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An Anatomical Study of the Genus Psephellus (Asteraceae) from Flora of Iran

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An Anatomical Study of the Genus Psephellus (Asteraceae) from Flora of Iran Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 9th Year, No. 33, Winter 2017-2018 1 An Anatomical Study of the Genus Psephellus (Asteraceae) from Flora of Iran MohammadReza Parishani 1*, Frogh Ghannadzadeh 2, Kazem Negaresh 3 1 Assistant Professor Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 2 M. A. Student Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 3 Ph. D. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran Abstract The present study deals with leaf and stem anatomical survey of 10 species of the genus Psephellus (Asteraceae) from flora of Iran. After collecting and identifying the specimens, leaf and stem cross sections were prepared by hand and best sections were taken for staining and light microscope studies. In this survey, various anatomical traits such as the number of vascular bundles of stem, the number of chlorenchyma and collenchyma bundles of stem, the shape of the cross section of stem, the shape of epidermal cells, the type of stomata, the type of trichomes of stem and leaf and the presence or absence of cuticle or cortex were carefully examined. It is found that the number of vascular bundles and the type of trichomes are the most outstanding anatomical evidences. The current results revealed that leaf and stem anatomical traits in the genus Psephellus were taxonomically informative criteria and confirmed the previous classification of genus. Finally, the key for species and sections of the studied genus from flora of Iran were prepared based on anatomical characters. Key words: Psephellus, Anatomy Characters, Taxonomy, Key Identification, Iran. * [email protected] Copyright©2017, University of Isfahan. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0), which permits others to download this work and share it with others as long as they credit it, but they cannot change it in any way or use it commercially. تاکسونومی و بیوسیستماتیک، سال نهم، شماره سی و سوم، زمستان 1396، صفحه -1 12 دريافت مقاله: 11/10/1396 پذيرش نهايی: 1397/07/23 مطالعۀ تشریحی جنس Psephellus از تیرۀ مرکبان متعلق به ایران 3 2 *1 محمدرضا پريشانی فروشانی ، فروغ قنادزاده ، کاظم نگارش 1 استاديار گروه زيست شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ايران 2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه زيست شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ايران 3 دکتری تخصصی گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، مﻻثانی، ايران چکیده در پژوهش حاضر تشريح برگ و ساقۀ 10 گونه از جنس Psephellus )تیرۀ مرکبان( متعلق به فلور ايران بررسی شد. پساز جمعآوری و شناسايی نمونههای گیاهی، از برگ و ساقۀ آنها به روش دستی برش عرضی تهیه شد و بهترين برشها برای رنگآمیزی و مطالعه با میکروسکوپ نوری انتخاب شدند. صفتهای مختلف تشريحی ازجمله تعداد دستجات آوندی ساقه، تعداد دستجات کلرانشیم و کﻻنشیم ساقه، شکل کلی مقطع عرضی ساقه، شکل سلولهای اپیدرمی، تیپ روزنه در برگ، انواع کرک در ساقه و برگ، وجودداشتن و يا نداشتن کوتیکول و مغز بررسی شد. نتايج پژوهش حاضر نشان دادند صفتهای تشريحی برگ و ساقه در اين جنس دارای ارزش تاکسونومیکیاند و طبقه بندیهای پیشین اين جنس را تا حد درخور توجهی تأيید میکنند؛ بر اين اساس مشخص شد تعداد دستجات آوندی