UCRL-JC-119872 PREPRINT

Beginning to Edit Physics

Peter W. Murphy

This paper was prepared for submittal to the Society for Technical Communication 42nd Annual Conference Washington, DC April 23-26,1995

February 1,1995

Thisisapreprintof apaperintendedforpublicationinajoumalorproceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, this preprint is made available with the understanding that it will not be cited or reproduced without the permission of the author.

? DISCLAIMER

document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of Thisthe United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commeraal product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California,and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. BEGINNING TO EDIT PHYSICS

A physicist-turned-editor shows you the basics requiredfor The significance of “significant figures”: why 106 is copyeditingphysics papers (physical quantities, symbols, different from 106.0. units, scient@ notation, the structure of mathematical expressions, the nature of graphs). and points the way to learning enough “editorial physics” to begin substantive LEARN SOME PHYSICS editing. You must learn some physics if you want to edit physics substantively, or even if you want copyedit physics well. TAKE IT STEP BY STEP to There are many excellent books hmwhich you can learn some physics without much mathematics.(&lO) In some parts of the publishing world, one fmt proofreads, then copyedits, then edits lightly, and finally (if ever) edits In your reading and editing, you will encounter hundreds of substantively. Each step gives some preparation for the tenns, concepts, laws, and relations that can be regarded as next, at least by Virtue of gradual familiarization with the part of the “technicalliteracyn( IO) possessed by physicists associated problems. For those beginning to edit physics, and their professional audiences. Gaining some of that this papis roughly organinxi along those lines: fvst I literacy for yourself will heIp you understand what you are discuss what you need to know to copyedit physics, and editing, which is clearly crucial. The author has prepared a then how to learn enough physics to begin editing physics reasonable approximation of a “glossaryof technical substantively. literacy”--withoutthe definitions (see Appendix Look these terms up in a standard technical dictionary(l1)B). and in your (presumably growing) library of introductory works BACKGROUND FOR COPYEDITING on physics. Again, learn how to pronounce, spell, capitalize, and abbreviate them. The AIP Styre Mand (1) gives excellent guidance on Technical literacy in the so-called physical quantities will essentially all aspects of style (and thus of copyediting) for repay you quickly. Learn the names and definitions of the physics journals published by the American Institute of most common physical quantities (mass, length, and time Rysics. Ciements (2) gives similar guidance, with m familiar examples), the names and symbols for the units suggestions not contained in the AIP Style Manual. To use in which they measured, and their relations guidance well, however, you must learn (if you do not are to one this another. Continue to learn about aU the physical quantities already bow) a number of things outside realm of plain with each area of physics you encounter. Such English. Here is a starter list of those things:the associated information is all to be found in a description of the International System of Units (SQ(12) The Greek alphabetAe names of the letters, and how to form them by hand. Any good dictionary will do. Capital Converting physical quantities from non-SI units into SI letters that look like their English counteqxuts (A, B, E, Z, units is generally regarded the business of the author, but I, K, 0, T, may ignored. Beware: as H, M,N, P, X) be the it’s worth learning to do it yourself.(lZ) capitol upsilon (Y) looks like a capitol Y in some fonts, and in others it can mistaken for a lowercase gamma! be If you’re going to do some calculating, you might want a (scientific) calculator-perhaps an RPN calculator, which @or credibility in speaking with your authors, learn how to physicists prefer. if you can get a software version for speak aloud all of the names you learn, and of the other See all your computer screen, rather than an actual calculator. (A things discussed here.) slide rule-the pocket calculator of past generations- would improve your education as well.) The names of the chemical elements and the corresponding symbols; again, any good dictionary will do. LEARN SOME MATHEMATICS, TOO “Scientific nOtatiOn,”(3) in which 299,800,000 becomes 2.998 x lo8; also computer (“E“ or “e”) notation, in which Editing physics means editing mathematics. by 3 x 10-8 becomes 3E-08. Learn how to convert decimal Start quantities from one form to another. (4) learning the elements of mathematical typography.