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University Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company I I 72-27,059 LYON, Edward Ellsworth, 1930- THE TEACHING OF A COLLEGE LEVEL PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY-EARTH SCIENCE COURSE BY AN AUDIO­ VISUAL-TUTORIAL INDEPENDENT STUDY METHOD: AN EVALUATION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Education, theory and practice University Microfilms, A XEROX Company(Ann Arbor, M ichigan . THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE TEACHING OP A COLLEGE LEVEL PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY- EARTH SCIENCE COURSE BY AH AUDIO-VISUAL-TUTORIAL INDEPENDENT STUDY METHOD: AN EVALUATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Edward Ellsworth Iyon, B.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed. ******* The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by Adviser College of Education PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The ■writer wishes to acknowledge the aid and guidance of the following persons: To my adviser, Professor Fred Schlessinger, and to Pro­ fessors Herbert Coon and Victor Mayer for their encouragement and counsel in the preparation and completion of this disserta­ tion. To Professors Sidney White, A. LaRocque, Robert Howe, and the late John Richardson for enlarging my vistas in earth science and science education. To Professor Lowell Dillon, of Ball State University, for his careful editing of the manuscript. Finally, to my wife Carol, and my children Wesley, Teresa, ThomaB, Tamara, and Timothy, for their understanding and patience during all phases of my graduate studies. ii VITA December 11*, 1 9 3 0 ............. B o m - Paxton, Illinois 1958.......................... B.S. in Ed., Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 19^9.......................... M.S. in Ed., Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 1958-199 9 .................... High School Science Teacher, Danvers, Illinois 1959-Eresen t................... Geography, Geology, and Earth Science Professor, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana PUBLICATIONS Lab Manual: Earth Science Manual. 3r(* e<l. Dubuque, la.: Wm. C. Brown Co., 1961*, 1965* 1971* Senior author with Dillon, L., Dooley, M., and Krutak, P. Programed Text: Earth Science: A Programed Text. Dubuque, la.: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., 1965- Senior author with Beatty, G., Dillon, L., and Rey­ nolds, R. HELDS OP STUDY Major Field: Science Education. Professor Fred R. Schlessinger Minor Fields: Earth Science. Professors Sidney White and Victor Mayer Higher Education. Professor Herbert Coon iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................... ii VITA ............................................... iii LIST OF TABLES.................... vii ILLUSTRATION....................................... ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION.................................. 1 Rationale General Education Physical Geography- Earth Science at Ball State Univer­ sity: Background The Problem Hypotheses Definition of Terms Assumptions Delimitations of the Study Limitations of the Study Preliminary Procedures Procedures Summary II. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF INDEPENDENT STUDY...................................... 19 Introduction Perspective on Independent Study Definition of Independent Study Independent Study— A Traditional View Audio-Tutorial and Audio-Visual-Tutorial Approaches to Independent Study Evaluative Research Concerning Audio-Visual- Tutorial Approaches to Independent Study The Literature Review and Guidelines for the Present Study Summary iv CONTENTS (Cont'd.) Page III. THE BALL STATE UNIVERSITY PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY- EARTH SCIENCE AUDIO-VISUAL-TUTORIAL PROGRAM..................................... 86 Introduction The Independent Study Room Facility Classroom Procedures Content, Objectives, Activities, and Materials The Student Sample Under Study The Achievement Tests The Attitude Scale The Student Interviews The Data Collection Treatment of the Data Summary IV* PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA............ 112 Introduction The Achievement TestB The Attitude Scale Testing of the Hypotheses The Student Interviews Summary V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS........ li+3 Summary Conclusions Recommendations APPENDIX 1................................................... l£l ii................................................. 17I+ III................................................. 200 IV................................................... 201+ V................................................... 21^ VI................................................... 21+3 v CONTENTS (Cont'd.) Page BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................... 21$ vi LIST OF TABLES Number Page 1. General Education Requirements at Selected Colleges and Universities. ................. 2 2. Matriculating Freshmen at Ball State University, Autumn, 1971........................ 98 3. Student Sample Enrolled in GEOG 101 Physical Geography-Earth Science Modified Course, Autumn Quarter, 1971............................ 99 I4.. Distribution of Student Sample By Major Academic Area.............................. 100 £. Ranking of Test Questions By Sanders' Classification.......................... 116 , 6. Relationship of Hypotheses Criteria and Course Achievement - Pairwise-Related t Test of Comprehensive Test, Upper 27 Per Cent............. 119 7. Relationship of Hypotheses Criteria and Course Achievement - Pairwise-Related t Test of Comprehensive Test, Lower 27 Per Cent............. 120 8. Relationship of Declared and Undeclared Major Academic Areas and Course Achievement - Pairwise-Related t Test of Comprehensive T e s t ........................................... 121 9. Relationship of Hypotheses Criteria and Course Achievement - Pairwise-Related t TeBt of Ten Unit Tests, Upper 27 Per Cent.................... 122 10. Relationship of Hypotheses Criteria and Course Achievement - Pairwise-Related t Test of Ten Unit Tests, Lower 27 Per Cent.................... 123 vii TABDES (Cont'd.) Number Page 11. Relationship of Declared and Undeclared Major Academic Areas and Course Achievement - Pairwise-Related t Test of Ten Unit Tests....................................... 12l| 12. Relationship of Hypotheses Criteria and Course Achievement - Independent t Test of Comprehensive Test........................... 126 13* Relationship of Hypotheses Criteria and Course Achievement - Independent t Test of Ten Unit Tests.............................. 127 lU* Relationship of Declared and Undeclared Major Academic Areas and Course Achievement - Independent t Test of Comprehensive Test....................................... 129 l£. Relationship of Declared and Undeclared Major Academic Areas and Course Achievement - Independent t Test of Ten Unit Tests....................................... 130 viii ILLUSTRATION Figure Page 1. Study Carrels with Tape Players, Slide Projectors, and other Materials....................................... 88 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Rationale In recent years there has "been much concern about the effec­ tiveness of various teaching methods and materials used in the presentation of science courses at all educational levels. Num­ erous new programs have been developed for use in both elementary and secondary schools. Some of the better known of these are the Elementary Science Study, Science Curriculum Improvement Study, Earth Science Curriculum Project, Introductory Physical Science, and Physical Science Study Committee Physics. These programs have attempted to upgrade the student's general education and to assist him in critical thinking. Colleges and universities also have seen
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