Universidade Federal Do Abc Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Evolução E Diversidade Flavia Pacheco Alves De Souza Diálogos

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Universidade Federal Do Abc Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Evolução E Diversidade Flavia Pacheco Alves De Souza Diálogos 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ABC PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM EVOLUÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE FLAVIA PACHECO ALVES DE SOUZA DIÁLOGOS E INFLUÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS ENTRE FRITZ MÜLLER E CHARLES DARWIN: CONSTRUÇÃO DO PENSAMENTO SISTEMÁTICO E BIOGEOGRÁFICO DO SÉCULO XIX E SEU LEGADO PARA A BIOLOGIA COMPARADA CONTEMPORÂNEA Santo André – SP 2019 2 Flavia Pacheco Alves de Souza DIÁLOGOS E INFLUÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS ENTRE FRITZ MÜLLER E CHARLES DARWIN: CONSTRUÇÃO DO PENSAMENTO SISTEMÁTICO E BIOGEOGRÁFICO DO SÉCULO XIX E SEU LEGADO PARA A BIOLOGIA COMPARADA CONTEMPORÂNEA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Evolução e Diversidade da Universidade Federal do ABC, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutora em Evolução e Diversidade. Linha de Pesquisa: Sistemática e Biogeografia. Orientação Prof. Dr. Charles Morphy Dias dos Santos Santo André - SP 2019 3 6 O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001 7 Aos meus pais, Eliana e Antônio, pelo apoio e incentivo em todos os momentos de minha trajetória acadêmica e de vida. 8 Agradecimentos: A escrita de uma tese é um trabalho longo que envolve discussões e sugestões de diversas pessoas e em diferentes momentos. Agradeço primeiramente ao meu orientador, Dr. Charles Morphy Dias dos Santos, pelas inúmeras discussões e conversas durante todo o processo que culminaram na escrita deste trabalho; Ao Dr. Luiz Roberto Fontes, “grande conhecedor de Fritz Müller”, que me auxiliou em todos os momentos que necessitei de ajuda com informações, textos, figuras, traduções, correções e sugestões durante toda esta etapa; À professora Dra. Andrea Paula, pelo auxílio, desde o Mestrado, na construção de um novo olhar perante a história da ciência; Aos membros da Banca Examinadora que gentilmente leram o trabalho e sugeriram acréscimos e correções a fim de enriquecê-lo. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-graduação em Evolução e Diversidade. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. Sem a ajuda de vocês, nada disso seria possível ou escrito! 9 Educação não transforma o mundo. Educação muda as pessoas. Pessoas transformam o mundo Paulo Freire. 10 RESUMO Esta tese tem como principal objetivo analisar a influência dos estudos de Fritz Müller (1822- 1897) sobre os trabalhos de Charles Darwin (1809-1882) no desenvolvimento e argumentação científicos do pensamento hierárquico e evolutivo, no que concerne, principalmente, à biogeografia e sistemática conforme discutidas no século XIX. Também fez parte dos objetivos deste trabalho analisar o impacto ainda sentido da obra de Müller nos estudos evolutivos contemporâneos. Dessa forma, o capítulo 1 nos relata o impacto do lançamento de On the Origin of Species em 1859 por Charles Darwin e os cinco principais eixos da teoria da evolução. No capítulo 2 tratamos sobre a biogeografia e sistemática no século XIX. No capítulo três tratamos da visão de sistemática e biogeografia de Fritz Müller, realizando uma análise do livro Für Darwin (1864) no que concerne à embriologia comparada dos crustáceos, buscando compreender como este autor desenvolveu um pensamento evolucionista e admitiu que em alguns casos, a ontogênese poderia explicar a filogênese. No capítulo quatro, analisamos a influência de Müller nos trabalhos de Darwin através da análise de livros e correspondências trocadas entre os dois naturalistas. O quinto capítulo está dividido em três tópicos discutidos por Darwin em sua teoria geral de evolução (mudança das espécies, seleção sexual e embriologia). Buscamos elucidar as contribuições de Müller à época para essas três questões, bem como os desdobramentos atuais dos temas propostos. Por fim o capítulo seis traz as considerações finais do trabalho, considerando que o diálogo estabelecido entre Fritz Müller e Charles Darwin é um capítulo importante para a compreensão da história da biologia evolutiva, visto que as obras de ambos os naturalistas têm inúmeros pontos de similaridade, especialmente no que concerne à própria ideia da seleção natural, a existência de níveis hierárquicos na classificação biológica e o papel da distribuição das espécies na evolução. Nesse sentido, Müller não se configura em apenas um personagem secundário na história da construção da teoria evolutiva na segunda metade do século XIX, mas sim em um pensador importante e original, cujo profundo trabalho empírico, tanto na zoologia quanto na botânica, fez dele figura central no estabelecimento e concretização do pensamento evolutivo, responsável por conectar todos os aspectos do mundo natural em um todo cientificamente compreensível. Palavras-chave: evolução; sistemática; biogeografia; Fritz Müller. 