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Being Alevi in Turkey: Discursive Unity and the Contestation of Communal Boundaries, 1980-2009

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Being Alevi in Turkey: Discursive Unity and the Contestation of Communal Boundaries, 1980-2009 BEING ALEVI IN TURKEY: DISCURSIVE UNITY AND THE CONTESTATION OF COMMUNAL BOUNDARIES, 1980-2009 by Stefan Martens B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2005 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of History © Stefan Martens 2009 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Stefan Martens Degree: Master of Arts in History Title of Thesis: Being Alevi in Turkey: Discursive Unity and the Contestation of Communal Boundaries, 1980-2009 Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Jeremy Brown Assistant Professor – Department of History ___________________________________________ Dr. Thomas Kuehn Assistant Professor – Department of History Senior Supervisor ___________________________________________ Dr. Derryl MacLean Associate Professor – Department of History Supervisor ___________________________________________ Dr. Paul Sedra Assistant Professor – Department of History Supervisor ___________________________________________ Dr. Sonja Luehrmann Izaak Walton Killam Postdoctoral Fellow – Department of Anthropology University of British Columbia External Examiner Date Defended/Approved: 14 July 2009 ii Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the “Institutional Repository” link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author’s written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. While licensing SFU to permit the above uses, the author retains copyright in the thesis, project or extended essays, including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Last revision: Spring 09 STATEMENT OF ETHICS APPROVAL The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: (a) Human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, or (b) Advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research (c) as a co-investigator, collaborator or research assistant in a research project approved in advance, or (d) as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics. A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project. The original application for approval and letter of approval are filed with the relevant offices. Inquiries may be directed to those authorities. Simon Fraser University Library Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada Last update: Spring 2010 ABSTRACT This study investigates the ongoing reconceptualization of Alevi self-understanding within Turkey since 1980. Departing from previous historiography that has focused on the centrality of festivals for Turkey’s Alevi community, this thesis examines the way in which Alevis have come to achieve discursive unity through intra-communal concern for three critical issues, namely, the Religious Affairs Ministry, compulsory religious education in public schools, and Alevi houses of worship. This study further examines the deployment of an Alevi terminological repertoire that seeks to demonstrate Alevis’ close affinity with “universal values” for the purposes of distancing the community from the country’s Sunni population. Lastly, in exploring how being a “minority” in Turkey has been complicated due to negative perceptions of the 1923 Lausanne Treaty, this study suggests that the case of Alevis sheds important light on the fundamental contradictions of what it means to be a citizen in the contemporary Turkish Republic. Keywords: Alevis; Turkey; Post-1980; Minorities; Lausanne Treaty; Identity Politics; Diyanet ; Cemevi ; Sunnis; Sivas Massacre; Centre-Periphery; Discursive Unity; Unitarist Framework; Community Associations; Cultural Monism; Citizenship; Hacı Bekta ş Veli; Religious Education; Secularism; Modernity; Media Networks; Shi’a Islam; Imagined Communities; Kemalism; Neoliberalization iii DEDICATION To my parents, for all that they have done for me iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Though my name is attached to this thesis, its completion was only made possible through the kind assistance of many people. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Dr. Thomas Kuehn, for his numerous comments on many drafts along with his constant encouragement during the more difficult periods of research. I owe further debts of gratitude to Dr. Derryl MacLean, for always being able to find time to help clarify concepts despite a hectic schedule, and to Dr. Paul Sedra, for his insightful comments on my work and – more importantly – lending a sympathetic ear throughout my studies. At Simon Fraser University, I would like to express my appreciation to the Graduate Fellowship Committee, whose generous grant permitted me the opportunity to pursue fieldwork in Turkey during the summer of 2008. Equally important were the efforts of Sonny Wong, Nancy Blake, and everyone at SFU’s Interlibrary Loans department: Their constant ability to track down crucial material hidden on a dusty bookshelf halfway around the world never ceased to amaze me. My apologies to them for my not infrequent tardiness in returning borrowed materials. In Turkey, beyond the always generous offers of çay from those both related and unrelated to my research, I would like to express my sincerest thanks to Fikret, Hasan, Binali, Ça ğlar, the staff of the Orient-Institut in Istanbul, the CEM Vakfı branch in Erzincan, the PSAKD branch in Varto, the Kaymakamlık in Pülümür, the municipality of Hacıbekta ş, and all others who remain unnamed but whose altruistic kindness aided me greatly. Thanks also to Suheyla for reading and commenting on drafts of this thesis and to Arzu, who, beyond helping with occasional translations, was a pillar of strength. In the end, my deepest gratitude belongs to my parents, Harold and Lynn: Without their love and support through thick and thin, neither this work nor any others would have ever been possible. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval.................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ................................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... vi A Note on Terms, Transliteration, and Turkish Pronunciation ........................................... viii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION: HISTORIOGRAPHY AND TERMS ....................................................... 1 Finding Europe in Anatolia ................................................................................................. 1 The Historiography: Community Reconceptualizations, Scholarly Interpretations of Festivals, and the Public Sphere ..................................................................................... 2 Defining Terms ................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................... 6 1: THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALEVI COMMUNITIES IN THE
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