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Chemical Composition of Juice and Antihyperglycemic Studies in Seed of the Prehispanic Fruit Tunillo (Stenocereus Stellatus) Collected in Oaxaca, Mexico

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Chemical Composition of Juice and Antihyperglycemic Studies in Seed of the Prehispanic Fruit Tunillo (Stenocereus Stellatus) Collected in Oaxaca, Mexico Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol 19(3), July 2020, pp 580-584 Chemical composition of juice and antihyperglycemic studies in seed of the prehispanic fruit tunillo (Stenocereus stellatus) collected in Oaxaca, Mexico Fernando Díaz de León-Sánchez1, Pedro D Hernández Trigueros2, Lizette L. Rodríguez Verástegui1, Victor H Oidor- Chang1, Clara Cervantes-Arista1, Rayn C Aarland3, Edgar Sierra-Palacios2 & José A Mendoza-Espinoza*,2,+ 1Departamento de Biotecnología y Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Unidad Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México 2Academia de Biología y Biología Humana, Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Plantel Casa Libertad Calzada Ermita Iztapalapa, 4163, Lomas de Zaragoza, C.P. 09620 Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México 3Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida. Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara. Av. Universidad C.P. 47810, Ocotlán, Jalisco E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received 18 April 2019; revised 07 July 2020 Tunillo, or pitaya of august (Stenocereus stellatus) is a prehispanic fruit, endemic to the Mixteca region in Mexico and to which a lot of medicinal properties have been associated. However, there are few scientific studies regarding its characterization and use. For these reasons, in this study we carried out a chemical characterization of the juice of four-color variants as well as determine the antihyperglycemic capacity of seed. Physical and chemical characterization were carried out in juice of fruits of Stenocereus after a preselection based on pulp color. Total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, organic acid and betalains were quantified in juice and antihyperglycemic capacity was measured in seed. Physicochemical parameters in juice were similar in the 4 variants; regarding the content of pigments, the red variant showed the highest values as well as the highest organic acids. However, the white, orange, and red variants showed better antihyperglycemic capacity. Red tunillo is the best candidate for obtaining pigments and its higher organic acids content correlates with its lower acceptance by the local population. The seeds of the white, orange, and red colors showed promising anhyperglycemic capacity, which suggest that they should be considered for the development of antidiabetic treatments. These results contribute to the use of compex matrices considered waste products of the fruits. This would undoubtedly increase their commercial value. Keywords: Antihyperglycemic, Betalains, Juice, Stenocereus stellatus, Tropical fruits, Tunillo IPC Code: Int. Cl.20: A61K 36/00 Sweet xoconostle, august pitaya or tunillo organisms, due to its high content of total phenolics (Stenocereus stellatus) is a cactus species of and ascorbic acid2. prehispanic origin, native to arid and semi-arid areas1. There is a high variety of pulp color, phenomenon This plant is being mentioned in the codex Martín de that is being studied by many researchers. There are la Cruz, the first pharmacology book on American red, orange, white and purple fruits and thanks to their origin. This fruit does not require a large economic beautiful tonality the ancient inhabitants used them as investment for its harvesting and exploitation. On the natural colorants. There is a very popular anecdote other hand, it can be an option of reforestation and that when the maids would show up with red lips, soil recovery and in turn represent an alternative everyone knew it was thanks to tunillo fruit she had and energy food, endemic to Mexico. In the Mixteca just savoured. Over the years and with evolution of zone, multiple traditional uses can be found for technology, synthetic colorants have displaced the this plant, as well as gastronomical and medicinal natural ones leaving the use of the tunillos only to the uses. It can be considered functional food that protects artisan market. This change is mainly due to low costs against chronic diseasses thanks to its capacity to of synthetic pigments, their greater availability, etc. reduce the propagation of free radicals within However, in recent years, modern societies concerned —————— about the side effects associated with the use of *Corresponding author synthetic colorants and the possible health FERNANDO et al.: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TUNILLO 581 repercussions of populations that consume this type of betalains. The juice of each fruit was kept at -20°C pigments, have begun to reverse this trend by until its use in the biochemical assays. returning to the use of colorants based on natural Determination of Brix degrees (°Brix). A matrices3. portable refractometer was used to determine the total Currently, there is a growing search for new soluble solids (TSS). A drop of distilled