11 ABSTRACT This thesis aims to analyze the influence of the studies of Fritz Müller (1822-1897) on the works of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) in the scientific development and argumentation of hierarchical and evolutionary thinking, with regard mainly to biogeography and as discussed in the nineteenth century. It was also part of the objectives of this work to analyze the still meaningful impact of Müller's work in contemporary evolutionary studies. In this way, Chapter 1 tells us about the impact of the launch of On the Origin of Species in 1859 by Charles Darwin and the five main axes of the theory of evolution. In Chapter 2 we deal with biogeography and systematics in the nineteenth century. In chapter three we deal with Fritz Müller's vision of systematics and biogeography, analyzing the book Für Darwin (1864) concerning the comparative embryology of crustaceans, seeking to understand how this author developed an evolutionist thought and admitted that in some cases, ontogenesis could explain phylogenesis. In chapter four, we analyze Müller's influence on Darwin's work through the analysis of books and correspondences exchanged between the two naturalists. The fifth chapter is divided into three topics discussed by Darwin in his general theory of evolution (species change, sexual selection, and embryology). We sought to elucidate Müller's contributions at the time for these three questions, as well as the current developments of the proposed themes. Finally, chapter six brings the final considerations of the work, considering that the dialogue established between Fritz Müller and Charles Darwin is an important chapter for the understanding of the history of evolutionary biology, since the works of both naturalists have innumerous points of similarity, especially with regard to the very idea of natural selection, the existence of hierarchical levels in biological classification, and the role of species distribution in evolution. In this sense, Müller is not only a secondary character in the history of the construction of evolutionary theory in the second half of the nineteenth century, but in an important and original thinker whose deep empirical work in both zoology and botany made him central in the establishment and concretization of evolutionary thought, responsible for connecting all aspects of the natural world into a scientifically comprehensible whole. Keywords: evolution; systematic; biogeography; Fritz Müller. 12 LISTA DE FIGURAS: Figura 1: Página de rosto da primeira edição alemã do livro Für Darwin ............................. 20 Figura 2: Página de rosto da primeira edição do livro On the Origin ................................... 28 Figura 3: Representação de árvore ramificada a partir de um ancestral comum ................... 30 Figura 4: Árvore filogenética atual acerca da diversificação adaptativa dos tentilhões do Arquipélago de Galápagos ................................................................................................. 32 Figura 5: Personagens fundamentais no episódio da apresentação conjunta dos trabalhos de Darwin e Wallace em 1858 ................................................................................................. 34 Figura 6: A criação de todos os seres vivos em um único centro de origem, o Jardim do Éden, na concepção de Erastus Salisbury Field, Pintor norte-americano (1805-1900) .......... 41 Figura 7: A segunda dispersão do Gênesis ............................................................................ 41 Figura 8: Representação ilustrativa da Pangea, união dos continentes ................................. 43 Figura 9: Representação de Kirchner para o exterior da arca, com três andares ................... 44 Figura 10: O interior da arca de Kirchner com distribuição dos animais em jaulas .............. 44 Figura 11: Localização de pontes hipotéticas interligando os continentes ........................... 48 Figura 12: Representação dos tipos naturais de Aristóteles ................................................... 51 Figura 13: Scala naturae de Charles Bonnet (1781) ............................................................. 52 Figura 14: Scala naturae de Ramon Llull (escrito em 1304 e publicado em 1512) .............. 52 Figura 15: Representação esquemática dos quatro tipos de grupos naturais de acordo com Linné ............................................................................................................................... 54 Figura 16: Padrão linear de Lamarck ..................................................................................... 57 Figura 17: Representação da diversidade dos organismos através de ancestralidade comum presente em Origin ..................................................................................................... 58 Figura 18: Desenvolvimento de
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