5/4/20

What are invasive species? • Non-native organisms that cause or are likely to cause harm to ecosystems, commerce or human health

when they invade a new Hillebrand Steve, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service environment. Invasive Species

Phil Woolery European starling

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Native Species VS. Exotic How did they get here? • Native – Species present in North America before European settlement • Conservation- soil – Can be native to different part of the country, erosion, wildlife but have been moved- black locust habitat • Exotic • Accidental- came – Not present before European settlement with something else – Not all of these are invasive • Ornamental- – Also non-native, alien, or introduced escapes

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Invasion Map

What makes them successful • High reproductive capacity • Effective seed dispersal • Competitive advantige • Tolerant of a variety of growing conditions • Allelopathy - chemical warfare • Lack of natural enemies/controls • Disturbance or change in the

local ecosystem creating an Source: US Forest Service invadable space

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1 5/4/20

Why should I care?

• Outcompete native species • Kill native plants • Reduce wildlife habitat • Alter ecosystem processes • Increase costs

(Source: Southwest Montana Science Partnership’s Module on Plants and Pollinators) • Increase in disease

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Threat of invasive species Economic costs AsianSoybean long-horned aphidsbeetle • Worldwide problem Environmental damage A Midwest street before and after EAB • No. 2 threat to environment • Affects most ecosystems • Estimated US annual http://www.stateconservation.org/arkansas/Ozark-Highlands/Invasive-and-Native-Species-Resources cost: Threat to human health Dave Voegtlin

Missouri Department of Conservation staff http://www.sgvmosquito.org/services_asiantiger.php US$ 120,000,000,000 Indiana Cost= $5.85 Million a year

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Wildlife

• Native plants hosts Diseases for insects • Insects as a food • Invasive shrubs source for wildlife improve tick habitat – 6,000-9,000 – Japanese barberry caterpillars to raise 5 birds www.allaboutbirds.org • Increased amount of Lyme disease

Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org

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2 5/4/20

Types of Invasive Species

http://www.immunoclin.com/index.php/products/primaleukin-broad-spectrum-anti-infective-therapy

Eurasian watermilfoil Brown marmorated stink bug Invasive Plant Control • Expect to need 3-5 years to eradicate an infestation

John Obermeyer http://saveblacklake.org/invasive-species/eurasian-water-milfoil – Emerald ash borer Expect re-infestation Asian lady beetle Garlic mustard • Common species • If nearby infestation • Equipment sanitation/cleaning a must to The Native Plant Herald –Prairie Nursery Colleen Gaynor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia_axyridis#/media prevent moving seeds around and aided Mute swan spread of these plants • Learn how to recognize new species and act quickly Isaac Chellman Asian carp Yerpo to control them An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University Feral hogs https://student.societyforscience.org/article/alien-carp-leap-scene

Control Techniques • Cut stump • Basal bark Cut Stump Treatment • Foliar treatments – Spot spray • Used on any woody invasive plant, – Broadcast regardless of size • Physical removal • Cutting down the woody plant and treating – Mowing cut surface with a concentrated, systemic – Pulling herbicide to prevent sprouting

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Photo: Chris Evans, University of Illinois Photo: Chris Evans, University of Illinois

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3 5/4/20

Cut Stump Treatments

• 50% solution of glyphosate (41%) • 17-25% solution of triclopyr (Garlon) • Treatment very soon after cutting surface (ideally within 10 minutes) • Treat entire surface of small stems (less than 2” diameter) or outer 1” of larger stems

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org • Treatment is most effective in mid to late fall

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Basal Bark Treatments

• Apply herbicide directly to the stem of the woody plant – Make sure to cover all sides – Ground – 12” high • Oil-based herbicide to aid in penetration through bark

• Triclopyr (17-25%) in oil with a dye Steve Manning, Invasive Plant Control, Bugwood.orgc

