American Dolorologies Item Type Book Authors Strick, Simon DOI 10.1353/book.28834 Publisher SUNY Press Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 29/09/2021 04:15:19 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item https://www.sunypress.edu/p-5822-american-dolorologies.aspx AMERICAN DOLOROLOGIES AMERICAN DOLOROLOGIES Pain, Sentimentalism, Biopolitics SIMON STRICK State University of New York Press Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2014 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Production, Laurie Searl Marketing, Anne M. Valentine Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Strick, Simon, 1974– American dolorologies : pain, sentimentalism, biopolitics / Simon Strick. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4384-5021-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Pain—Social aspects—United States. 2. Suffering—Social aspects—United States. 3. United States—Civilization. 4. Sentimentalism. I. Title. BJ1409.S85 2014 306.4—dc23 2013014434 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix CHAPTER ONE What Is Dolorology? 1 CHAPTER TWO Sublime Pain and the Subject of Sentimentalism 19 CHAPTER THREE Anesthesia, Birthpain, and Civilization 51 CHAPTER FOUR Picturing Racial Pain 93 CHAPTER FIVE Late Modern Pain 147 NOTES 169 WORKS CITED 199 INDEX 219 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 4.1 gordon: The Scourged Back/Escaped slave displays wounds from torture. Carte de visite (1863). Source: Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division, New York (Record ID 298932; Digital ID 487461). 100 Figure 4.2 peter (for full title see text). Carte de visite (1863). Source: National Archives at College Park, “Photographic Prints in John Taylor Album, compiled ca. 1861–1865” (Inventory ID: 165-JT-230). 101 Figure 4.3 A Typical Negro: Article and illustration. Harper’s Weekly, 4th of July 1864. Source: Library of Congress, Photographs and Prints Division (LC-USZ62-98515) 105 Figure 4.4 peter (verso). 108 Figure 4.5 Brave Defenders of Our Country, photographed by John Carbuth. Albumen carte de visite (1863). Source: The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Gift of 20 Hallmark Cards, Inc., 2005.27.260. Photo: Thomas Palmer. 117 Figure 4.6 Surgical photographs, Army Medical Museum (photographed 1861–1865, printed later). Summary: Photographs show men displaying the wounds received during the Civil War. Upper left: John Brink, Private; Upper right: Sergeant Warden; Lower left: Samuel H. Decker, Private; Lower right: Allison Shutter, Drummer. Source: Library of Congress, Photographs and Prints Division (LC-DIG-ppmsca- 10105). 120 vii viii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 4.7 The modern Medea—the story of Margaret Garner. Wood engraving after a painting by Thomas Noble. Harper’s Weekly, 18th May 1867, 308. Source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division (LC-USZ62-84545). 125 Figure 4.8 Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence, a redeemed slave child, five years of age as she appeared when found in slavery. Redeemed in Virginia by Catharine S. Lawrence; baptized in Brooklyn, at Plymouth Church by Henry Ward Beecher, May 1863. Photographic Print (1863). Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LC-DIG-ppmsca-11478). 129 Figure 4.9 Wilson Chinn, a Branded Slave from Louisiana. Also exhibiting Instruments of Torture used to punish Slaves. Carte de visite (1863). Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LC-USZ62-90345). 133 Figure 4.10 Oh, How I Love The Old Flag. Rebecca, A Slave Girl from New Orleans. Carte de visite (1864). Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LC-DIG-ppmsca-11124). 135 Figure 4.11 Our Protection. Rosa, Charley, Rebecca. Slave Children from New Orleans. Carte de visite (1864). Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LC-DIG-ppmsca-11118). 136 Figure 4.12 White and Black Slaves from New Orleans. Carte de Visite (1863). Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LC-DIG-ppmsca-11244). 138 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing is one of the few forms of self-abuse in which a helping hand is sometimes necessary, says mystery novelist Walter Satterthwait. My affinity, thankfulness, and love go to the many, many helping hands, eyes, minds, and institutions who were instrumental in the shaping, refining, and getting done of this book. I thank the German funding system for young scholars and the Gradu- ate Program “Gender as a Category of Knowledge” at Humboldt University Berlin for their generous financial support during the years of writing. The American Studies Department at Humboldt University shaped me academi- cally and intellectually and my thanks go out to the splendid colleagues I worked with there: Dorothea Löbbermann, Eva