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Ethnicity and Citizenship in Urban Nigeria: the Jos Case, 1960-2000

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Ethnicity and Citizenship in Urban Nigeria: the Jos Case, 1960-2000 ETHNICITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN URBAN NIGERIA: THE JOS CASE, 1960-2000 BY SAMUEL GABRIEL EGWU B.Sc.; M.Sc. Political Science UJ/PGSS/12730/01 A thesis in the Department of POLITICAL SCIENCE, Faculty of Social Sciences Submitted to the School of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Jos, in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF JOS APRIL, 2004 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is the product of my own research and has been written by me. It has not been presented for a higher degree in any University. All quotations have been acknowledged and distinguished by endnotes and quotations. SAMUEL GABRIEL EGWU CERTIFICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is usual that in accomplishing a task of this nature, one is indebted to a number of individuals whose valuable contributions in one way or the other made it possible. In this situation such individuals are so numerous that all the names cannot be mentioned. First and foremost, I would like to express my immense debt of gratitude to Professor Warisu. O. Alli, my supervisor who promptly filled the vacuum created by the exit of Professor Aaron T. Gana. Professor Alli took more than a personal interest in getting me to work, reading the manuscripts and offering very useful and productive suggestions. More than this, he continued to drum into my ears the increasing relevance of the citizenship question in the contemporary political economy of Nigeria in general and Jos in particular, as justification for completing the investigation. To him, I remain eternally grateful indeed. I should also like to thank the Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Professor Sonni Tyoden whose encouragement and support I consider invaluable. I extend a similar warm gratitude to colleagues in the Department and in the Faculty whose have provided encouragement in one way or the other. I would like to mention such individuals as Professor Ogoh Alubo, Dr. Etannibi Alemika, Pam Dung Sha and Dr. Shadrack Best, in no particular order. For Dr. ‘Femi Adelakun who painfully read through all the lines and making many useful suggestions, it is gratitude unlimited. Finally, I would like to thank the School of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Jos, for recognizing the unique disadvantage faced by people in my category (combining teaching and research of this nature) and in granting extension to complete the study. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to all the victims of state-induced denial of citizens’ rights and social citizenship in Nigeria TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page…………………………………………………………………… i Declaration…………………………………………………………………. ii Certification………………………………………………………………... iii Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………. iv Dedication…………………………………………………………………. v Table of Contents…………………………………………………………. vi List of Tables…………………………………………………………….. ix List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………….x Abstract…………………………………………………………………… xii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND……………………………. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM…………………….. 1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY…………….. 1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY………………………. 1.5 REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………… 1.6 METHODOLOGY AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION……… 1.6.1 Documentary Analysis………………………………………………….. 1.6.2 In-depth Interviews……………………………………………………… 1.6.3 Sampling…………………………………………………………………. 1.7 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 1.8 ORGANIZATION OF WORK CHAPTER TWO CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…………………. 2.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….. 2.1 CONCEPTUALIZING ETHNICITY AND CITIZENSHIP…………….. 2.2 THEORETICAL ISSUES……………………………………………….. 2.2.1 Class, Ethnicity and Religion………………………………………….. 2.2.2 Ethnicity and Socio-Economic Competition…………………………… 2.2.3 The State and Ethnicity………………………………………………… 2.2.4 Ethnicity and Democracy………………………………………………. CHAPTER THREE URBAN JOS: COLONIAL ORIGIN AND ETHNIC IDENTITY FORMATION…. 3.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….. 3.1 JOS CITY: ORIGIN AND COLONIAL CONQUEST……………………………. 3.2 TIN MINING, MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION IN JOS………………….. 3.3 THE COLONIAL STATE AND THE FORMATION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY, 1915-1940………………………………………………………………………….. 3.4 ANTI-COLONIAL POLITICS AND RISING ETHNIC CONSCIOUSNESS, 19451960…………………………………………………… CHAPTER FOUR ETHNIC ASSOCIATIONAL LIFE AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN JOS METROPOLIS……………………………………………………………………….. 4.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 4.1 ETHNIC ASSOCIALTIONAL LIFE, CIVIL SOCIETY AND URBAN POLITICS……………………………………………………………….. 