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THE AGRICULTURAL CHANGES in the KIPSIGIS LAND, C

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THE AGRICULTURAL CHANGES in the KIPSIGIS LAND, C THE AGRICULTURAL CHANGES IN THE KIPSIGIS LAND, c. 1894-1963: AN HISTORICAL INQUIRY Samson Moenga Omvvoyo To cite this version: Samson Moenga Omvvoyo. THE AGRICULTURAL CHANGES IN THE KIPSIGIS LAND, c. 1894- 1963: AN HISTORICAL INQUIRY . Environmental studies. SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, 2000. English. tel-01236648 HAL Id: tel-01236648 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01236648 Submitted on 7 Jan 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1■11111.1111 FRA0021611) C) I II / ° (1 aNiu: 301- 35 THE AGRICULTURAL CHANGES IN THE KIPSIGISLAND, c. 1894-1963: AN HISTORICAL INQUIRY BY SAMSON MOENGA OMWOYO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY JULY, 2000 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and to the best of my knowledge it has never been submitted for a degree in any University. SAMSON MOENGA OMVVOYO This thesis has been submitted with our approval as University Supervisors PROF. GABRIEL JAL DR. MILDRED JALANGO-NDEDA iii DEDICATION To my wife Pauline Moraa Omwoyo, and our children Dennis Moenga, Steve Masaki and Alice Bosibori, with love. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A work of such magnitude accumulated numerous debts to the many people and institutions who contributed in different ways to its success. Several institutions greatly contributed to the preparation of this thesis. First, my gratitude goes to Kenyatta University for according the opportunity to undertake this study and awarding research funds through the Deans' Committee that assisted in the research and compilation of this work. I would also like to express my appreciation to the staff of the Moi Library of Kenyatta University, Jomo Kenyatta Library and the Institute of Development Studies of the University of Nairobi. The staff of the Kenya National Archives, Nairobi and the Kenya National library Services, Kericho Branch were very helpful in availing materials required for this thesis. At the individual level I am invaluably indebted to a lot of people. Prof. Eric Aseka, who was the Chairman, Department of History when this study was conceived proved to be a great source of inspiration, encouragement and assistance. Even when I later took over from him as chairman, Department of History, he proved instrumental in my induction and made my work easy leaving sufficient time to write up my thesis. My invaluable gratitude goes to my two university supervisors, Prof. Gabriel Jal and Dr. Mildred Ndeda, who meticulously read all the drafts of the thesis and offered innumerable and useful suggestions and criticisms to the work. This work, in a way, is my form of thanks to them for their co-operation and guidance that they constantly gave throughout the period of research and writing up. I would also like to thank all members of staff of the Department of History and the Faculty of Arts as a whole for their varied assistance. They provided a stimulating and challenging academic environment, and this work is almost entirely a result of numerous consultations with them over a wide range of issues presented herein. Special thanks to colleagues, Julius Nabende, Washington Ndiiri, Pius Kakai, Edwin Gimode, Felix Kiruthu, Lazarus Ngari, Samuel Nyanchoga, Martha Musalia, Joel Imbisi and Ken Kisiang'ani who while undertaking the same programme, provided critical challenge, encouragement, support and comfort that our goal was viable. That constant assurance from all colleagues has been a driving force and together we cultivated the inspiration, determination and purpose of forging ahead. It is not possible to mention all those people who helped out in the field during data collection. I am deeply indebted to all my informants who selflessly gave their time for often unscheduled interviews. Many of my friends, most of them University students and lecturers of Kericho Teachers' Training College, helped in administering the questionnaires. Thanks to Jason Momanyi and James Bosire who were of great assistance in co-ordinating and carrying out oral interviews in the field. Thanks to Thomas Mokaya for his invaluable assistance, Dr. H. Nyabuga Nyambaka who greatly assisted during the compilation and typing of the thesis and Dr. Herman Kiriama who assisted in the printing of this work. As a Chairman of a Department, I would also like to acknowledge the co-operation and assistance of the departmental team, Metrine Makanda, Caroline Runyenje, Margaret Osir, Peter Alela and Lisper Bwari. These, and