DOCSLIB.ORG

Discussion Papers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Discussion Papers DISCUSSION PAPERS Population Studies Centre No 37 October 2000 International Migration in New Zealand: Context, Components and Policy Issues Richard Bedford Elsie Ho Jacqueline Lidgard The University of Waikato Te Whare W~nanga Ç Waikato HAMILTON : NEW ZEALAND The Population Studies Centre was established at the University of Waikato in 1982. POPULATION STUDIES CENTRE DISCUSSION PAPERS are intended as a forum for the publication of selected papers on research within the Centre, for the discussion and comment within the research community and among policy analysts prior to more formal refereeing and publication. Discussion Papers can be obtained in pdf form from the Centre's website at http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/populationstudiescentre The views expressed in this discussion paper are those of the authors and do not reflect any official position on the part of the Centre. © Population Studies Centre University of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton New Zealand www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/populationstudiescentre [email protected] International Migration in New Zealand: Context, Components and Policy Issues Richard Bedford Elsie Ho Jacqueline Lidgard Migration Research Group and Population Studies Centre Department of Geography University of Waikato Hamilton, New Zealand October 2000 ISBN: 1-877149-37-3 i Acknowledgements The research reported in this Discussion Paper was supported by funding from the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology through the New Demographic Directions Programme that is being coordinated by the Population Studies Centre at the University of Waikato, Hamilton. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface............................................................................................................... iii A distinctive heritage ........................................................................................ 1 Settlement history and contemporary research..................................... 2 An underlying theme ............................................................................ 4 A treaty issue..................................................................................................... 4 Immigration and a Maori renaissance .................................................. 5 Immigration policy reviews.................................................................. 6 Multicultural and bicultural ideologies................................................. 9 The trans-Tasman connection........................................................................... 10 Back door entry?................................................................................... 11 Enduring ties ......................................................................................... 12 Immigration policy issues..................................................................... 14 A Pacific country?............................................................................................. 15 Building linkages .................................................................................. 16 Meta societies and transnational exchanges ......................................... 18 Illegal transfers ..................................................................................... 19 Part of Asia?...................................................................................................... 20 Refugee intakes and new flows ............................................................ 21 Business immigration ........................................................................... 22 Astronauts and policy changes ............................................................. 23 Settlement issues................................................................................... 24 Migration in the twenty-first century................................................................ 26 Migration and ageing............................................................................ 26 New forms of migration........................................................................ 27 Regional patterns .................................................................................. 28 Skilled migrant flows............................................................................ 29 References......................................................................................................... 31 iii PREFACE In June 2000 the Population Association of New Zealand (PANZ) and the Australian Population Association (APA) held a joint meeting in Wellington where population trends and issues at the beginning of the new millennium were reviewed. The Migration Research Group presented an overview of New Zealand's international migration system, highlighting the distinctive history of immigration to this country, and situating the major components of the contemporary system in this historical context. Prospects for further development in the system are reviewed in the final section of the paper. Earlier versions of the paper were presented at the Third National Metropolis Conference in Vancouver in January 1999, and an end-users meeting in April 2000 organised by the FRST-funded New Demographic Directions Programme (University of Waikato) and New Settlers Programme (Massey University). A list of Discussion Papers produced by the Population Studies Centre at the University of Waikato is reproduced on the inside back cover of this volume. Copies can be obtained from the Administrative Secretary, Population Studies Centre, University of Waikato, Hamilton, P.B. 3105, Hamilton. R.D. Bedford Convenor Migration Research Group. 