4.2 ASSOCIATIONAL LIFE AND ETHNICITY AMONG THE HAUSA IN JOS…………………………………………………………….. 4.3 ETHNIC ASSOCIATIONAL LIFE AMONG THE YORUBA…………………. 4.4 ASSOCIATIONAL LIFE AMONG THE IGBO…………………………………. 4.5 ASSOCIATIONAL LIFE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY: THE BEROM, ANAGUTA AND AFIZERE …………………. CHAPTER FIVE POLITICS, RESOURCE COMPETITION AND THE IDENTITY QUESTION IN JOS……………………………………………………………….. 5.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………… 5.1 ETHNIC IDENTITY, POLITICS AND LOCAL POWER IN JOS METROPOLIS………………………………………………………… 5.1.1 The Context of the Struggle for Local Power…………………………………. 5.1.2 Ethnicity and Power in Jos Local Government Area…………………………. 5.2 ECONOMIC/RESOURCE COMPETITION AND ETHNIC IDENTITY…………………………………………………………. 5.2.1 The Context…………………………………………………………………… 5.2.2 The Case of Jos Main Market………………………………………………… 5.2.3 Ethnicity and Resource Competition in the Informal Sector………………… CHAPTER SIX PRODUCTION OF HISTORY: INDIGENEITY AND CONTRADICTORY NOTIONS OF CITIZENSHIP IN JOS……………………………………………… 6.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….. 6.1 THE PRODUCTION OF HISTORY AND THE DISCOURSE ON IDENTITY AND CITIZENSHIP……………………………………………… 6.2 THE POSITION OF THE HAUSA COMMUNITY…………………………… 6.2 THE CLAIMS OF THE INDIGENES: BEROM, AFIZERE AND ANAGUTA ……………………………………………………. 6.4 THE POSITION OF THE IGBO AND THE YORUBA…………………………… 6.5 “INDIGENES”, “SETTLERS” AND “STRANGERS” IN JOS: THE 1976 DEBATE AND THE 1994 RESPONSE …………………………….. CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….. 7.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS…………………………………………………… 7.2 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………………… 7.3 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………….. APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………. Appendix 1: Questionnaire LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Native Town Population, 1950……………………………… Table1. 2: Urban Characterisitcs, Township African Population……. Table 3.1: Ethnic Distribution Of Mines Labour, 1930……………….. Table 3.2 : Origin By Province Of Forced Labourers………………….. Table 5.1: Ethnic Distribution Of Chairmen And Sole Administrators In Jos Local Government, 1976-2000……. Table 5.2 : Ethnic Origins Of Councilors For Selected Years In Jos Local Government………………………………….. Table 5.3: Ethnic Distribution Of Stalls In The Ultra- Modern Market, Jos………………………………………… Table 5.4: Ethnic Patterns Of Control Of Selected Informal Economic Activities In Jos…………………………………… LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AD Alliance for Democracy ADA Afizere Development Association AG Action Group APC Arewa Peoples Congress APP All Peoples Party ATMN Almagamated Tin Mining Company of Nigeria BECO Berom Educational and Cultural Organization BMWU Berom Mine Workers Union BPU Berom Progressive Union CFCR Citizens’ Forum for Constitutional Reform DFRRI Directorate for Food and Rural Infrastructures ICU Igbo Cultural Union IMF International Monetary Fund JDA Jassawa Development Association JIB Jos International Breweries JUMA Jos Ultra-Modern Market Association JYA Jassawa Youth Association MBPP Middle Belt Progressive Party MSC Makeri Smelting Company MZL Middle Belt Zone League NA Native Authority NAMU Nigerian African Mines’ Workers Union NAPEP National Poverty Eradication Programme NCNC National Council of Nigerian Citizens NEPU Northern Elements Progressive Union NMWU Northern Miners’ Workers’ Union NNNL Northern Nigeria Non-Muslim League NPC Northern Peoples’ Congress NPP Nigerian Peoples’ Party NPN National Party of Nigeria NRC National Republican Convention PDP Peoples Democratic Party PRP Peoples’ Redemption Party P&T Post and Telecommunications PYC Plateau Youth Council PZ Paterson Zochonis RNC Royal Niger Company SAP Structural Adjustment Party SDP Social Democratic Party UAC United African Company UMBC United Middle Belt Congress WAFF West African Frontier Force WAMPCO West African Milk Production Company ABSTRACT The construction of citizenship on the basis of ethnic identity necessarily breeds tension between the universal imperatives of citizenship and rights on the one hand, and the restrictive/exclusive nature of ethnic claims on the other. It is this dilemma set forth by ethnicity-citizenship nexus that is at the root of the numerous cases of communal conflicts in both urban and rural Nigeria. The research investigates into the way in which urbanism in Jos provides the framework for the playing out of the dynamics of ethnicity and conflicting citizens’ claims fueled by the legal distinction between ‘national’ citizens as members of the Nigerian political community and ‘state’ or ‘local’ citizens defined on the basis of membership of an indigenous ethnic group. The research seeks to show the way in which contestations based on contradictory notions of citizenship by the various socio-ethnic and cultural aggregates in Jos explain the recurrent conflicts and violence which have characterized inter-group relations in recent times, despite the reality of multiplicity of identities of individuals and groups and the co-existence of co-operation and collaboration. The investigation
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