و نوع کرک مهمترين صفتها برای تفکیک گونهها و بخشهای اين جنساند. درنهايت، برای نخستینبار کلید شناسايی گونهها و بخشهای اين جنس بر اساس صفتهای تشريحی ارائه شد. واژههای کلیدی: Psephellus، و يژگیهای تشريحی، تاکسونومی، کلید شناسايی، ايران. مقدمه. که در آن، اين تاکسون به چند جنس تکنیا جنس .Centaurea L ازنظر تاکسونومی .Psephellus ،Cyanus Mill. ،Centaurea s. str پیچیدهترين جنس تیرۀ Asteraceae است و در .Cass و.Rhaponticoides Vaill تقسیم شده است (Wagenitz and Hellwig, 2000; Greuter, 2003; طبقهبندی های پذيرفتهشده 400 تا 700 گونه برای آن Hellwig, 2004(. تحلیلهای مولکولی در اين جنس و نام برده شده است ;Dittrich, 1977; Bremer, 1994) زيرقبیلۀ Centaureinae به همراه مطالعههای Wagenitz and Hellwig, 1996). اين جنس ريخت شناسی، گرده شناسی و کاريولوژی تقسیمبندی (.Centaurea s. l) تاکسونی چندنیا به نظر میرسد؛ يادشده را تأيید کردهاند Wagenitz, 1955; Susanna) ازاينرو، در سال های اخیر سیستمی در پیش گرفته شده * [email protected] Copyright©2017, University of Isfahan. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0), which permits others to download this work and share it with others as long as they credit it, but they cannot change it in any way or use it commercially. 2 تاکسونومی و بیوسیستماتیک، سال نهم، شماره سی و سوم، زمستان 1396 et al., 1995; Wagenitz and Hellwig, 1996; ريخت شناسی گل ها و برگه ها، تشريح فندقه و .(Garcia-Jacas, et al., 2000, 2001, 2006 کاريولوژی تأيید کردند و 12 بخش برای اين جنس در Wagenitz و Hellwig )2000( مستقلبودن جنس نظر گرفتند )جدول 1(. Psephellus را بر اساس ريزريختشناسی دانۀ گرده، جدول 1- بخشهای جنس Psephellus برگرفته از Wagenitz و Hellwig )2000( Psephelloidei Psephellus Odontolophus Xanthopsis Odontolophoideae Aetheopappus Hyalinella Sosnovskya Heterolophus Amblyopogon Uralepis Czerniakovskya Dittrich )1968( تشريح فندقۀ چهار بخش از جنس پراکنش اصلی آنها در شرق آناتولی، قفقاز و Psephellus را مطالعه کرد و يک گروه شمالغربی ايران است. Aetheopappus-Psephellus تعیین کرد؛ Wagenitz جنس Psephellus در ايران شامل 8 بخش و 12 و Hellwig )2000( نیز مطالعههای تکمیلی را انجام گونه است که نیمی از اين گونهها انحصاری ايراناند (Wagenitz, 1980; Ranjbar and Negaresh, دادند. Ranjbar و Negaresh )2014( بیان کردند 2014). تاکنون به جز مطالعۀ Ranjbar و Negaresh ويژگیهای ريزريخت شناسی بهويژه کرکها در )2014( مطالعۀ چندانی بهويژه ازنظر تاکسونومی و تاکسونومی اين جنس مهماند. Wagenitz )1955( تیپ تشريحی روی اعضای جنس Psephellus در ايران دانۀ گردۀ .Centaurea dealbata Willd را تیپ گردۀ انجام نشده است. در پژوهش حاضر سعی شده است جنس Psephellus تعیین کرد؛ اين تیپ گرده با مطالعۀ تشريحی برگ و ساقه روی گونههای اين جنس ويژگیهايی مانند شکل کروی تا دوکی شکل، رشد در ايران انجام شود و از نتايج آن برای تأيید يا رد خوب در رديف داخلی و بهندرت سطح خارجی طبقهبندی های گونهای و فراگونهای اين جنس استفاده Bacula شناخته می شود. Wagenitz و Hellwig شود که تنها براساس صفتهای ريخت شناسیاند. )2000( بیان کردند عدد کروموزومی پايه در اين جنس x=15 است و پلیپلوئیدی بهندرت وجود دارد. مواد و روشها. پژوهشهای مولکولی Susanna و همکاران )1995( در پژوهش حاضر از نمونههای هرباريومی روی گونۀ (.Psephellus dealbatus (Willd جمع آوریشده طی اواسط بهار تا اواخر تابستان .C.Koch و Hellwig )1996( روی گونههای سالهای 1392 تا 1395 از مناطق مختلف ايران باتوجهبه P. bellus (Trautv.) ،P. hedgei Wagenitz دامنۀ پراکنش آنها استفاده شد )جدول 2(. برای Wagenitz و P. trinervius (Willd.) Wagenitz شناسايی نمونه ها به فلورا ايرانیکا (Wagenitz, 1980) تک نیايیبودن اين جنس را نشان داد. درحال