1 A Distinctive Heritage Two hundred years ago, around the turn of the nineteenth century, the settlement of New Zealand by Europeans was slowly gaining momentum. In large measure this was due to the movement of some former British convicts and their descendants across the Tasman to take advantage of opportunities to exploit natural resources, (especially seals and whales as well as timber, and later agricultural produce) to feed the growing colony in New South Wales. In 2000 the New Zealand media is devoting considerable attention to a movement in the opposite direction -- the migration of New Zealanders with skills to Australia. Emigration of New Zealanders, rather than immigration of new settlers is the most topical migration issue at the beginning of the new millennium, and net migration losses rather than net gains are featured in the media’s analyses of migration statistics. It is not surprising that there is considerable confusion amongst members of the public about the nature and direction of population change. The last decade has seen short-lived surges in numbers of births (the 'baby blip' of the early 1990), the highest net migration gains for over 100 years (the 'Asian invasion' of the mid-1990s), some of the highest net migration losses of New Zealanders on record (the 'brain drain' of the late 1990s), and belated recognition that much of what is called 'permanent and long-term migration' is not, in fact, leading to immigrant settlement. 'Temporary' migration is attracting much more attention in both the research community as well as amongst policy makers. In order to understand the immigration policies of any country it is essential to have some appreciation of the history of migration and settlement in that country. The current debate about the nature and direction of future policy initiatives to discourage emigration from and encourage immigration into New Zealand is embedded in a distinctive history which incorporates several phases of settlement and domination. Over the past 1,000 years these southern Pacific islands have been: 1) an outlier of Polynesia, settled initially by Pacific Island peoples who, from the late eighteenth century, became known as Maori and who comprise the indigenous population (tangata whenua) of Aotearoa (the Maori name for New Zealand); 2) a British colony settled from the early nineteenth century mainly by people from the United Kingdom and Ireland often via Australia; 3) one of several ‘New World’ destinations for Chinese working on the gold fields in the 1860s and 1870s – a migration which was to result in the 2 establishment of a small but distinctive ethnic minority despite the imposition of highly discriminatory legislation regulating flows of peoples from Asia into the European colonial outliers on the Pacific rim for over a century; 4) an important destination for a 'new' Polynesian labour migration in the second half of the twentieth century which has resulted in Auckland, New Zealand’s only 'metropolis' (1 million inhabitants in 1996), becoming the largest Polynesian city in the world; 5) and, most recently, a destination for middle class Chinese and Koreans migrants from northeast Asia coming to New Zealand in response to a significant shift in emphasis and focus of immigration policy after 1986. Settlement history and contemporary research All aspects of this settlement history have relevance for policy issues and research initiatives in contemporary New Zealand. Maori, as tangata whenua, have a distinctive place in the history and development of contemporary New Zealand society. At the core of social cohesion in this society is the issue of Maori/non-Maori relationships – the issue of biculturalism as a base for effective multicultural development (Pearson, 1991). Underpinning the debate about biculturalism is a renaissance in Maori culture and economy, a renaissance which has been fuelled by the increasing official
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Important Factors Affecting Customers in Buying Japanese Vehicles in New Zealand: a Case Study
