Paper 2 (Human Geography) Name: ___________________________ Topic Title Case Studies/ located examples 4 Changing Cities Birmingham Mumbai 5 Global Development India 6A Resource Management and Energy Germany China Paper 2 Topic 4: Changing Cities. Megacities vs. Primate cities: Megacities have a population of over 10 Key Terms million or more Urbanisation Primate cities are cities that dominate a the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. countries economic, financial and political Migration when people move from one area to another systems. Natural increase birth rate minus the death rate of a population Urban Population Growth More than _________ the world’s population now live Urban A built up area like a town or city in live in cities and this is expected to increase to 5 billion by the year _____ , with most growth occurring Rural A countryside area in the developing/emerging world. Megacity an urban area with a total population of more than ten million people Urbanisation in the Developed World- A slower process Favela a squatter settlement (an area of often illegal, poor-quality housing, lacking in Growth of urban areas occurred in the 18th century services like water supply, sewerage and electricity) in a Brazilian city due to the agricultural revolution: this was when… What is happening? Developed country Higher income country e.g. UK, Japan, Germany This caused people to migrate to urban areas The growth of urban areas was a result of industrial and because… Developing country Lower income country e.g. Ethiopia, Nepal, Afghanistan agricultural revolutions. At this time people moved from Emerging country Newly emerging economy e.g. Brazil, China, Nigeria, India rural areas to the urban areas to gain work in factories. Urban growth also happened during the 19th century Urbanisation has since been slow and has remained steady countries industrial revolution (new jobs became available in Key content Developed since the 1980s factories). This pulled people to the urban areas because… Urban Growth Rate of urbanisation differs between countries that are richer and poorer. The growth of towns and cities has been rapid and has taken place over the last 50 years. More people are moving in than Urbanisation in the Developing/Emerging World- and and cities can accommodate for! This is due to rapid population Faster growth countries Emerging Emerging Rate of Very slow as urbanisation happened much earlier in HICs than in LICs and NEEs e.g. Developing growth and a lack of jobs in rural areas Growth here has occurred in the last 50 years and at a urbanisation in during the Industrial Revolution and so most of the population already live in urban much faster pace. Due to this speed, there hasn’t areas. HIC cities can be overcrowded and many people are choosing to leave them for developed quieter rural areas for a better quality of life made possible by high speed broadband Why? been time to build sufficient houses so many live in countries connections and good transport networks. __________________________. Other problems caused by rapid growth of the cities The reasons for the differences is that in developed countries include… Rate of most people already live in urban areas. Another reason is that Urbanisation urbanisation in Varying rates of urbanisation are experienced in countries that have economic Emerging development that is increasing rapidly. Nigeria and China have rapid urban growth. developed countries have a low natural increase rate. Developing Reasons for growth in Developing/Emerging World countries countries have a high rural-urban migration rate and natural Natural Increase – B_____ rates are higher than d____ rates. Migrants tend to be young and fertile Rate of The fastest rates of urbanisation in the world are generally happening in less increase rate. adults with lower death rates so cities are dominated urbanisation in economically developed countries as not many of the population live in urban areas. developing by the young and fertility rates are high. Migration – People move from rural areas due to push Urbanisation is caused by this because more people are being born than are dying i.e. Natural increase factors such as... birth rate is higher than death rate. and migrate to urban areas due to pull factors such as A combination of push and pull factors causes rural to urban migration which leads to This rapid growth in developing/emerging countries Causes Migration urbanisation. Younger ,working age people tend to migrate to cities to find better paid jobs. High rates of urbanisation leads to the growth of megacities. has resulted in the formation of megacities. A mega city is… The majority of megacities are in Asia and in particular China and India. There is only Megacities one in Europe with a slightly higher three in each of North America, South America and Africa. (2014) What is Urbanisation? UK urbanisation differences This is an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities. In 2007, Population= the UN announced that for the first time, more than 50 % of the world’s population live in urban Distribution= areas. Choropleth= Where is Urbanisation happening? Density= Infrastructure Urbanisation is happening all over the word but in developing and emerging The UK has an uneven population distribution: countries rates are much faster than HICs. This is mostly because of the This means some areas have….. rapid economic growth they are Whilst other areas ……. experiencing. In urban areas there is a __________ population density (lots of people in a smaller area) with a __________ population density in rural areas. This is due to 4 main reasons: Physical Factors – The north and west have hilly areas (for example which are difficult to build on/ provide infrastructure and have poor soils so population density is… The climate in the north and west is also colder and wetter so… In the south and east rich soils cause farming communities to grow which also have _______ people Causes of Urbanisation living there because they’re rural areas. Rural - urban migration (1) The movement of people from rural to urban areas. Historical Factors – The industrial revolution caused the growth of urban areas near to coalfields e.g. Push Pull B________ and also to ports e.g. L_________ This caused population density in these areas to be….. • Natural disasters • More Jobs • War and Conflict • Better education & healthcare Economic Factors – Since the 1950s the UK has focussed on tertiary and quaternary industry which • • Mechanisation Increased quality of life. requires space and good access e.g. Swindon. Tertiary industry supplies a service to people e.g. retail • Drought • Following family members. • Lack of employment whilst the quaternary industry involves high levels of education e.g. medical research. Areas of the UK with higher education /skills and good access now have ________ population densities. For example Natural Increase (2) When the birth rate exceeds the death rate. __________ has continued to grow due to good access because of the excellent road, rail and airport Increase in birth rate (BR) Lower death rate (DR) links, high skills, a large market and large labour force. • High percentage of population are child- • Higher life expectancy due to better living bearing age which leads to high fertility conditions and diet. Political Factors – L__________ is the centre of UK government and decision making and so attracts rate. • Improved medical facilities helps lower firms near to the area. • Lack of contraception or education about infant mortality rate. The south east of the UK is close to the EU so it is a convenient location to base businesses, these family planning. businesses increase the population density because… Key Terms Urbanisation is a result of socio-economic processes and change. The impact of migration on urbanisation— Formal employment (migration, national, international, urban economies, type of employment) National migration—This is migration that occurs within a country. In 1990, Chongqing in China Informal employment had a population of 2 million. By 2014, the population was 12.9 million due to large scale internal Urban economies Formal and informal employment migration. This was caused by: economic reform in China, the rapid growth of industries after Pre-industrial People who work in formal employment usually receive a regular wage and may pay 200, loss of farmland due to urbanisation. Migrants were attracted to the cities due to more Post-industrial tax on their income. In some countries they may have certain employment rights, such opportunities and better services such as healthcare and education. Industrial as sick leave or holiday pay. The formal employment sector includes factory workers, Clark-Fisher model office workers, shop keepers and governments. International migration—This is migration between 2 different countries. In 2001, London had a Pull factors Informal employment activities are not officially recognised by the government. They population of just over 7 million people. In 2011, the population had increased by 14% to 8.1 Push factors generally work for themselves e.g. hairdressers. They don’t always pay taxes and have million. This is largely due to migrants from India, Poland, Ireland, Nigeria and Pakistan. The pull Rural-urban migration no protection. factors that attracted the migrants to London were employment, entertainment and culture, Working conditions services and UK international transport network. Push factors also encouraged the people to migrate from their country of origin such as lack of jobs, healthcare, standard of living and potentially war. Questions 1. Explain two differences between formal and informal employment (4) 2. Describe the main differences between the economies of cities in developing and emerging countries and economies in developed countries (4) 3. Explain why the informal sector creates issues for governments (4) 4.