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Basal Bark Treatments Foliar Treatments • Useful for woody and herbaceous invasive • Used on smaller stem woody plants plants • Quick and easy but does use more herbicide • Plants typical need to be photosynthetically than cut stump active • Leaves plants standing – no slash problem • Use lower rates of herbicides (cut tops of trees and bushes) • Potential for non-target impacts

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4 5/4/20

Foliar Treatments • A variety of herbicides can be used, depending upon target species • Thorough coverage of leaves with herbicide • Don’t spray to point of runoff

Photo: Chris Evans, University of Illinois

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Foliar Treatments

• Typical application – 1-3% glyphosate – 2-4% triclopyr – CHECK Labels and literature for more specific rates and additional herbicide options – Young plants are more susceptible and can be controlled using lower range of rates – Tends to work better later in the season for woody plants Photo: Chris Evans, University of Illinois

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Need Active Foliage!

Mechanical Removal

• Mowing/cutting – Will not kill on its own – Used as part of chemical control • Pulling – Roots

Photo: Chris Evans, University of Illinois – Easier on small plants James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

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5 5/4/20

Treatments Summary Indiana Terrestrial Plant Rule • Many options available for control • Enacted in 2019 • Listed plant species will be Illegal to sell, trade, transport after April 2020 (44 species) • The best options depends upon the specific • Includes – Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry) conditions at the site and the target invasive – Celastrus orbiculatus (Asian bittersweet) – Coronilla varia (crown vetch) species – Elaeagnus umbellate (autumn olive) – Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) – Hesperis matronalis (dame's rocket) • Treatments can be combined (cut stump – Ligustrum obtusifolium (blunt-leaved privet) – Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) larger stems and basal bark remaining small – Lonicera maacki (Amur honeysuckle) – Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) ones) to achieve desired results – Polygonum perfoliatum (mile-a-minute vine) – Reynoutria japonica (Syn: Fallopia japonica or Polygonum cuspidatum) (Japanese knotweed) • Always check label information for specifics – Rhamnus cathartica (common buckthorn) An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Invasive Shrubs Asian Bush Honeysuckle • Multi-stem bush 6-12 feet tall • Several species • Ornamental, wildlife • Stays green late • Edges, understory, roadsides • Control – Mechanical, cut Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org stump, basal bark, and foliar Troy Evans,Richard Great Gardner,Smoky Mountains UMES, Bugwood.org National Park, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Richard Gardner, , Bugwood.org

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Autumn olive Multiflora rose • Large shrub up to 20 feet • Wildlife habitat/ • Conservation erosion – Nitrogen fixing • Open areas, pastures, roadsides • Forest, edges, • Can form open areas impenetrable • Control thickets

Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org – • Control Mechanical, Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org foliar, cut – Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. MehrhoffLeslie J., University Mehrhoff ,of University Connecticut, of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org Mechanical, foliar, John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org stump, basal basal bark, cut Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org stump An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University bark An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

6 5/4/20

Burning Bush Privet

• Ornamental • Ornamental • Lots of seed – Border hedges • Forest • Shades out • Woodlands/roadsides everything • Control • Control – Mechanical, foliar, – Mechanical, foliar, cut basal bark, cut stump stump, basal bark

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhof f, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Richard Gardner, UMES, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

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Japanese Barberry European Buckthorn • Smaller shrub with • Deciduous many thorns shrub/small tree • Form thickets in • Black berries woods • Control • Increase ticks – Mechanical, foliar, • Control basal bark, cut Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org – Mechanical, foliar, stump Richard Gardner, , Bugwood.org basal bark, cut Jan SamanekLeslie J. Mehrhoff,, Phytosanitary UniversityAdministration, of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org

stump Leslie J. MehrhoffLeslie J., University Mehrhoff, ofUniversity Connecticut, of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhof f , University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhof f , University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Richard Gardner, , Bugwood.org

