Name______Date______Global 10R~Ms. Hock & Ms. Powers Period______

Directions: As you read the following information, answer the guiding questions.

Key Figures of the Mexican Revolution:

There were three key figures of the Mexican Revolution:

 Emiliano Zapata-an Indian, was one of the most famous leaders. He led a large peasant revolt in the South, calling for land reform.  Francisco “Pancho” Villa-a rebel leader from the north, won the loyalty of a large number of peasants. When the United States supported the Mexican government against Villa, conflict erupted across the border between Villa and the United States government in 1916.  Venustiano Carranza-was elected president of Mexico in 1917. He approved a new constitution that, with amendments, is still in use today.

1. How did these leaders of the Mexican Revolution create change?

Effects of the Mexican Revolution: A. Constitution of 1917: The new constitution agreed by Carranza in 1917, called for land reform, gave the government control of the church, and guaranteed more rights for workers and women.

The following are excerpts from the Mexican Constitution of 1917:

Article I: This article states that every individual in Mexico (official name, Estados Unidos Mexicanos or United Mexican States) has the rights that the Constitution gives. These rights cannot be denied and they cannot be suspended. Slavery is illegal in Mexico; any slaves from abroad who enter national territory will, by this mere act, be freed and given the full protection of the law. All types of discrimination whether it be for ethnic origin, national origin, gender, age, different capacities, social condition, health condition, religion, opinions, preferences, or civil state or any other which attacks human dignity and has as an objective to destroy the rights and liberties of the people are forbidden.

Article 4: All people, men and women, are equal under the law. However, the "development of the family" is placed under the responsibility of the woman. This article also grants all people protection to their health, a right to housing, and rights for children.

1. How does Article I show similarities to the American and French versions?

2. Provide at least two examples of Enlightenment principles evident in these excerpts.

3. How are women treated in Article 4? Are they completely equal? Why/Why not?

B. Social Reforms: Reforms were eventually carried out in the 1920’s, making Mexico the first Latin American nation to achieve social and economic reform for the majority of the people. For example, the government set-up libraries and schools. Some Indian communities were given the opportunity to regain land that had been taken from them in the past.

C. Economic Nationalism: Mexico, along with other countries of Latin America, experienced strong feelings of nationalism in the early 1920’s. Much of the nationalistic spirit was aimed at ending economic dependence on industrial powers. Mexico was determined to develop its own economy. The Mexican government brought industries under government control or took over foreign-owned industries.

1. Why was it important for the leaders of Mexico to institute social and economic reforms?

2. Why was economic independence important for Mexico?

D. Cultural Nationalism: In the 1920’s and the 1930’s, nationalistic feeling caused writers in Mexico and other parts of Latin America to reject influences of Europe. They began taking pride in Latin American culture, which displayed a mixture of Western European and Indian Traditions. In Mexico, mural painting, which had been a common art form in the Aztec Empire, was revived. Muralists such as Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco, created works of great beauty. Many showed the struggles for the Mexican people for freedom.

1. How can art reflect nationalism?