    Important factors affecting customers in buying Japanese vehicles in New Zealand: A case study Henry Wai Leong Ho, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA Julia Sze Wing Yu, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia Abstract Just like many developed countries, car ownership in New Zealand (NZ) is an important determinant of household travel behavior. New Zealanders like buying used cars (mainly direct import from Japan) due to their affordability and reputation of good condition of the Japanese car. It has been mentioned for many years that Chinese ethnic group is not only one of the largest immigrants in NZ but also one of the most attractive customer groups in NZ market. This research aims to identify what are the NZ Chinese customers’ preferences and perceptions in purchasing Japanese used vehicles and how the used car dealers in NZ can successfully attract and convince their Chinese customers to purchase from them. Based on the survey results, Chinese customers agreed that price, fuel efficiency as well as style and appearance are all the important factors when they decide which Japanese vehicles to buy. Other than that, used car dealers with good reputation as well as friends and family recommendations are also some of the important factors for Chinese customers in helping them to select the right seller to purchase their Japanese used vehicles. Keywords: Chinese migrants in New Zealand; Japanese used car; used car dealer in New Zealand; customer perception; automobile industry Bibliography 1st and corresponding author: Henry W. L. Ho, MBus (Marketing), DBA Dr. Henry Ho is an Associate Professor of Marketing at Ferris State University in Michigan, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealanders on the Net Discourses of National Identities In
    New Zealanders on the Net Discourses of National Identities in Cyberspace Philippa Karen Smith A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2012 Institute of Culture, Discourse & Communication School of Language and Culture ii Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... v List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ vi Attestation of Authorship ......................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter One : Identifying the problem: a ‘new’ identity for New Zealanders? ................... 1 1.1 Setting the context ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 New Zealand in a globalised world ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Ambassador to China Terry Branstad
    U.S. Ambassador to China Terry Branstad On December 7, 2016, Governor Branstad announced that he had accepted the nomination from President-elect Donald Trump to serve as Ambassador of the United States to the People’s Republic of China. He was confirmed by the Senate on May 22, 2017, and was sworn in on May 24, 2017. Ambassador Terry Branstad was born, raised and educated in Iowa. A native of Leland, Branstad was elected to the Iowa House in 1972, ’74 and ’76, and elected as Iowa’s lieutenant governor in 1978. Branstad was Iowa’s longest-serving governor, from 1983 to 1999. As the state’s chief executive, he weathered some of Iowa’s worst economic turmoil, during the farm crisis of the ‘80s, while helping lead the state’s resurgence to a booming economy in the ‘90s. At the end of his tenure, Iowa enjoyed record employment, an unprecedented $900 million budget surplus, and the enactment of historic government overhauls that led to greater efficiencies in state government. As a result of Governor Branstad’s hands-on, round-the-clock approach to economic development, Iowa’s unemployment rate went from 8.5 percent when he took office to a record low 2.5 percent by the time he left in 1999. Following his four terms as governor, Branstad served as president of Des Moines University (DMU). During his 6-year tenure, he was able to grow the university into a world-class educational facility. Its graduates offer health care in all 50 states and in nearly every Iowa county.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultural Fabrication of Identity 1851-1928
    Chapter 11 The Cultural Fabrication of Identity 1851-1928 Words such as ‘race’, ‘ethnicity’, ‘culture’, ‘religion’ and ‘identity’ are caught up, in 19th and 20th century usage, with concepts such as ‘citizenship’ and ‘nationality’. In earlier times, in Europe, the words ‘Christian’ and ‘Christendom’ might also have been added in trying to define an individual. In China, for more than a thousand years, ‘Confucian’ and perhaps ‘Buddhist” and ‘Daoist’ probably performed a function not unlike that of ‘Christian’ in Europe. Cheong’s life is a case study of an ethnic Chinese whose adult identity was shaped outside China by a different set of cultural influences to those that would have applied if he had lived out his life in Guangdong Province, or in the other centres of the Chinese Diaspora. He differed from most diaspora Chinese in that his family, as a result of his father’s conversion to Christianity in 1860, and his subsequent work as a Presbyterian catechist, provided educational and other opportunities that were rare among his ethnic contemporaries in Australia. It is a commonplace to observe that migration brings about more than just a generational change in the children of immigrants. Few Chinese families, and fewer Chinese children, migrated to Australia during the 19th century. Although evidence is scanty, it is a reasonable estimate that less than twenty families emigrated from China to Victoria and the number is probably less than that. The majority of ‘Chinese’ children identified in the various Victorian census collections were of mixed origins, usually with a Chinese father and a Chinese mother.
