Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources of The National Environmental Agency /Department of Hydrometeorology

WMO Workshop on Climate Monitoring Including the Implementation of Climate Watch system in RA VI GEOGRAPHYCALGEOGRAPHYCAL DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION

The territory of Georgia features a highly contrasting topography. The north of the country is occupied by the Greater Caucasus (the highest peak is Mt. Shkhara, 5068 m). The intermountain depressions south of the greater Caucasus holds the Kolkheti lowland, Inner Kartly, Lower Kartly and Alazani Plains. Still further to the south rise the Lesser Caucasus ranges of medium height, reaching a height of 2 850 m. The southern part of Georgia is covered by the volcanic South Georgian Upland dissected by specific canyon – like river gorges.

The Greater Caucasus and the Lesser Caucasus ranges join with the Likhi Range which, at the same time, divides Georgia into two contrasting climatic zones: Western and Eastern Georgia.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF GEORGIA NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY GeorgianGeorgian climaticclimatic mapmap Georgian hydrometeorological network

met eo r o l ogiuri dakvirvebisp unqtebi

- d ax u r u l i pu nqt ebi - moqmed i punqt ebi Hydro Meteorological Stations and Posts from 1900 till now. 180 160 140 120 Hydrometeorological Stations 100 Hydrometeorological 80 Posts 60 40 20 0 1900 1930 1960 1990 2002 2007 ™ Climatic processing of hydrometeorological data ™ Preparation of climatic cadastres, bulletins, reviews; ™ Consumer service by climatological information; ™ Application the processed data for climate monitoring with statistical and dynamical methods

In this map there is presented average monthly sum of precipitations of climate Stations and their deviations from the norms from the day of its foundation.

250 P, mm P =106 mm, σ=47 mm 200

150

100

160P,mm 50 P 140 P,mm =36 mm, σ=28 mm 200 P 0 120 180 =71 mm, σ=43 mm 160 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 100 140 80 120 60 100 40 80 60 #20 40 0 20 400P,mm 0 P 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 350 =148 mm, σ=67 mm 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 300 250 & Luji 300P,mm # P 200 250 =84 mm, σ=51 mm 150 & 200 100 CalenjihaLegahare & Shovi & 50 # # Cageri Oni Kazbegi 150 0 & Alpana & # Cinhadu 100 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 # Gudauri # & # & 50 Noqalaqevi Namohvani & # # Barisaho 0 Omalo Torsa #Honi#Ckaltubo & & & 1961 1966# 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 Zemohaladidi& Pasanauri # & #Alisubani Korinta # Birkiani & Chinti Black Sea & Lanchuti # # # Lechuri # Bagdati& Chinti # # G e o r g i a & # & # P, CitelixeviSakara & 700 mm P & Haragauli& Tianeti Sabue =262 mm, σ=122 mm # 600 # & & # # # Natanebi & Orhevi & 500 # Anaseuli Cipa Gori & Lelovani# # Sairme & 400 # Mukhrani & Kohi & # & Gombori 300 # Bakhmaro # & 200 & & # & 100 Chaqvi # & & & Kojori& # &Samgori 0 & & &# # Charnali & Edikilisa # Tbilisi Chiaura 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 # Goderdzi # # & Qv.Magaro# MirveTi #Veli # # AspindzaHetvisi & # & Tetri Ckaro& & & Radionovka & & Dedoplis Ckaro P, # 120 mm P Axalqalaqi Shiraki =33 mm, σ=21 mm 100 #Sadaxlo 80 P,mm 140 P, P, P mm 250 mm =37 mm, σ=29 mm 90 P P 60 120 80 =35 mm, σ=21 mm =67 mm, σ=49 mm 200 40 100 70 60 80 150 20 50 60 40 100 0 40 30 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 20 20 50 10 0 0 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 REGION VI – EUROPE /GEORGIA 6 Meteostation in the frame of International Exchange, 1 station is modified as Meteopost, and 3 Climate stations