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Invasive Vines Native Shrub Alternatives • Aronia - black chokeberry • Ilex verticillata -winterberry • Ceanothus americanus – New Jersey tea • Cephalanthus - buttonbush • Cornus sericea - redtwig dogwood • Diervilla • Fothergilla • Hydrangea aborescens - smooth hydrangea • Hydrangea quercifolia - oak-leaf hydrangea • Itea – sweetspire • Lindera - spicebush • Physocarpus – ninebark • Potentilla – cinquefoil • Rhus – sumac • Sambucus - elderberry

• Viburnum Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org

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7 5/4/20

Oriental Bittersweet Japanese Honeysuckle • Vine/ ornamental • Forest or open • Vine with semi areas evergreen leaves • Choke trees • Climb and cover • Take over a forest trees and ground • Control • Spread by birds – Mechanical, • Control foliar, cut stump, Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org – Mechanical, foliar, Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org basal bark Richard Gardner,Leslie J. Mehrhoff, Bugwood.org, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org cut stump Leslie J. Mehrhof f, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

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Mile-a-Minute Vine Kudzu • Perennial • Annual vine vine • Can grow 25 feet in • Climbs trees a year or buildings • One population was • Limited by eradicated in cold weather Indiana • Chemical or Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, • Low mowing to Bugwood.org Richard Gardner, , Bugwood.org chemical and prevent seed physical production

Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org • Peggy Greb, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org Foliar herbicide James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Alternative Vines Invasive Trees

• Bignonia capreolata - crossvine • Celastrus scandens – American bittersweet • Lonicera sempervirens - trumpet honeysuckle • Parthenocissus quinquefolia – Virginia creeper • Wisteria frutescens – American wisteria

John Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

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8 5/4/20

Tree of Heaven Callery Pear (Bradford) • Rapidly growing tree • Ornamental • Lots of seed, root sprouts • Original varieties • Planted in urban were sterile areas • • Seen in urban areas, Open fields, roadsides, fence rows roadsides and open areas • Control • Control – Mechanical, foliar, – Mechanical, foliar, basal bark basal bark, cut stump

Richard Webb, , Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Robert Vidéki, DoronicumKft., Bugwood.org David Stephens, , Bugwood.org

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Norway Maple • Large tree Native Tree Alternatives – Crimson king • Amelanchier – serviceberry • Shades out • Carpinus caroliniana – American hornbeam everything else • Cersis canadensis – redbud • Cornus alternifolia – pagoda dogwood • Beginning to be a • Crataegus phaenopyrum – Washington hawthorn problem in some • Halesia carolina – silver bell areas • Ostrya virginiana – hophornbeam • Stewartia Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org • Control Richard Gardner, , Bugwood.org • Acer rubrum- red maple

– Mechanical, foliar, Leslie J. Mehrhoff, UniversityLeslie J. Mehrhoff of Connecticut,, University Bugwood.org of Connecticut, Bugwood.org • Acer saccharum- sugar maple basal bark, cut Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org

stump An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Invasive Ground Covers Common Periwinkle-Vinca

• Ornamental Ground Cover • Vegetative spread – Keep contained • Control – Mechanical, foliar

Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org

Dan Tenaglia, Missouriplants.com, Bugwood.org Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org

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9 5/4/20

Winter creeper Native alternative ground covers • Woody vine- ground • Arctostaphylos uva- and trees ursi – bearberry • shade tolerant • Asarum canadense - • Control Wild ginger • Carex spp. – sedge – Mechanical, foliar, • Maianthemum cut stump racemosa – false Solomon’s seal • Phlox stolonifera - John Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Ansel Oommen, , Bugwood.org Creeping phlox

Chris Evans,James University H. Miller, of USDA Illinois, Forest Bugwood.org Service, Bugwood.org

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Other plants Poison Hemlock • Biennial-flowers during the second year • Pastures, roadsides, ditches • Toxic to animals and humans John Cardina, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org • Pulling out plants • Foliar treatment in rosette stage before Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org

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Purple Loosestrife

• Wetlands and Phragmites (common reed) ditches • Found in wet areas- • Crowds out native ditches, ponds plants • Tall dense thickets • Reduces wildlife • Shade out native habitat plants