    [Show full text]
  • Wordings for Cover Page
    IS “ASIAN” A USEFUL CATEGORY FOR HEALTH RESEARCH IN NEW ZEALAND? Kumanan Rasanathan, David Craig, and Rod Perkins ABSTRACT This paper examines the increasing use of a novel conception of “Asian” as an ethnic group in New Zealand health research. This definition of “Asian” includes peoples with origins in East, South and Southeast Asia, but not from the Middle East or Central Asia. Potential methodological problems due to this aggregation of a diverse group of peoples are identified. Potential problems that this definition may cause for peoples who are excluded and the general problems of ethnicity in research are also considered. The paper concludes by highlighting some issues that require particular clarification in this nascent field. Rasanathan, K., Craig, D., & Perkins, R. (2004). Is “Asian” a useful category for health research in New Zealand? In S. Tse, A. Thapliyal, S. Garg, G. Lim, & M. Chatterji (Eds.), Proceedings of the Inaugural International Asian Health Conference: Asian health and wellbeing, now and into the future (pp.8 - 17). New Zealand: The University of Auckland, School of Population Health. Dr Kumanan Rasanathan Public Health Medicine Registrar The University of Auckland Email: [email protected] Dr David Craig Senior Lecturer Department of Sociology The University of Auckland Dr Rod Perkins Senior Lecturer in Health Management School of Population Health The University of Auckland 8 INTRODUCTION Chinese and Indian peoples have settled in New Zealand for almost 150 years, but historically they have been marginal groups. They have been the subject of xenophobia, resulting in measures such as the poll tax applied to Chinese settlers (Murphy, 2002), and, more recently, they have been constructed as “model minorities” (Ip, 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Demography, Diaspora and Diplomacy: New Zealand's Asian
    New Zealand Population Review, 36: 137-157. Copyright © 2010 Population Association of New Zealand Demography, Diaspora and Diplomacy: New Zealand’s Asian Challenges ANDREW BUTCHER * Abstract This policy note takes a long-term view of the challenges New Zealand may face in its relationship with Asia, both domestically and internationally. Drawing on research commissioned by the Asia New Zealand Foundation, the paper discusses three main areas. First, demographic changes present challenges for New Zealand’s bicultural relations, social policy, how we measure and understand ethnicity and issues of national identity. Second, New Zealand has one of the largest diaspora populations in the world, but this is largely ignored in policy especially with respect to Asia. Third, possible diplomatic challenges are outlined, including increased pressure on off-shore diplomatic posts by diaspora and tourist populations, diplomatic incidents, and the implications of shifting regional power arrangements in the Asia-Pacific region. Introduction n surveying a growing ‘Asian New Zealand’ population and New Zealand’s future in Asia, this article considers three themes: Idemographic changes, diaspora opportunities and diplomatic challenges. This paper follows Statistics New Zealand in identifying the Asian region as the part of the world that extends from Pakistan in the west to Indonesia in the east. It includes South Asia but excludes West Asia (the Middle East), Russia and its former states, and some countries that are on the Pacific Rim (such as the United States, Australia and New Zealand, which are all considered part of a broad ‘Asia-Pacific area in some forums such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the East Asia Summit).
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese New Zealanders: an Inventory of Records Held by Archives New Zealand © 2013 Wendy Harnett1
    Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Volume Six, 2013 南方華裔研究雜誌, 第六卷, 2013 Chinese New Zealanders: An Inventory of Records Held by Archives New Zealand © 2013 Wendy Harnett1 Background This inventory was created in response to an exciting discovery of records of early Chinese migrants to New Zealand. Records of a poll tax imposed on Chinese migrants arriving at Wellington were already held by Archives New Zealand (ANZ), Wellington Head Office. However, poll tax records of Chinese arriving in Auckland were believed to have been destroyed in a fire in the Hope Gibbons Building, Wellington in 1952. In 2012 ANZ Wellington’s Description & Discovery team, while accessioning unprocessed archives, discovered several boxes of Auckland poll tax records covering the period 1882 to 1928.2 The records were listed, repackaged and sent to ANZ Auckland Regional Office where they are being digitised to provide access via Archway, ANZ’s online archives