INDEX NAME LAT. LONG ELEVATION NUMBER 404 ZESTAFONI 420 08′′ 430 01′′ 148 37 279 ZUGDIDI 420 31′′ 410 53′′ 118 395 KUTAISI 420 16′′ 420 38′′ 114 432 PASANAURI 420 21′′ 440 42′′ 1070 484 BATUMI 410 39′′ 410 38′′ 2 545 TBILISI 410 45′′ 440 46′′ 427 621 BOLNISI 410 27′′ 440 33′′ 534 SomeSome resultsresults ofof climateclimate monitoringmonitoring

ExtremeExtreme temperaturetemperature indicesindices onon mostmost stationsstations havehave significantsignificant trendtrend

™ SUSU 2525 ––numbernumber ofof daysdays withwith TmaxTmax >> 25250C,C, positivepositive trend;trend; ™ WSDIWSDI –– warmwarm spellspell durationduration index,index, positivepositive trendtrend forfor easterneastern stations;stations; ™ DTRDTR -- diurnaldiurnal temperaturetemperature range,range, negativenegative forfor westernwestern stationsstations positivepositive forfor EasternEastern ones.ones. su25 id0 tr20 dtr Fd-5 Batumi -0.176 0.002 0.186 -0.013 0 Goderdzi pass 0.016 0.312 0 -0.046 -0.189 Khulo 0.432 0.121 0.01 0.001 0.033 Bakhmaro 0 0.401 0.004 -0.027 -0.017 Foti 0.772 -0.01 0.546 0.003 -0.016 West Lentekhi 0.209 0.229 0.036 -0.04 -0.186 Georgia Samtredia 0.394 -0.011 0.148 0.023 -0.015 Qutaisi 0.015 0.004 0.56 -0.017 -0.031 Ambrolauri 0.486 -0.041 -0.045 0.029 0.037 Sachkhere 0.045 0.053 0.084 -0.014 -0.106 Saqara 0.158 -0.006 0.383 -0.015 -0.06 Mta-sabueti 0.24 0.158 0 0.007 0.126 Abastumani 0.362 0.019 0 0 0.116 Akhalqalaqi 0.552 -0.046 0.003 0.003 -0.027 Akhaltsikhe 0.484 -0.044 0.006 0.008 -0.096 Tsalka 0.361 -0.02 0 0.034 0.391 East Gori 0.224 -0.077 0.041 0.02 0.102 Georgia Pasanauri 0.589 -0.038 0.001 0.02 0.093 Tbilisi 0.155 -0.044 0.332 -0.002 -0.134 Kvareli 0.423 -0.101 0.104 0.019 -0.087 Telavi 0.513 -0.111 0.228 0.019 -0.065 AugustAugust temperaturetemperature andand precipitationprecipitation variationvariation forfor TbilisiTbilisi (East(East Georgia)Georgia)

agvi st o 0 Tno rma=23.7C

6

5

4

3

2

1 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

-1

-2

-3

agvi st o

Pno rma=47.6 mm

450%

400%

350%

300%

250%

200%

150%

100% 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 50%

0% 5 December temperature and precipitation 4 December temperature and precipitation 3 variationvariation forfor BatumiBatumi (west(west Georgia)Georgia) 2

1 dekember i T no r m a = 8.9 0 C 0

-1 220% -2 200% 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -3 1 180% -4 160% -5 140% dekember i 120% P no r ma = 299.5 mm

100%

80%

60% 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40% 1

20%

0% SPISPI (6(6--monthesmonthes droughts)droughts)

Tbilisi (East Georgia)

Series5

Series1

Series2

SPI 4 3.5 3 Series3 2.5 2 1.5 Series4 1

0.5 1956_01 1956_07 1957_01 1957_07 1958_01 1958_07 1959_01 1959_07 1960_01 1960_07 1961_01 1961_07 1962_01 1962_07 1963_01 1963_07 1964_01 1964_07 1965_01 1965_07 1966_01 1966_07 1967_01 1967_07 1968_01 1968_07 1969_01 1969_07 1970_01 1970_07 1971_01 1971_07 1972_01 1972_07 1973_01 1973_07 1974_01 1974_07 1975_01 1975_07 1976_01 1976_07 1977_01 1977_07 1978_01 1978_07 1979_01 1979_07 1980_01 1980_07 1981_01 1981_07 1982_01 1982_07 1983_01 1983_07 1984_01 1984_07 1985_01 1985_07 1986_01 1986_07 1987_01 1987_07 1988_01 1988_07 1989_01 1989_07 1990_01 1990_07 1991_01 1991_07 1992_01 1992_07 1993_01 1993_07 1994_01 1994_07 1995_01 1995_07 1996_01 1996_07 1997_01 1997_07 1998_01 1998_07 1999_01 1999_07 2000_01 2000_07 2001_01 2001_07 2002_01 2002_07 2003_01 2003_07 2004_01 2004_07 2005_01 2005_07 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4