حاضر، مراجعه شد. جنس Psephellus شامل 70 تا 80 گونه است که دامنۀ مطالعۀ تشريحی جنس Psephellus از تیرۀ مرکبان متعلق به ايران 3 جدول 2- گونه های مطالعهشده از جنس Psephellus و ويژگیهای رويشگاه آنها جمع آوریکننده شمارۀ هرباریومی ارتفاع )متر( رویشگاه نام گونه هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید قوچان بهسمت باجگیران، 20 کیلومتر از دوراهی P. galactochrous نگارش Rech.f.) Parsa 1450-1500) چمران- 652 رهرود به روستای قرچه هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید P. phaeopappoides نگارش و پاکزاد 1500-1380 آذربايجان غربی، بازرگان،کوه های غربی بازرگان Bordzil.) Wagenitz) چمران- 655 هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید نگارش و اسدبگی 2300-1400 کرج بهسمت چالوس، پل زنگوله .P. zuvandicus Sosn چمران- 657 هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید ارومیه، خلخال بهسمت اسالم، 5 کیلومتر پساز نگارش و پاکزاد P. zuvandicus 2000 چمران- 656 خلخال هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید (.P. gilanicus (Bornm نگارش و اسدبگی 2000-1980 قزوين، الموت، 60 کیلومتر تا معلم کﻻيه Wagenitz چمران653- هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید صوفیان بهسمت مرند، 8 کیلومتر تا سهراهی جلفا- نگارش و پاکزاد - P. gilanicus چمران- 654 مرند هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید (.P. persicus (DC نگارش و شاهین - اصفهان، کوه صفه Wagentiz چمران- 650 هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید پريشانی 1950 اصفهان، رضوانشهر به سامان، روستای ياسهچاه P. persicus چمران651- هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید & .P. leuzeoides (Jaub پريشانی 2255 خرمآباد به اصفهان، روستای درهحوض Spach) Wagenitz چمران- 658 P. leuzeoides FUMH 10288 جوهرچی 1500 خراسان شمالی، بجنورد به اسفراين هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید اردبیل بهسمت مشکینشهر، 50 کیلومتر تا P. xanthocephalus نگارش و پاکزاد DC.) Boiss. 1300) چمران- 659 مشکینشهر هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید لرستان، دورود، جنوبشرقی دورود، سهراهی P. xeranthemoides نگارش و اسدبگی Rech.f.) Wagenitz 2180-2200) چمران- 661 دورود- سروند- درياچۀ گهر خراسان شمالی، بین شیروان و بجنورد، ايستگاه (.P. iljinii (Czerniak FUMH 16656 جوهرچی و زنگويی - Wagenitz تحقیقات ديم خراسان، سیساب هرباريوم دانشگاه شهید نگارش و پاکزاد 2500-2000 آذربايجان غربی، قطور، پايانۀ مرزی رازی P. incanescens Boiss چمران- 660 نمونههای گیاهی بسته به میزان سختی بافت بهمدت رنگآمیزی مضاعف با آبیمتیل و کارمن زاجی 5 تا 20 دقیقه در آب داغ روی حرارت غیرمستقیم رنگآمیزی شدند ,Chamberlain, 1933; Gahan) جوشانده شدند. سپس قطعههای گیاهی مناسبی از برگ 1984). اسﻻيدهای تهیه شده با میکروسکوپ نوری و ساقه )از محل دمگلآذين( بین دو قطعه يونولیت قرار Olympus )مدلCX31( مشاهده و بررسی شدند و با داده شدند و برشگیری با فاصلۀ يکسانی از مريستم دوربین ديجیتال از آنها عکسبرداری شد. صفتهای رأسی ساقه به شکل دستی و با تیغ انجام شد. برش های تشريحی کمّی و کیفی ازجمله تعداد دستجات آوندی تهیه شده پساز رنگبری با آب ژاول به روش ساقه، تعداد دستجات کلرانشیم و کﻻنشیم ساقه، شکل 4 تاکسونومی و بیوسیستماتیک، سال نهم، شماره سی و سوم، زمستان 1396 کلی مقطع عرضی ساقه، شکل سلولهای اپیدرمی، تیپ منظور، ابتدا داده ها در صفحۀ اکسل نسخۀ 7 وارد شدند روزنه در برگ، انواع کرک در ساقه و برگ، و سپس با نرمافزار MVSP نسخۀ 2/3 آنالیز خوشهای وجودداشتن يا نداشتن کوتیکول و مغز، وجودداشتن يا با بهکارگیری ضريب اقلیدسی برای تعیین روابط نداشتن کانالهای ترشحی در 20 تکرار بررسی شدند.
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