( 13) To How to figure and interpret percentages: why an increase from 5 to 50 is not a 1OOO% increase (see Appendix A). mathematical expressions you fmd in a physics text from COPYEDITING TIPS one of the major technical publishers. Physics Mathematical physics depends on the use of symbols to represent physid quantities. Standard symbols are * officially recognized (14); although your authors may not respect (or even know of) such standards, they may One compares the predictions of a (presumably tentative) theory with the (presumably true) corresponding appreciate guidance. spot errors arising because of confclsion of Leamby the to author or a typist (e.g., a observations of nature, and not the other way around. symbols higher or lower (not fastex or slower); times instead of -). (15) Speeds are are shorter or longer (not faster or slower); temlxmwres are A standard reference on copyediting mathematics be higher or lower (not hotter or colder); magnetic fields will stronger or weaker (not larger or smaller). are helpfut(l6) To gain sophistication, read what an eminent mathematician says to colleagues about the writing of mathematics.(l7) SI Eventually you must learn some of the mathmatics used in physics. There are many friendly books to help you.( 18) degree kelvin was replaced by the kelvin (K) in Start with high school mathematics, especially algebra The (OK) and 1%7; the micron Q became the micrometer (tun) in that trigonometry; then study some calculus(l9); learn yearalso. something of probabiIity and statistics, especially the Put a space between a number and the unit statistics of ObservatiOnS. associated symbok however, leave no space between a number and the signs %, OF, O (15%; 98.6oF. 180’). how to “speak” mathematics. A monograph aimed at T, 37°C; Learn Be “case sensitive” when editing Si: change cap K to developing skill, for readers to blind mathematicians, is lowercase k for kilo-; change lowercase a cap A for an excellentthis beginning poin~(20) to ampere, lowercase v to cap V for volt, etc. Pronounce gigu with an initial hard g American Much of physics is represented in graphs, which you must [the National Standard (12) used to say “jiggap but “gigga” was learn to edit421) (Graphing software for computers may uniformly used, and the standard has changed accordingly]. actually produce graphs more in need of editing than older techniques.( 22) Mathematics READING AND WRITING PHYSICS Set subscripts and superscripts tight against their base characters, and leave no space anywhere within them. Read to learn more physics and to develop an ear for good Except in subscripts and superscripts, leave a space on physics writing. Choose publications from outside your either tide of the signs +, -, x, =, <, >, etc., if they join two own organization, to avoid ingrown language and ingrown quantities (5 x 10s) publication practices. Read New Scientist,Nature. If the signs +, -, x, =, e,>, etc., apply only to a single American Scientist, Science, Scientific American, and quantity that precedes or follows them, leave no space [MITJ TechnologyReview. Read the “Science Times” them the quantity (lox, 409) section of The New York Times. between and Avoid script ells ( Q): use L as the symbol for liter (SI deprecates the use of ell for that purpose), and use Read something of what physicists taught about writing script are italic lowercase ell (l)for algebra. in college,(23) and advice from a physicist on how to The subscript should be a zero if it represents a standard communicate physics (“with both the verbal and the value of a quantity; it should be an oh (0) only if it stands mathematical, with emphasis on the verbal”).( 24) Read the for a word such “object” complaints of a physicist about the of his as writing Use pairs of angular brackets, { and ), as “fences” colleagues-andthe editing of editors. (25) Read meof (representing average values, for example); use < for less R. P. Feynman’s professional writing(26): note especially than and > greater than. Feynman’s of language, rather than of mathematics, to for use See that physical quantities maintain their names, their I make his points. Read whatever you can of. The Feynman symbols, and (within reason) their units throughout a paper. Lectures on Physics.(27) If you can, check that arguments of functions are

dimensionless. L If you can,check that the units (and vector character, if any) of all terms (things added to or subtracted from one another) in an expression are the same.