finding aids system (www.archway.archives.govt.nz).3 As a substantial amount of records relating to Chinese New Zealanders is held by Archives New Zealand’s four offices, it was felt that an inventory would be a useful resource for genealogists and other researchers. The majority of records date from 1865 to the 1950s and they reflect the New Zealand government’s activities and policies towards Chinese migrants and provide evidence of the systemic discrimination experienced by them. Many of the records pertain to immigration matters, including the poll tax, and also to the alien status of Chinese immigrants. Other records relate to naturalisation, employment and miscellaneous subjects. Photograph of Suey Ching taken before his temporary departure from New Zealand, 1914 (Archives New Zealand: BBAO 5575 A234/1e, R14850250) 1 Wendy Harnett is a Senior Archivist/Advisor in Description & Discovery, Archives New Zealand Wellington Head Office.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Face of Asian Peoples in New Zealand
    New Zealand Population Review, 41:95–118. Copyright © 2015 Population Association of New Zealand The Changing Face of Asian Peoples in New Zealand ELSIE HO * Abstract Richard Bedford has made a major contribution to the understanding of diverse Asian peoples in New Zealand. In particular, his work has demonstrated how changing immigration policies have led to new patterns of ethnic diversity, residential and business concentration, and settlement and employment trajectories, as well as changing family dynamics, mobility patterns and transnational networks (for example, Bedford & Ho, 2008; Bedford, Didham & Ip, 2009; Ho & Bedford, 2006, 2008; Spoonley & Bedford, 2012). This paper builds on this understanding to analyse the changing characteristics of Asian peoples in New Zealand since 1986, the year when New Zealand abolished a traditional source preference in the selection of prospective immigrants in favour of criteria based on individual merits, skills and qualifications. The discussion is organised into six parts to illustrate the multiple dimensions of difference within New Zealand’s growing Asian communities: more diverse Asian ethnic groups, changing age-sex structure, different labour market experiences, growing mobility and transnational connections, complex patterns of mixed ethnicity, and increased concentration in Auckland. The study challenges the popular perception of ‘Asian’ as a single category. he 2013 Census reveals that New Zealand’s population is becoming increasingly diverse. In 1986, 85.1 per cent of New Zealand’s T population were of European ethnic origin, 12.4 per cent Māori, 4.0 per cent Pacific and 1.7 per cent Asian. By 2013, the non-European ethnic groups (Māori, Asian and Pacific) had all increased their proportion of the New Zealand population (to 14.9 per cent, 11.8 per cent, and 7.4 per cent respectively), and a new group had emerged, namely those who identified with ethnicities in the broad Middle Eastern, Latin American and African category (MELAA), accounting for 1.2 per cent of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission and Unity from an Asian Migrant Perspective
    Mission and Unity from an Asian migrant perspective One foot in the East and the other in the West Cheen Khaw Lu Ho Boh? Cheah Pa Ah Boey? That‟s for “How are you? Have you eaten? That‟s the way I greet my own people in my dialect Hokkien back in Penang, Malaysia. Most Kiwis will immediately assume that being a Chinese, I would be able to converse and write in Mandarin, and that I come from China. I often have to explain that Mandarin is the unifying language of China, that there are many dialects there and that I am a fifth generation overseas Chinese – about 200 years removed from China. I also speak and write in Malay but feel most at ease and relate best with people using the English language. Because I am most at ease with English, I find myself choosing to worship in churches that conduct their services in English. In my case it has been mostly Anglican churches ever since I came to faith in Christ more than twenty years ago when I was a university student here in New Zealand. Since the nineteen eighties, there has been an influx of migrants to New Zealand. According to the 2006 census, Chinese New Zealanders made up 3.4% of the population of New Zealand. The demographic make-up of the population of especially the major cities like Auckland has changed dramatically. Today, Auckland is very multiracial, multicultural and has a diversity of religions. The Chinese people who migrated from Malaysia and Singapore are scattered throughout Auckland, while Chinese from Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China tend to congregate in certain suburbs of Auckland.