water was sources for obtaining natural colorants such as added for calibration and afterwards a drop of tunillo betalains, anthocyanins, chlorophylls, etc. Betalains juice was placed and the TSS were measured. The are plant pigments, which give color to the flowers results were expressed in °Brix. that belong to the order of the Cariophyllales, which Determination of pH. A simple potentiometer was includes among other species the cacti. Betalains have used to determine the pH of tunillo juice. only two colors in nature: yellow (betaxanthines) and Analysis of the sugar content. The analysis of violet (betacyanines)4. They have been used in the content of sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) was form of concentrated or lyophilized beet extracts in carried out by HPLC (Agilent Technology model the food industry to modify the color of a wide variety 1260, equipped with a quaternary pump). 1 mL of of products such as yoghurts, creams, or ice cream. fresh juice was passed through 0.45 μm nylon filters (Millex, Millipore, Bedford, USA). The filtrate Although beets have traditionally been a good source (20 μL) or glucose, fructose and sucrose standards of betalains, their extracts have an unpleasant earthy were injected into the HPLC system mentioned above flavor due to the presence of geosmin (produced by with a refractive index detector. The column used was certain microorganisms in soils), this is one of the Hi-Plex Ca Agilent (8% crosslinked, 7.7 x 300 mm, reasons why there has been a search for other sources 8 μm) using HPLC grade water in isocratic mode as of these pigments. In this regard, tunillos are a the mobile phase. The flow was 0.6 mL min-1 and promising source of betalains. On the other hand, the temperature of the column was set at 75°C. little is known about the antihyperglycemic potential The results were expressed as ppm of sugar per gram associated with these fruits by the Mixteca population 4 of dry weight and there is also a lack of scientific information about Analysis of organic acids. For the determination these properties. Given the above we proposed a study of organic acids (citric and malic acids), 1 mL of the of tunillo from the point of view of the chemical fresh juice was filtered through 0.45 μm nylon filters characterization of the juice and evaluation of (Millex, Millipore, Bedford, USA). 20 μL of filtered antihyperglycemic capacity associated with the seed. juice or the organic acid standards were injected in HPLC (Agilent Technology model 1260, equipped Materials and methods with a quaternary pump), with a multiple wavelength Documentation of the study topic. It was carried detector (MWD). The column used was an X-Terra out by consulting official biographical sources in MS C18 column, 5 μm (4.6 x 250 mm), and the mobile Mexico. phase consisted of phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 2.8) Biological material. Tunillo fruits were harvested in isocratic mode. The flow was adjusted to 0.7 mL and collected in orchards of San Juan Joluxtla, min-1. The results were recorded at 210 nm, finally municipality of Chazumba, State of Oaxaca, Mexico interpolated in a standard curve of citric and malic The harvested fruits, which had a thick red and green acids, respectively. The results were expressed in peel and thorns, were transported to Mexico City to parts per million fresh juice5-8. the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana and the Betalain quantification. The quantification of Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México and betalains was carried out by spectrophotometry using stored at 11°C until further use. the empirical equation proposed by Castellanos- Obtaining the juice. Each fruit was considered an Santiago and Yahia (2008): BC = (100) (A (DF) experimental unit and was minimally processed. All (MW) Vd) / (εLWd), where BC represents the content fruits were weighed, washed and dried; the thorns and of betacyanins and betaxanthines in mg kg-1, peels were removed. Afterwards, they were cut into A corresponds to the absorbance at 538 nm small pieces and ground in a food processor. The for betacyanins and 483 for betaxanthines, DF is juice obtained was filtered through a fabric called the dilution factor, MW is the molecular weight organza, to remove impurities and seeds and its pH (550 g mol-1) of the betacyanines (betanin) was adjusted to 5.8 to preserve the structure of (308 g mol-1) The molar extinction coefficient 582 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOW, JULY 2020 ε=60000 L / (mol cm) for betaxanthines (indixanthin) and up to 37ºC in districts of Silacayoapan and ε=48000 L / (mol cm).9 Huajuapan. According to the mentioned characteristics, Analysis of the antihyperglycemis effect. Male the Mixteca provides the adequate conditions for the Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were used. The Oral distribution of a great variety of wild vegetation, Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed after a where species adapted to dry and extreme ecosystems 14-h fast. After fasting, the basal glucose was measured predominate; in these conditions the tunillo Stenocereus (Time 0) and the rats were weighed. The capillary stellatus is born.
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