Boesenberg, Martin Klepper, Klaus Milich, Reinhard Isensee, Renate Ulbrich, and Suncica Klaas. The graduate program “Gender as a Category of Knowledge” was a wonderful and inspiring place to develop concepts, theories, and methodologies and I thank all the people I met there. Special credit goes to Christina von Braun, Volker Hess and Viola Beckmann. Elahe Haschemi-Yekani, Beatrice Michaelis, Maja Figge, Sven Glawion, Konstanze Hanitzsch, Jana Husmann, Daniela Hrazan, Claudia Brunner, Anson Koch-Rein, Wibke Straube, Julia Roth, and many more helped me with insightful commentary and fruitful suggestions. Excellent thanks and endless gratitude to the magnificent and awe-inspiring spirit and mind of Gabriele Dietze who as supervisor, discus- sion partner, and general councellor on all things mundane and academic was instrumental in guiding this project, and myself. Beth Bjorklund, Claire Raymond, Susan Fraiman, Jennifer Wicke, and Jennifer Ray Greeson were wonderful colleagues at UVA and critically provided support and advice during the completion and publishing of this book. Thanks also to audiences and colleagues wherever, who listened to the seldom-conclusive ideas and arguments that eventually added up to this text. My thanks to the many people in Charlottesville, Dublin, Wien, Lausanne, Bremen, Weimar, and Berlin. My gratitude goes to the many people who provided spaces to live and work, and offered patience and support: WG Blinkenlichten, Gaby Dietze, and Michael Lattek in Berlin, Jacqueline Burkhardt and Thierry in ix x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Banyuls-Sur-Mer, and the wonderful Harbaugh family in Cville for shelter and storm. I greatly thank my family and friends for supporting me and enjoying the various stages of success with me. Carsten Junker deserves special mention for unexpected lessons about friendship. Susann Neuenfeldt’s personality, mind, work, and heart can be felt everywhere in this book. I express my gratitude and love to your wonderful presence, it tempts me in and drives me far away. This book is dedicated to the memory of Günter H. Lenz. ONE WHAT IS DOLOROLOGY? Who is embodied, and how, and what is served by the sensual turn? —Lauren Berlant, “Critical Inquiry, Affirmative Culture” In October 1852, one of the chief medical authorities in the emerging field of clinical obstetrics, Dr. James Young Simpson, wrote a ferocious letter to his London colleague Dr. Henry Ramsbotham. Simpson, the first medical professional to administer anesthetic agents in childbirth, made a compari‑ son between the agonies of labor pain and those of corporeal punishment of slaves in order to convince his doubtful critic of the benefits of etherization. His comparative argument elucidates how pain in marginal bodies took on social and political meanings in the nineteenth century: I wonder that you and Dr Lee should still persist in asking your patients to shriek and suffer in deference merely to your professional prejudices. Yesterday I was reading a letter from Dr Howe describing a public slave‑whipping scene in New Orleans where a poor shriek‑ ing girl had a series of horrid lashes inflicted to serve merely the temper and prejudices of her master. And while the doctor gave a most heartrending account of her agonies he adds that what struck him as worst of all was all the other masters maintaining that this inhuman and cruel practice of theirs was the only safe practice with slaves, just as on equally untenable grounds you will . maintain that the shrieking of patients in labour is the only safe practice for them. To my mind and heart, the one doctrine does not appear less shocking at this time of day than does the other. (quoted in Waserman 1980, 160) 1 2 AMERICAN DOLOROLOGIES The comparison of labor pain and the pain of being tortured intends to advertise the etherization of women during parturition, which in Simpson’s context meant the alleviation of pain in white and upper‑class female bodies. Evoking this pain together with the suffering of black women under the yoke of American chattel slavery weds both types of pain in one humanitarian perspective.1 Corporeal pain for Simpson signifies “untenable” and “inhu‑ man” practices, whether these are the physical abuses of black bodies in enslavement or the medical neglect of female bodies suffering from birth‑ pain. Both bodies in pain equally affect the sensibilities of the humanitarian and compassionate subject. Thus, they are also aligned and evaluated in a comparative relation: torture causes pain in black bodies like childbirth does in female bodies. This comparative recognition of pain further compels the white male doctor to the same compassionate response, and he is poised to rescue both marginalized bodies from their agonies in the name of medi‑ cal and social progress.