2 Using two slashes in an algebraic expression or an expression of compound units (e.g., N/cm/s) renders it (4) P. W. Murphy, Converting Quantities with Decimal ambiguous; queq the author and eliminate the ambiguity. Conversion Scales, Lawrence Livermore National Gman nouns (bremssaahlung, hohlraum, schlieren) Laboratory. Livermore, CA, UCRL-AR-104181 Rev. 1 used in physics English are not capitalize& (1gm (5) Paul G.Hewitt, Conceptual Physics, 5th ed. (Boston: English Little, Brown, 1985). (6)Lewis Epstein G. Hewitt, Thinking Physics: F& light editing, start with sentence-level pruning.(%) C. and Paul Be Questions With Conceptual Explanations (San Francisco, sure you know what was meant before you change CA Insight Press, 1981). anything: ask if in doubt. An excellent rule of thumb is that the changes you make should pmduce “no surprises“ at (7) Robert H. March, Physicsfor Poets, 3rd ed. (New York author review; work out nontrivial changes with the author McG~aw-Hill,1992). before the review. (8) Isaac Asimov, Understanding Physics (New York: Be careful hyphenating compound modifiers. (Hyphenate Walker, 1966). “average permeation coefficient,” “internal capsule pressure,” and “high average power laser,” for example.) (9) Isaac Asimov, Ashov on Physics, 1st ed. (Garden City, Doubleday, 1976). Similarly, be carefbl in applying the that-vs-which Ny: distinction between restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses. (10) E. Hirsch, Cultural Literacy: What Every American (For example, consider sentence: ‘‘This computer code D. this Needs to Know (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987). differs from earlier codes in the physics which is omitted.”) (11) McGraw-Hill Dictionmy of Scientifsc and Technical Don’t overdo conversion from passive to active voice; it’s Term, 5th ed., Sybil P. (New Yo* .McGraw - a thankless job. (An easy worthwhile activation of Parker, Ed. and Hill, 1994). voice is to write “Figure 1 shows .. .” rather than “. .. are shown in Fig. 1.”) (12) IEEE Standards Board, American Notional Standard for Metric Practice (New York The Institute of Electrical ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. and Electronic Engineers, 1992). (13) P. W. Murphy, Typography for Mathematics, I thank William J. Mullii for stimulating suggestions about Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, good physics reading and Writing, and Carolin Middleton UCAR-10103 (1983). for helpful criticism of a draft of this paper. Work (14) “Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature in Physics,” performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Handbook of Chemistry and Physics @oca Raton, FL: Contract W-7405-ENG48. CRC Press, 1983), p. F-265. (15) AIP StyZe Manual, 4th ed. (New York American REFERENCES Institute of Physics, 1990)., Table V @. 21). (16) Ellen Swanson, Mathematics into Type: Copy Editing and Proofreading of Mathematicsfor Editorial Assistants (1) AIP Style Manual, 4th ed. (New York American and Authors (Providence,RT: American Mathematical Institute of Physics, 1990). Society, 1986).

(2) Wallace Clements, The Scientjfic Report: A Guidefor (17) NomE. Steenrod et al., How to Write Mathematics, Authors, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, reprinted with corrections (Providence,RI: American Livermore, CA, Report B-019, Rev. 3 (available from the Mathematical Society, 1981). Society for Technical Communication,Washington, DC, publication 114-84). (18) W. W. Sawyer, Mathematician‘s Relight (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969). (3) P. W. Murphy, Editing Units and Scientific Notation, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, (19) Sylvanus P. Thompson, Calculus Made Easy, 3d ed. UCAR-10321(1989). (New York St. Martin’s, 1970).

3 (20)L. Chang, Handbook for Spoken Mathematics (Lurry’s Speakeasy), Lamnce Liveamom National Laboratmy, Liveamore, CA,UCAR-10101 (1983). (21) P. W. Murphy and Robert W. Rhiner, Editing Graphs for Maximwn Effect, Lawrence Liveamore National Laboratory,LivmOre, CA,UCRL-JC-104660 (1991).

