nutrients Review Incretin Hormones in Obesity and Related Cardiometabolic Disorders: The Clinical Perspective Joanna Michałowska * , Ewa Miller-Kasprzak and Paweł Bogda ´nski Department of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Treatment and Clinical Dietetics, Pozna´nUniversity of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego St. 82/84, 60-569 Pozna´n,Poland;
[email protected] (E.M.-K.);
[email protected] (P.B.) * Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract: The prevalence of obesity continues to grow rapidly worldwide, posing many public health challenges of the 21st century. Obese subjects are at major risk for serious diet-related noncommunicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and non- alcoholic fatty liver disease. Understanding the mechanisms underlying obesity pathogenesis is needed for the development of effective treatment strategies. Dysregulation of incretin secretion and actions has been observed in obesity and related metabolic disorders; therefore, incretin-based therapies have been developed to provide new therapeutic options. Incretin mimetics present glucose-lowering properties, together with a reduction of appetite and food intake, resulting in weight loss. In this review, we describe the physiology of two known incretins—glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and their role in obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders. We also focus on the available and incoming incretin-based medications that can be used in the treatment of the above-mentioned conditions. Keywords: obesity; GLP-1; GIP; incretins; incretin-based therapy; type 2 diabetes mellitus; non- alcoholic fatty liver disease; cardiovascular disease Citation: Michałowska, J.; Miller-Kasprzak, E.; Bogda´nski,P. Incretin Hormones in Obesity and Related Cardiometabolic Disorders: 1.