist [signed] Acting Chief, Decennial Management Division Subject: Observing Census Enumeration of Non-English Speaking Households in the 2010 Census: Evaluation Report Attached is the Observing Census Enumeration of Non-English Speaking Households in the 2010 Census: Evaluation Report. The Quality Process for the 2010 Census Evaluations, Experiments, and Assessments was applied to the methodology development, specifications, software development, analysis, and documentation of the analysis and results, as necessary. If you have questions about this report, please contact Yuling Pan at (301) 763-4950 or Stephen Lubkemann at (301) 763-8601. Attachment 2010 Census Program for Evaluations and Experiments December 6, 2012 Observing Census Enumeration of Non- English Speaking Households in the 2010 Census: Evaluation Report U.S. Census Bureau standards and quality process procedures were applied throughout the creation of this report Yuling Pan and Stephen Lubkemann Center for Survey Measurement This page intentionally left blank. ii Table of Contents List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H. Hawley Jr. (Richard Howard) Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION By RICHARD H. HAWLEY, JR. A Dissertation submitted to the Political Science Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2011 Richard H. Hawley, Jr. defended this dissertation on August 26, 2011. The members of the supervisory committee were: Heemin Kim Professor Directing Dissertation Jonathan Grant University Representative Dale Smith Committee Member Charles Barrilleaux Committee Member Lee Metcalf Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my father, Richard H. Hawley, Sr. and To my mother, Catherine S. Hawley (in loving memory) iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who made this dissertation possible, and I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all of them. Above all, I thank my committee chair, Dr. Heemin Kim, for his understanding, patience, guidance, and comments. Next, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Dale Smith, a committee member and department chair, for his encouragement to me throughout all of my years as a doctoral student at the Florida State University. I am grateful for the support and feedback of my other committee members, namely Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Chechnya the Russian Federation in Crisis
    arl rvic CIJ IEF ealt 0 ISSN 1321-1560 Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 1995 Except to the extent of the uses permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written coiisent of the Department of the Parliamentary Library, other than by Members of the Australian Parliament in the course of their official duties. Published by the Department of the Parliamentary Library, 1995 Foreign Affairs, De 7 February 1995 ri si Further copies of this publication may be purchased from the Publications Distribution Officer Telephone: (06) 277 2711 A list of Parliamentary Research Service publications is available on the ISR database A quarterly update of PRS publications may be obtained from the PRS Head’s Office Telephone: (06) 277 7166 The author of this paper would like to thank Dr Frank Frost, Dr Robert Miller, Mr Gary Brown and Dr Ravi Tomar for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper and Helen Phillips and Doreen White for their technical assistance. This paper has been prepared for general distribution to Members of the Australian Parliament. Readers outside the Parliament are reminded that this is not an Australian Government document, but a paper prepared by the author and published by the Parliamentary Research Service to contribute to consideration of the issues by Senators and Members. The views expressed in this Paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Parliamentary Research Service and are not to be attributed to the Department of the Parliamentary Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Discrimination in Multi-Ethnic Societies: Evidence from Russia
    European Sociological Review, 2020, Vol. 36, No. 1, 104–120 doi: 10.1093/esr/jcz045 Advance Access Publication Date: 8 October 2019 Original Article Ethnic Discrimination in Multi-ethnic Societies: Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/esr/article-abstract/36/1/104/5583786 by University of Exeter user on 02 March 2020 Evidence from Russia Alexey Bessudnov 1,* and Andrey Shcherbak 2 1University of Exeter, Clayden Building, Streatham Rise, Exeter EX4 4PE, UK and 2National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya ul., Moscow 101000, Russia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Submitted February 2019; revised July 2019; accepted August 2019 Abstract Field experiments have provided ample evidence of ethnic and racial discrimination in the labour market. Less is known about how discrimination varies in multi-ethnic societies, where the ethnic composition of populations is different across locations. Inter-group contact and institutional arrange- ments for ethnic minorities can mitigate the sense of group threat and reduce discrimination. To pro- vide empirical evidence of this, we conduct a field experiment of ethnic discrimination in Russia with a sample of over 9,000 job applications. We compare ethnically homogeneous cities and cities with ethnically mixed populations and privileged institutional status of ethnic minorities. We find strong discrimination against visible minorities in the former but much weaker discrimination in the latter. These findings demonstrate how institutions and historical contexts of inter-group relations can affect ethnic prejudice and discrimination. Introduction applicants from minority groups. Racial and ethnic dis- crimination in the labour market is well documented. The field experiment has now become a standard In this article, we present the results of the first ethnic method for studying racial and ethnic discrimination in discrimination experiment conducted in Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genocide of Chechens in the Context of Russian-Chechen Conflict – a Historical Outline