(22) Henry peaoski, “Soft Graphics,” Am. Scientist 83,17 (Jan.-Feb. 1995). (23) W.J. Mullin, “Writing in Physics,” Phys. Teach. 27, 342-347 (1989); L. D. Kirkpahick and A. S. Pittendrigh, “A Writing Teacher in the Physics Classoom,” Phys. Teach. 22,159-164 (1984). (24)W. J. Mullin, Ch. 16 in Writing to LRmn Mathematics and Science, P. Connolly and T. Vilardi, Eds. (New Yorlc Teachers College Press, 1989). (25) N. D. Mennin, “Reference Frames” column, Phys. Today: 41 (4), 9 (1988); 42 (S), 9 (1989); 42 (10). 9 (1989); 44 (5),9 (1991); 46 (l), 9 (1993); 46 (12), 9 (1993). (26) R. Feynman, Phys. Rev. p4,262 (1954); 91,1291 (1953); 91,1301 (1953). (27) R. P. Feynman, The FeymmLectures on Physics (Redwd City, CA‘.Addison-Wesley, 1989). (28) John W.Brogan, Clear Technical Writing (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973).

.

4 APPENDIX A. THOUGHTS ABOUT PERCENTAGES

1. Refer Percentage Changes to the Original Value

Conventionally, a percentage change is calculated with the initial value in the denominator: final value - initial value Percentage change = initial value

The change is counted as an increase if the final value is greater than the initial value, and as a decrease if it is less. The crucial point is that the initial value is in the denominator. Putting thefinal value in the denominator leads to a different “percentage” value, and thus to misunderstanding on the part of a reader who assumes the conventional approach. It sometimes leads to obvious errors, as when a company is said to have suffered “100% layoffs,” because (say) 400 people were laid offand 400 people we= left @ter the layoff (initially there were 800 people, so that’s clearly a508layoff). In such extreme cases an editor can detect the mrand query the author.

2. Distinguish Between Additive and Multiplicative Changes

A percentage can be associated with a given change in two ways: it can be expressed in terms of the amount of change (final value - initial value), as discussed above, or the final value can be expressed as a percentage of the initial value. So, for example, a wage reduction from $8.00 per hour to $7.20 per hour can be ddbedas a 10% decreaw:

But this reduction can also be described as a decrease to 90% of the original wage (not a 90% decrease!):

-x7 20 = 8.00 100 90%.

Confusion arises if the words used do not reflect which approach is used. For example, it is common to hear a price increase from (say) $80 to $800 described as a 1000% increase, although the change ($800 - $80 = $720) is an increase by 900%. It is also correct to say that the new price is 1O00% of the old, but the words used are crucial.

3. Use the “Factor Of” Terminology Instead of Percentages when Appropriate

Very large percentages (as in the ”9900% price increase“ example just given in item 2) tend to overwhelm the reader, a better way to describe large increases is to take the ratio R of the final value to the initial value, and describe the change as “an increase by a factor of R.” For example, a change from $80 to $800 gives a ratio of R = $800/$80 = 10, so the change is “an increase by a factor of 10.”

When the change is a decrease, R is obtained by taking the ratio of the initial value to thefinal value. The change is then described as a “decrease by a factor of” that ratio. For example, a drop in price from from $800 to $80 is “a decrease by a factor of 10.“ In the case of simple ratios like this, the language also permits you to decribe the new price as “one-tenth” that of the old price, but this is not possible if the price has decreased by a factor of, say, 9.3. (Another, deplorable way to express this same thing is to call the new price “ten times smaller“ the old price.) 4. Distinguish Percentages and “Percentage Points”

If the quantity changing is itself a percentage, the change must be carefully characterized. If unemployment in a community is 4096, for example, and that figure goes up to 488, the percentage increase in unemployment is 20% (that is, 20% more people are unemployed than before, ifthe workforce has stayed the sum):

48x1100=20%. 40 But because unemployment is already expressed as a percentage, quoting the change as 20% can c~nfusethe readet, who might think the unemployment rate had gone from 40% to 60%. To be unequivocal, express the change (here) from 4096 to 48% as an increase “by eight percentage pints.”