• Foliar herbicides • Chemical control Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org David Cappaert, , Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

David Cappaert, , Bugwood.org

Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org

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10 5/4/20

Reed Canary Grass Japanese Knotweed

• Grows 3-6 feet tall • 1800s ornamental • Grows well in wet • Found along areas rivers/streams/wet • Mechanical control- areas cutting and burning • Seeds/vegetative

• Chemical control • Control Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Mark Frey, The Presidio Trust , Bugwood.org – Foliar, cut stump

Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University John Cardina, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org

Garlic Mustard Insects • Can be hard to control or • Herbaceous Biennial eradicate • Grows in the forest, • Mechanical control likes shade – Exclusion, removal • Alters understory • Chemical control habitat – Insecticides – Antifungal chemicals • Biological control • Control • Conservation, Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org – Mechanical or foliar augmentations, importation – Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Dispose of plants if Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org seeds have set An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Emerald Ash Borer • Native to Asia Brown Marmorated Stink Bug • Introduced in Michigan • Native to Asia • Pest to fruit, • Kills ash trees vegetable and • Insecticides to other crops protect trees • Overwinter in Houses • Physical removal

Eric R. Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org (indoors) • Chemical control Kristie Graham, USDA ARS, Bugwood.org to protect crops

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11 5/4/20

Gypsy Moth Japanese Beetle • Native to Asia • Grubs feed on • Accidental release grass roots from silk • Adults feed on a production variety of plants • Feeds on various • Physical removal tree leaves- from plants possible tree death David Cappaert, , Bugwood.org • Physical barriers • Biological and Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org • Insecticide chemical treatments

Karla Salp, Washington State Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org

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Asian Lady Beetle Spotted Wing Drosophila • Discovered outside of • Native to Asia New Orleans in 1988 • Feeds on fruit • Feed on pests crops • Compete and reduce • Can lay eggs in diversity of native lady beetles unripe fruit

• Pest when overwintering Louis Tedders, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org • Exclusion, in buildings sanitation, cultural • Sealing buildings Hannah Burrack, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org Hannah Burrack, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org practices, • Physical removal insecticides Hannah Burrack, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Animals United States Department of Agriculture Insects- be on the lookout Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Pest Alert• Asian longhornedPlant Protectionbeetle and Quarantine Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) • Spotted lanternfly Joe Boggs, The Ohio State University. The spotted lanternfy is an invasive pest, primarily known to affect tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima). It has been detected on many host plants, including apples, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, almonds, and pine. It also feeds on oak, walnut, poplar, and grapes. The insect will change hosts as it goes through its developmental stages. Vladimir Dinets, University of Miami, Bugwood.org Nymphs feed on a wide range of plant species, while adults prefer to feed and lay eggs on tree of heaven (A. altissima).1 If allowed to spread in the United States, this pest could seriously harm the country’s grape, orchard, and logging industries. Asian longhorned beetle Distribution and Spread

The spotted lanternfy is present in China, India, Japan, South Korea, and

Vietnam. The insect was detected in Lee Karney, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Bugwood.org Pennsylvania in September 2014. This was the frst detection of spotted Adult spotted lanternfy lanternfy in the United States. An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University resulting in a fermented odor, and development appear black with white Spotted lanternfies are invasive and the insects themselves excrete large spots and turn to a red phase before can spread rapidly when introduced amounts of fuid (honeydew). These becoming adults. Egg masses are to new areas. While the insect can fuids promote mold growth and yellowish-brown in color, covered with walk, jump, or fy short distances, its attract other insects. a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching. long-distance spread is facilitated by people who move infested material or Description Life Cycle items containing egg masses. Adult spotted lanternfies are The spotted lanternfy lays its eggs Damage approximately 1 inch long and one- on smooth host plant surfaces half inch wide, and they have large and on non-host material, such as Both nymphs and adults of spotted and visually striking wings. Their bricks, stones, and dead plants. lanternfy cause damage when forewings are light brown with black Eggs hatch in the spring and early they feed, sucking sap from stems spots at the front and a speckled summer, and nymphs begin feeding and leaves. This can reduce band at the rear. Their hind wings are on a wide range of host plants by photosynthesis, weaken the plant, scarlet with black spots at the front sucking sap from young stems and and eventually contribute to the and white and black bars at the rear. leaves. Adults appear in late July and plant’s death. In addition, feeding Their abdomen is yellow with black tend to focus their feeding on tree of can cause the plant to ooze or weep, bars. Nymphs in their early stages of heaven (A. altissima) and grapevine 12