    The Person and the Challenges Volume 3 (2013) Number 2, p. 51–63 Olga Nadskakuła The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, Poland The Genocide of Chechens in the Context of Russian-Chechen Conflict – a Historical Outline Abstract The purpose of this article is to present the genesis of the Chechen-Russian conflict, including the genocide of Chechens. The analysis explains how the aggressive actions of the Russian authorities were supposed to deal with “the strongest and most dangerous nation” of the Caucasus, in order to subjugate this region. Russian behaviour proves that their priority over the centuries was not an assimilation of Chechens and the peaceful solution of the conflict, but rather an “imperial” dimension of the strife, or to be exact, the ultimate conquest of the Caucasus, even if it would mean the extermination of the Chechen nation. Keywords Chechnya, Russia, genocide, Caucasus, terrorism. 1. Conquest of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire On investigating the nature of Caucasian war, and mostly the conflict in Chechnya, it is essential to decide if, or to what degree, the Russian actions may be called ‘genocide’. The history of the conflict in this area goes back to the 18th Century. The Russian army entered Chechnya in 1721 for the first time, when Tzar Peter I undertook a successful military expedition against Persia. As a result of this war, Persia ceded Azerbaijan and Dagestan to the Russian empire. Initially, the Russian policy towards the mountain nations was based on economical expansion. Following recommendations from St-Petersburg, the tzarist administration supported the exchange of goods with the natives to make The Person and the Challenges 52 Volume 3 (2013) Number 2, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Federation
    INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Johannes Rohr Report 18 IWGIA – 2014 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Copyright: IWGIA Author: Johannes Rohr Editor: Diana Vinding and Kathrin Wessendorf Proofreading: Elaine Bolton Cover design and layout: Jorge Monrás Cover photo: Sakhalin: Indigenous ceremony opposite to oil facilities. Photographer: Wolfgang Blümel Prepress and print: Electronic copy only Hurridocs Cip data Title: IWGIA Report 18: Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Federation Author: Johannes Rohr Editor: Diana Vinding and Kathrin Wessendorf Number of pages: 69 ISBN: 978-87-92786-49-4 Language: English Index: 1. Indigenous peoples – 2. Human rights Geographical area: Russian Federation Date of publication: 2014 INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: (45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax: (45) 35 27 05 07 E-mail: [email protected] - Web: www.iwgia.org This report has been prepared and published with the financial support of the Foreign Ministry of Denmark through its Neighbourhood programme. CONTENTS Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1 The indigenous peoples of the north ................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Matters of definition .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Intermarriage in Russia: the Tale of Four Cities
    Post-Soviet Affairs ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpsa20 Ethnic intermarriage in Russia: the tale of four cities Alexey Bessudnov & Christiaan Monden To cite this article: Alexey Bessudnov & Christiaan Monden (2021) Ethnic intermarriage in Russia: the tale of four cities, Post-Soviet Affairs, 37:4, 383-403, DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2021.1957345 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2021.1957345 © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 06 Aug 2021. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 98 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpsa20 POST-SOVIET AFFAIRS 2021, VOL. 37, NO. 4, 383–403 https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2021.1957345 Ethnic intermarriage in Russia: the tale of four cities Alexey Bessudnova and Christiaan Mondenb aDepartment of Sociology, Philosophy, and Anthropology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; bDepartment of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Across most Western societies, trends towards increased ethnic intermar­ Received 14 October 2020 riage have been observed across the second half of the twentieth century. Accepted 2 July 2021 Whether such trends hold across the multi-ethnic society of Russia is not KEYWORDS known. We analyze Russian census data and describe levels and trends in Ethnic intermarriage; ethnic intermarriage in four highly different Russian cities. We find no homogamy; assimilation; change in ethnic intermarriage in Moscow, but more intermarriage in Russia younger cohorts in the other three cities where the populations are more ethnically heterogeneous.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses
    FINAL REPORT TO NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH TITLE: Final Report Summary: RESEARCH GUIDE TO RUSSIAN AND SOVIET CENSUSES AUTHOR: RALPH S. CLEM, Editor CONTRACTOR: Florida International University PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Ralph S. Clem COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER: 627-2 DATE: April 23, 1984 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or in part from funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research. Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses Executive Summary This Research Report describes a 400 page Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses which is the product of a Council contract with Professor Ralph Clem at Florida Inter- national University. A full text of the Guide will be made available to individuals and offices of the Council's funding agencies upon request. It consists of two parts: (1) Eight papers containing an overview of Russian and Soviet censuses, descriptions of the state-of-the-art on topics for which census data are particularly useful, the associated problems, and the potential for further research; and (2) a detailed list and description of the contents of all major Russian and Soviet censuses since 1897 with an index to the census volumes locating data by subject. The Table of Contents of the Guide is at page iv of this Executive Summary. As is the case for most countries, the published censuses of Russia (1897) and the USSR (1926, 1959, 1970, and 1979) constitute by far the largest and potentially the most useful collection of data on that society. Modern Russian and Soviet enumerations since 1897 cover about one-sixth of the world's land area, and provide considerable information on the age and sex composition, ethnic and language identification, marriage and family structure, migration patterns, urban and rural residence, educational attainment and literacy levels, occupations, and other aspects of the country's population.
    [Show full text]