A-2 APPENDIX B. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL LITERACY FOR EDITORS

This is a compendium of terms representing the assumed common knowledge (from, say, undergraduate college comes) of physicists. These terms never need to be explained in specialist reports or in reports for general scientific audiences. Editors of physics should be Eamiliar with their meanings.

A angular momentum bell curve angular velocity bending moment (torque) A-bomb (d.H-bomb) -(&cathode) Bernoulli’s themem aberration (in optical systems) antimam beta panicle, beta decay abscissa(cf. ordinate) antinode(cf.node) Big Bang theory absolute (6gage) pressure antiparticle binary notation absolute temperatwe scale binding (atomic, nuclear) aperture (of optical system) energy absolute value Axchimedes’ Principle binomial thearm absolute zero blackbody, blackbody radiation area absodxd dose (radiology) argument (math.) blue shift absorbed dose rate (radiology) aspectratio blue sky: why? absorption (cf. adsorption) astronomical unit body-te~(crYstal) &btion atmosphere (unit) Bohr hydrogen atom, Bohr radius acceleration due to gravity (g> atmosphere (unit) boiling (cf precision) accuracy atom Boltvnann constant achmmatic lens Boltzmann distribution atomic (cf. cgs, mks, SI) units acid (cf base) atomic mass unit Boolean logic and -tion action atomic number boundary conditions action at a distance atomic orbital Boyle’s law activity (or a mdionuclide) atomic weight Bra= diffraction adiabatic process Atwood machine branching ratio adsorption (cf- absorption) audio f?equmcy (6mdio breederreactor aef0501 mum) bremsstrahlung albedo Avogadro’s law, Avogadro’s Brewster angle algorithm number British thermal unit (Btu) alkalineearths Brownian motion dOY B bubble chamber alpha particle, alpha decay Balmer series, Balmer-Rydberg buffer solution alternating current (AC) formula bulk modulus AM (amplitude modulation) radio band (@. line) spectrum buoyancy (cf. FM) bandwidth C amino acid banking of curves ampere (unit) bar (unit) force” Ampere’s law “cenmpetal barn (unit) calculus amplitude baromem calorie, kilogram calorie (units) analytic (6numerical) solution banier penetration Camera angle base (& acid) candela (unit) angle of repose beats capacitance angstrom (unit) becquerel (unit) capacitor angular acceleration bel (cf decibel) (unit)

B-1 capillary action convection (cf. conduction) dimensions (relation to units) caphlre coordinate system diode carbondating Coriolis force dipole: magnetic, electric Carnot cycle, Camot engine cornlation Dirac delta function cartesicoordinates cosine law directcurrent@C) catfiode (cf: -1 cosmic rays directproportion cathode-ray tube (CRT) Coulomb barrier dispersion causality Coulomb scattering dissociation cavendish balance coulomb (unit) dissociation energy cavity (cf. hohlraum) radiation Coulomb’s law distribution function Celsius temperature covalent bond doping enter of mass; center of gravity critical angle Doppler broadening centrifugalforce critical mass Doppler effect centrifuge critical point, temperatwe, dose equivalent (radiology) Cerenkov dosimetry radiation pressure cgs (#. atomic, mks, SI) units Cmke’s radiometer dot (&q Cf. cross) product chainreaction cmss (vector; I$ dot)) product dynamics (cf. statics) charge (electric) cross section dyne (unit) chargeconservation crystal E Charles and Gay-Lussac law curie (unit) chart of the nuclides current (electric) E=hv chemicalbond current density E=kT chemical reaction cyclotron E = mc2 chromatic aberration cylindrical mrdinates e (base of natural logarithms) circuit D eclijw circular motion efficiency close packing damped harmonic motion eigenfunction, eigenvalue cloud chamber darcy(unit) .. Einstein coherent radiation daughter nuclide elastic collision complex (cf. imaginary, real) de Bmglie wavelength elastic limit number Debye length elasticity number decibel (cf. bel) (unit) electric capacitance Compton effect degree of freedom electric charge concentration (amount of delta function electric charge density substance) density, mass electric conductance condensation derivative electric field strength conductance deuterium electric flux density conductivity dew point electric inductance conduction (cf: convection) dewar flask electric potential difference confidence interval dielectric electric resistance conic section differential elecaoly sis conservation law diffraction, diffraction grating electromagnet conservation of energy diffusion electromagnetic cgs units (emu) conservation of momentum dimensional analysis electromagnetic field conservative force dimensional consistency electromagnetic induction continuity equation