    [Show full text]
  • SHEIKH Packet 6.Pdf
    SHEIKH (Somewhat Hard Examination of In-Depth Knowledge of History): "History is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake. Writing this set isn’t helping." Questions by Will Alston and Jordan Brownstein Packet 6 1. A book partly titled for these people argues that the scramble for colonies occurred due to “local crises,” not developments in Europe. That book by Robinson and Gallagher is subtitled "the Official Mind of Imperialism" and is titled Africa and [these people]. Steven Marcus analyzed William Acton's The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs and the 12-volume porno My Secret Life in his book on “The Other” people of this type. A book titled for these people states “Je n’impose rien; je ne propose rien: j’expose” in its preface and criticizes the prefectorial system and the “worship of good form” originated by a headmaster of Rugby. That book titled for these people provides (*) unflattering portraits of an Archbishop of Westminster, a bible-loving general who died at Khartoum, and the “Lady with the Lamp.” For 10 points, Cardinal Manning and Florence Nightingale are among four “eminent” people of what type in a Lytton Strachey book? ANSWER: Victorians 2. Osbert Sitwell described how this leader once had his troops fight each other with live grenades while an orchestra played Beethoven's Fifth. This coiner of the term “mutilated victory” was the first, and less famous, person to force dissidents to drink diarrhea-inducing quantities of castor oil and to use the warcry “Eia, eia, alala!” As part of his efforts to create a “Producer's State,” this man had Alceste de Ambris write a charter which created ten guild-like corporations.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives from Chinese Clinicians and Older Immigrants in New Zealand
    Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-021-09424-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE What Is Frailty? Perspectives from Chinese Clinicians and Older Immigrants in New Zealand Gary Cheung1 & Susan Gee 2 & Hamish Jamieson 2 & Ulrich Berger 3 Accepted: 21 January 2021/ # The Author(s) 2021 Abstract This qualitative study explores the meanings of frailty held by Chinese New Zealanders and Chinese health care professionals with the aim of identifying commonalities as well as potential differences. Two guided focus groups with Mandarin and Cantonese speak- ing older adults (n = 10), one individual interview with a English speaking older Chinese, and one focus group with Chinese New Zealand health care professionals (n =7)were held to obtain views on frailty in older adults, followed by transcribing and a thematic qualitative analysis. Three main themes emerged: (1) Frailty is marked by ill-health, multiple chronic and unstable medical comorbidities, and is a linked with polypharmacy; (2) Frailty can involve physical weakness, decline in physical function such as reduced mobility or poor balance, and declining cognitive function; and (3) Frailty is associated with psychological and social health including depression, reduced motivation, social isolation, and loss of confidence. The perspectives of frailty that emerged are congruent with a multi-dimensional concept of frailty that has been described in both Chinese and non-Chinese medical research literature. Keywords Ethnicity . Frailty . Health professionals . Older people . Overseas Chinese Introduction The flow of migrants from homelands in the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan has been described as a diaspora, with over 40 million people identifying as ethnically Chinese living in 148 other countries around the world (Poston and Wong 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matters
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Between Sovereignties: Chinese Minor Settler Literature Across the Pacific A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature by Yu-ting Huang 2015 © Copyright by Yu-ting Huang 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Between Sovereignties: Chinese Minor Settler Literature Across the Pacific by Yu-ting Huang Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature University of California, Los Angeles Professor Shu-mei Shih, Co-chair Professor Elizabeth DeLoughrey, Co-chair Taking as its subject Chinese immigrant-settler literature across the Pacific, this study introduces the concept of minor settler to describe settlers who are marginalized within settler society, as later-coming immigrants, racialized minority, or colonized peoples. Maintaining that their experiences of settlement differ from those of dominant settlers, and also foregrounding their role and responsibility as settlers perpetuating Indigenous dispossession, this dissertation is motivated by two research questions: (1) how minor settler aspiration for identity and belonging may corroborate settler ideology of non-native right to place, and (2) whether and how their minority struggle may lead to productive engagement with Indigenous decolonization. To answer these questions, I examine contemporary literary fictions by Chinese minor settler authors in Hawai‘i, Aotearoa New Zealand, and Taiwan. Using critical insights from settler colonial studies and Indigenous critical theories, I analyze Chinese minor settler narratives against each location’s layered settler colonial history, Indigenous political expressions, and racial and !ii national discourses, illustrating how these different conditions of literary production give rise to specific themes, formal qualities, and political commitments in minor settler literary narratives across national contexts.
    [Show full text]