E Cyathea Sm. (Monilophyta) Da Ilha Da Trindade: Um Estudo Filogenético E Biogeográfico

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E Cyathea Sm. (Monilophyta) Da Ilha Da Trindade: Um Estudo Filogenético E Biogeográfico Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Biologia Departamento de Botânica Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Campylopus Brid. (Bryophyta) e Cyathea Sm. (Monilophyta) da Ilha da Trindade: um estudo filogenético e biogeográfico ALLAN LAID ALKIMIM FARIA Brasília - DF Julho, 2016 Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Biologia Departamento de Botânica Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Campylopus Brid. (Bryophyta) e Cyathea Sm. (Monilophyta) da Ilha da Trindade: um estudo filogenético e biogeográfico ALLAN LAID ALKIMIM FARIA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR EM BOTÂNICA. ORIENTADOR: DR. PAULO EDUARDO A. S. CÂMAR Brasília - DF Julho, 2016 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) “Algo só é impossível até que alguém duvide e resolva provar ao contrário” Albert Einstein “É necessário sair da ilha para ver a ilha. Não nos vemos se não sairmos de nós” José Saramago AGRADECIMENTOS Ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da UnB, que possibilitou o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Ao grande amigo/orientador Paulo Câmara que me mostrou o universo mágico das briófitas. Aos doutores Denilson Peralta (IBT-SP); Denise Costa (JBRJ); Micheline Carvalho Silva (UnB/UFVJM); Vanessa Rivera (UnB) e a professora Maria das Graças (UnB) pela ajuda generosa. A todos os amigos pesquisadores do Núcleo de Briólogos do Centro-Oeste (NuBrioCO): Abel Eustáquio, Renato Gama, Bárbara, Ana Gabriela, Diego Knop, Júlia Mundim, Tamara Dantas, Osvanda Moura, Carla Pereira, Amanda, Marcelo Lasneaux e Daiane Valente. A meus pais e sobrinhos (Monike e Rodrigo) que sempre me apoiaram de todas as maneiras e que sempre acreditaram em mim. Aos amigos Daniel Villarroel, André (Babalaô), Felipe (Formiga) e Renata Correa pelas conversas extras acadêmicas mesmo que científicas. Ao professor Michael Stech pela orientação no Naturalis Biodiversity Center juntamente com a Universidade de Leiden. Agradeço a todos os curadores dos herbários BHCB, CBS, CEN, K, L, PC, R, RB, SP, SPF e UB. Ao CNPq pelo fornecimento de fundos, a Marinha do Brasil por todo o apoio logístico. A SERCIM, em especial aos comandantes Abrantes e Camilo, 1º Distrito Naval, todos os marinheiros oficiais dos navios: Sirius NHI, NDCC Almirante Saboia, RbAM Almirante Gilhobel e NDD Rio de Janeiro. Agradeço também a CAPES pelas bolsas fornecidas no Brasil e exterior. Muito obrigado! SUMÁRIO RESUMO ..................................................................................................................... 12 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 13 EVOLUÇÃO DE PLANTAS EM AMBIENTES INSULARES ....................................... 14 A Formação das Ilhas ....................................................................................... 14 A Biodiversidade Insular .................................................................................. 15 Dispersão em Ilhas ............................................................................................ 16 Heterogeneidade de Hábitats ........................................................................... 17 Biologia Reprodutiva ........................................................................................ 18 Radiação adpatativa e hibridização em ilhas .................................................. 19 Ilha da Trindade ................................................................................................. 21 Vegetação e endemismo da ilha ...................................................................... 23 Briófitas da Ilha da Trindade ............................................................................ 23 Pteridófitas da Ilha da Trindade ....................................................................... 25 Objetivos ............................................................................................................ 26 Objetivos específicos ........................................................................................ 27 Referências ........................................................................................................ 28 CAPÍTULO 1. Identitdade o origem de Campylopus (Bryophyta, Briopsida) da Ilha da Trindade - Brasil .................................................................................................... 37 Introdução .......................................................................................................... 38 Material e métodos ............................................................................................ 38 Amostragem ................................................................................................ 38 Extração de DNA, Amplificação e sequenciamento ..................................... 38 Reconstrução filogenética............................................................................ 38 Análises morfológicas .................................................................................. 38 Resultados ......................................................................................................... 38 Discussão ........................................................................................................... 39 Referências ........................................................................................................ 39 CAPÍTULO 2. A Cyathea da Ilha da Trindade é um caso de endemismo? Uma abordagem filogenética e morfológica ....................................................................... 58 Introdução .......................................................................................................... 51 Material e métodos ............................................................................................ 54 Amostragem .............................................................................................. 54 Extração de DNA, Amplificação e sequenciamento ................................... 54 Reconstrução filogenética ......................................................................... 56 Análises morfológicas ................................................................................ 56 Resultados ......................................................................................................... 57 Discussão ........................................................................................................... 70 Referências ........................................................................................................ 71 Conclusão .......................................................................................................... 81 ÍNDICE DE TABELAS Capítulo 1 Tabela 1: Informação dos vouchers e números de acesso ao GenBank para as sequências recém geradas de Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid e C. occultus Mitt. ............................................. 41 Capítulo 2 Tabela 1: Primers e temperaturas de anelamento utilizados no estudo ........................................ 55 Tabela 2: Táxons utilizados no estudo, localidade de coleta, coletor e número de coleta e herbário onde está depositado ...................................................................................................................... 55 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Evolução das plantas em Ambientes insulares Figura 1: Localização da lha da Trindade (distância do continente).............................................. 21 Figura 2: Ilha da Trindade .............................................................................................................. 22 Figura 3: Campylopus fragilis subsp. fragiliformis. A. Planta hidratada. B. Planta desidratada .... 24 Figura 4: Campylopus pilifer. A Planta hidratada. B. Planta desidratada ...................................... 24 Figura 5: Floresta de Samambaias. A Populações de Samambaia. B Indivíduos de Cyathea .... 26 Capítulo 1 Figura 1: Filograma obtido a partir da análise Bayesiana do conjunto de dados combinado de nrITS, regiões plastídiais (atpB-rbcL, atpI-atpH, trnL-trnF) codificado com simples indel code. Números nos ramos são probabilidades posteriores de Bayesiana 0.95 sobre os valores de suporte com bootstrap de 75% a partir da análise de máxima verossimilhança no mesmomo conjunto de dados. O símbolo “ “ indica as espécimes que foram originalmente identificados como pertencentes a uma espécie diferente ............................................................................................ 42 Capítulo 2 Figura 1: Filograma obtido a partir da análise Bayesiana do conjunto de dados combinados da regiões plastidiais (Trng-trnR, trnL-trnF e rbcL-accD) codificado com simples indel code. Números nos ramos são de Máxima Parcimônia (MP), Máxima Verossimilhancia (MV) e Bayesiana (BI). Apenas os valores de suporte com bootstrap de 65% a partir da análise de máxima parcimônia; 75% para máxima verossimilhança e 0.95 para Bayesiana são mostrados no mesmo conjunto de dados .......................................................................................................................................... 61 Figura 2: Analíse Beyesiana mostrando as diferenças morfologicas entre os dois clados. A (espécies da Iha e litoral) e B (espécies do interior do continente). Caracteres: Epinhos; Tricomas na parte adaxial das pínulas; Escamas na parte abaxial das pínulas e Tricomas no caule............63 Figura 3: Esporos de Cyathea delgadii Sternb. em microcroscopia eletrônica de varredura. A e B
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