B-2 electromagnetic radiation fermi (unit) gauss (unit) electromagnetic spectrum fiberoptics Gaussian (normal) distribution electromotive fom (emf) fission (d.fusion) gel (cf. sol) electron fmion reactor generator geometrical optics electron miroscope fitting of curves to data electron volt (unit) flu- geostationary satellite electrostatic cgs units (esu) fluid Gibbs free energy element flwxescence gradient of scalar field gram (unit) elements, periodic table of flux gravitation, Newton’s law of ellipse FM (fieqmcy modulation) radio empirical law (cf. AM) gravitational field emulsion focal length gray (unit) effect energy focus of ellipse greenhouse energy- footcandle (unit) groundstate energy density footlambert (unit) ground, electrical energy level fQce group (cf. phase) velocity entropy force field H force law, force constant equation of state equilibrium, static and thermal forc€!doscillations H-bomb (cf. A-bomb) ~UinOX Foucault pendulum half-life equipartition of energy Fourier analysis, Fourier series halogen equipotential surface Fourier transform, fast Fourier harmonic oscillator erg (unit) transform h0niCS flameofreference escape velocity hearing &ex Fraunhofer diffraction heat excitation Fraunhofer lines heat capacity exclusion principle h energy heat conduction expanding universe freefa heat engine exponential growth and decay fmziig heat flux density, irradiance exposure (x and gamma rays) fw=ncY heat pump extensive (g.intensive) property frequency distribution heavy water extrapolation (cf. interpolation) Fresnel diffraction hectare (unit) Fresnel lens eye (as optical instrument) Heisenberg uncertainty principle friction F Helmholtz coils full width at half maximum henry (unit) F=ma function (math.) hertz (unit) f-number fundamental mode of oscillation histogram fusion (g.fission) facecentered (wd) hohlraum fallout fusion, thermonuclear hole (solid state physics) fafad (unit) G h0lOPPhY FdyCage Hooke’s law faraday (unit) gage (cf. absolute) pressure horsepower (unit) Faraday’s law of induction Galileo hour (unit) feedback gamma decay, gamma ray humidity (absolute and relative) Fermat’s principle gas Huygens’ principle Fermi energy

B-3 hydrogen atom isobaricproces limit (math.) hydrogen bomb isomer linac hydrogen bond isothermal process line (cf. band) spectrum hydrogen spectrum isotone line integral hydrometer isotope line of force hyperbola isotope separation line width, lime broadening hystexesis J linear (cf. nonlinear) system I linearrelation joule (unit) liquid idealgas Joule's law; Joule heating liquid drop model illuminance liquid nitrogen image, optical K Lissajous figures liter (unit) complex, real) imaginary (cf. kelvin (unit) ;zv= c number ~eplex"~ laws impactpat.ameter (three) load (elechicd) kilogram (unit) logarithm impeaance kilowatt-hour logarithmic (log-log, semilog) impedancematching kinematic design implosion plots kineticenergy longitude (cf. latitude) impulse kinetic of gases index of refiaction theory longitudinal (cf: transverse) wave klystron (radar, microwaves) hentz force law inductance Kn>necker delta inductor LRC (cf. LC) circuit inelastic collision L lumen (unit) inertia luminance inertial confinement lake, freezing of luminous flux inertid frame of refme lambert (unit) lux (unit) Lambert's law infixed W) M initial conditions laminar (cf. turbulent) flow insulator laser Mach number integral, integration laser fusion Magdeburg hemispheres integratd circuit latent heat magic numbers (nuclear) intensive (cf- extensive) property latitude (@. longitude) magnetic confinement intercepts of a straight line law of combining volumes magnetic field strength interference coating law of definite proportions magnetic flux interference of waves law of multiple proportions magnetic flux density interpolation (cf- extrapolation) law of partial pressures magnetic induction inverse of a function Lawrence, E. 0. magnetic mirror inverse proportion LC (cf. LRC) circuit magnetic moment inverse-square law least squares,method of magnification (optics) inversion layer length magnitude (astronomy) ionic bond length contraction, relativistic maser ionization lens mass (cf. weight) ionization energy Lenz's law mass action, law of ionizing radiation lifetime mass spectrometer light isobar light year (unit)