1 In Pennsylvania, adult spotted lanternfies have also been found feeding and egg laying on willow, maple, poplar, and sycamore, as well as on fruit trees, like plum, cherry, and peach. 5/4/20

Feral hogs House Sparrow

• Escaped domestic • Native to Europe pigs or wild boars • Displace native birds • Destroy crops • More common in cities • Destroy wildlife • habitat Clean out nests • • Trapping best Not protected Billy Higginbotham, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Bugwood.org control method

Greg Bartman, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org

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European Starling Diseases • Fungal, bacterial, • Introduced by and viral diseases Shakespeare that effect plants, enthusiasts animals, and • Damage to humans. agriculture • Often a problem • Compete with because of no cavity nesting birds natural resistance Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives, Penn State University, Bugwood.org • Nest removal

An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal OpportunityUSDA University Forest Service -Northeastern Area , USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

West Nile Virus Dutch Elm Disease • Fungal disease from • Originally from Asia Africa, found in New • Infect vascular York in 1999 tissues • Spread by • Spread by beetles mosquitoes and root grafts • Can Cause illness Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives, Penn State University, Bugwood.org • Resistant varieties and death in David Cappaert, , Bugwood.org humans, birds and • Systemic fungicides other animals

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13 5/4/20

Butternut Canker

• Fungal disease of Thousand Canker Disease butternut • First seen in • Multiple small cankers Western US • Will eventually kill the • Beetle and tree fungus • No treatments • Both have been found in Indiana but not together Karen Snover-Clift, Cornell University, Bugwood.org

Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

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Boxwood Blight Sudden Oak Death • Disease that effects • Fungal disease oak and other • Leaf spots and species brown patches • Common on • Stem Cankers rhododendrons, azalea, viburnum • Protectant fungicides • Can produce Foliar symptoms Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org • Resistant varieties • Sanitation

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Aquatic Invasives Asian Carp

• Several species of carp escaped • Outcompete native fish • Prevent introduction

Amy Benson, U.S. Geological Survey, Bugwood.org

Michigan Sea Grant , University of Michigan and Michigan State University, Bugwood.org

U.S. Geological Survey , U.S. Geological Survey, Bugwood.org

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14 5/4/20

Zebra Mussels Eurasian Water Milfoil

• Native to Eurasia • Submerged aquatic • Introduced by plant large ships • Impairs recreation • Outcompete • Reduce fish and native species wildlife habitat for food • Prevent spread Graves Lovell, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bugwood.org

Randy Westbrooks, Invasive Plant Control, Inc., Bugwood.org • Can cover native • Chemical control mussels • Prevent spread An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Hydrilla • Submerged aquatic Additional Resources plant that forms • https://ag.purdue.edu/reportinvasive/ dense mats • Alternatives to Invasive Ornamental Species – https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ID/ID-464- • Lakes, streams and W.pdf rivers • Indiana Invasive Species Council – https://www.entm.purdue.edu/iisc/ • Reduce habitat and • Indiana Department of Natural Resources recreation – https://www.in.gov/dnr/3123.htm Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org • Prevent spread • CISMAs – http://www.sicim.info/cismas • Herbicides Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org

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Reporting

ag.purdue.edu/reportinvasive/

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15 5/4/20

Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area • http://www.sicim.info/ci smas • Outreach • Training • Control efforts

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16