all academic members of staff, made the running of the department easy, sparing me the time and energy to concentrate on the thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their efforts in bringing me up a responsible man and inculcating in me the value of being scholarly. Special thanks to my vi wife Pauline Moraa Omwoyo and our children Dennis Moenga, Steve Masaki 'Babu' and Alice Bosibori 'Bossy' who accorded me conducive family comfort and the encouragement and purpose of working hard. I equally thank them for their untiring patience and unrelenting understanding during the long years of undertaking this work. To them all this thesis is dedicated. And to God be the honour and the glory. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS , Page Declaration ii Dedication iii Acknowledgement iv Table of Contents vii List of Figures and Tables xi List of Abbreviations xii Abstract xiii Glossary xvi Definition of Terms xxi CHAPTER ONE 1.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1 1.1 Area of Study 3 1.2 Statement of the Problem 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study 6 1.4 Research Premises 7 1.5 Justification of the Study 7 1.6 Scope of the Study 8 1.7 Literature Review 9 1.8 Theoretical Framework 21 1.9 Research Methodology 26 viii CHAPTER TWO 2.0 ME KIPSIGIS ON THE EVE OF COLONIAL RULE 30 2.1 The Settlement of the Kipsigis in Their Present land 30 2.2 Socio-political Organisation 34 2.3 The Kipsigis and their Neighbours 39 2.3.1 The Kipsigis and the Nandi 40 2.3.2 The Kipsigis and the Maasai 41 2.3.3 The Kipsigis and the Gusii 44 2.3.4 The Kipsigis and the Luo 47 2.4 Summary 48 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 THE KIPSIGIS ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF COLONIAL RULE 50 3.1 Land Tenure 50 3.2 Hunting and Gathering 54 3.3 Crop Production 56 3.4 Famines and Food Shortages 75 3.5 Animal Husbandry 83 3.6 Summary 97 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 THE EARLY COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE KIPSIGSLAND TO 1919... 100 4.1 The establishment of the Colonial Rule 100 4.2 Land 107 4.3 Crop Production 114 4.4 Animal Husbandry 118 4.5 Labour Re-organisation 131 4.6 Trade and Exchange 138 4.7 Summary 141 ix CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 AGRICULTURAL CHANGES IN THE INTER-WAR PERIOD, 1920-1939 143 5.1 General Overview 143 5.2 Issues Related to Land 144 5.3 Crop Production 153 5.3.1 Settlers' Agriculture 156 5.3.2 Crop Production among the Kipsigis, 1920-1939 170 5.4 The Colonial Neglect of Animal Husbandry 183 5.5 Changes in Labour Organisation 198 5.6 Trade and Exchange 208 5.7 Summary 211 CHAPTER SIX 6.0 AGRICULTURAL CHANGES DURING AND AFTER WORLD WAR II TO 1950 213 6.1 General Overview 213 6.2 Land Privatisation 216 6.3 Agricultural Production 221 6.3.1 Settler Agricultural Activities 221 6.3.2 African Agricultural Activities... 224 6.4 Animal Husbandry 229 6.5 Labour Issues During the War 234 6.6 Trade and Exchange 238 6.7 The Reconditioning Years: 1946-1955 242 6.7.1 Agricultural Production 244 6.7.2 Animal Husbandry 252 6.7.3 Trends in Labour Organisation 257 6.7.4 Merchant Capital 261 6.8 Summary 266 CHAPTER SEVEN 7.0 THE PHASE OF EXPANDED GROWTH IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, 1950-1963 269 7.1 General Overview 269 7.2 Land Alienation and Privatisation 271 7.3 Agricultural Changes Before the Swynnerton Plan 279 7.3.1 Crop Production 279 7.3.2 Animal Husbandry 283 7.3.3 Labour 289 7.3.4 Merchant Capital 291 7.4 From the Swynnerton Plan to Independence 296 7.4.1 Land 296 7.4.2 African Agricultural Production 298 7.4.3 Settler Agricultural production 310 7.4.4 Animal Husbandry 312 7.4.5 Labour 317 7.4.6 Merchant Capital 321 7.5 Summary 325 CHAPTER EIGHT 8.0 CONCLUSION 327 Bibliography 339 Appendix I Kipsigis Lunar Calender 351 Appendix II Kipsigis Cattle Names 351 Appendix In Questionnaire 353 xi LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1 Location map of the Kipsigisland in Kenya xxiii Figure 2 Map showing the Study Area xxiv Table 5.1 Tea Production in Kericho — 1928 163 Table 6.1 Crop Production in the Kipsigisland, 1946-1950 247 Table 6.2 Exports from African Areas, 1946-1950 263 Table 7.1 Land Cases in Kipsigisland, 1945-1954 278 Table 7.2 Agricultural Produce in the Kipsigisland, 1950-1954 282 Table 7.3 Other Exports from the Kipsigisland, 1950-1954 292 Table 7.4 Licenses Issued in 1951-1954 293 Table 7.5 Crop Production in African Areas, 1955-1960 301 Table 7.6 Statistics of Crops in African Areas, 1959-1960 304 Table 7.7 Number of Better Farmers in the Kipsigisland, 1957-1958 ..
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