Kutaisi (West Georgia)

Series5

Series1

3 Series2 2.5SPI 2 Series3 1.5

1 1956_01 1956_07 1957_01 1957_07 1958_01 1958_07 1959_01 1959_07 1960_01 1960_07 1961_01 1961_07 1962_01 1962_07 1963_01 1963_07 1964_01 1964_07 1965_01 1965_07 1966_01 1966_07 1967_01 1967_07 1968_01 1968_07 1969_01 1969_07 1970_01 1970_07 1971_01 1971_07 1972_01 1972_07 1973_01 1973_07 1974_01 1974_07 1975_01 1975_07 1976_01 1976_07 1977_01 1977_07 1978_01 1978_07 1979_01 1979_07 1980_01 1980_07 1981_01 1981_07 1982_01 1982_07 1983_01 1983_07 1984_01 1984_07 1985_01 1985_07 1986_01 1986_07 1987_01 1987_07 1988_01 1988_07 1989_01 1989_07 1990_01 1990_07 1991_01 1991_07 1992_01 1992_07 1993_01 1993_07 1994_01 1994_07 1995_01 1995_07 1996_01 1996_07 1997_01 1997_07 1998_01 1998_07 1999_01 1999_07 2000_01 2000_07 2001_01 2001_07 2002_01 2002_07 2003_01 2003_07 2004_01 2004_07 2005_01 2005_07 0.5 Series4 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 Satellite image of cloud fraction January 2008

30%

Validation of 25%

satellite data 20% 2005 15% by observed 2006 2007 cloud recurrence 10% 2008 fraction 5% 0% 0 5 -5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 for 2005-08 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 satellite-surface ™CM-SAF CFC data were compared with observations For 2005-06 period approximately 40 stations observation data were averaged (differences not more than 10%); For 2007-08 were used only 13 stations (differences are increased to 20-30%) Taking into consideration: ™ Weaknesses in cloud cover surface observations ™ Extreme position of investigated territory on baseline area Initial validation of cloud fraction climate data derived from satellites is satisfying (accuracy not less than 10-15%) When comparing the CFC validation results to the target accuracies it is clear that the target accuracy of 10% cloud cover will be satisfyingly reached already with the present product. it is well visible that for all cases the bias is well below the target accuracy of 10 % In conditions of sparse coverage of Georgian territory with surface observations (only 15 meteorological stations) in case of successful calibration, satellite data will be very useful for better monitoring weather and climate THANKTHANK YOUYOU HailHail The hail which loses a lot of countries, is a simply appearance of the warm period. In Georgia the frequent event of the hail is in the eastern part of the Georgia, the region of , which with the frequency and intensity is one of the first in the world. From the otherwise in the scientific literature Kakheti is called “Natural Laboratory” . In Georgia the number of the hail events in the year hesitates from 4 till 30. And the destroyed areas from 20 till 150 thousand hectares. MudflowsMudflows There are about 4 000 high risk mudflow zones on the territory of Georgia, the majority of which endanger populated areas (-Tianeti, Kakheti, Lower Svaneti) and various communication constructions. Even human losses were fixed In some cases (e.g. mudflow in 1987 in Mtskheta-Mtianeti region) AvalanchesAvalanches There are such 2100 avalanche catchments areas, which endanger up to 300 settlements, also roads and other communication constructions. In Winter of 1970-71 catastrophic snowfalls endedended with 39 human losses, and in winter of 1975-78 – 42, in 1986-87 – 80. The material damage reached 60, 200 and 500 million US dollars respectively. THANKTHANK YOU YOU FOR FOR ATTANTIONATTANTION