B-4 mass-energy equivalence (qf E = N ozone layer mc2) natural logarithm mathematicalseries P neutrino matrix neutron parabola Maxwell velocity distribution neutron activation parallax Maxwell’s equations neutron bomb! parallel (cf. series) circuit mean (cf. median) neutrondiffraction parent nuclide meanfreepath newton (unit) (unit) mean liietime parsec Newton-Raphson method derivative mechanical equivalent of heat partial Newton’s law of universal Pd(unit) median (cf. mean) gravitation law melting Pascal’s Newton’s laws of motion Pauli exclusion principle meson noble gases metastable state pendulum node (in waves; in networks) periodic table of elements meter (unit) the noise (magnetic) metric ton (unit) permeability nonlinear (cf. linear) system permittivity mho (unit) normal (at right angles PH Michelson interfmeter to) nonnal (Gaussian) distribution Michehn-Mmley experiment Phase nomalization phase (cf. velocity micron (unit) group) nuclear atom Phasediagram microscope nuclearbarrier phonon (cf. photon) mimwave nuclear photoelectriceffect mile (unit) fm nuclear medicine photography millibar (unit) nuclearreaction photon (cf. phonon) millimeter of mercury (mmHg, nucleon photosynthesis unit) nucleus pinhole camera minute of arc, time) (units nuclide Planck radiation law mirror nuclides, chart of Planck’s constant mks (cf. atomic, cgs, Si> units number density Planckian mmHg (unit) numerical analytic) solution pIane wave mode (statistics) (cf. plasma modulus of elasticity 0 plutonium moh-6 pattern poise (unit) oersted (unit) molar energy Poisson’s ratio ohm (unit) molar entropy polarization law molar heat capacity Ohm’s Polaroid optical path length molarity positron mole (unit) orbit potential (electric) orbital molecular beam potential barrier orbital angular momentum molecular orbital potential dif€erence of magnitu& molecular weight order potential energy molecule ordinate (e$ abscissa) potential well osmosis moment of foxe pound (unit) ounce (unit) momentum poundal (unit) monochromator overtone power monopole oxidation (cf. reduction)

B-5 power density real (6virtual) image second (units of arc, time) seismograph Poynting vector real (&. complex, imaginary) selection rules precision (t$. accuracy) numbex recipmity law (photography) self-consistent-field method pressure I principle of equivalence rectifier semiconductor series circuit probability red Shift probable error redd- series expansion v Proton reduction (6oxidation) shake (unit) pumps, vacuum reflection shearmodulus rebtion, refractive index shell model of the nucleus Q relativity, special shock wave short circuit of electrical circuit Q resistance (cfi atomic, cgs, mks) units ole SI resis- heating siemens (unit) quantum electrodynamics resistivity sievert (unit) quantum jump resistor signal-to-noise ratio quantum mechanics resolvingpower significant quantum number digits simple harmonic motion quantum of energy resonance restenergy simple pendulum quark rest mass sine wave resultant of vectors sink (t$. source) R Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) siphon rad (unit) reversibiity slope of a straight line radian (6steradian) (unit) reversible process slug (unit) rradiance Richter scale Snell’s law radiant flux right-hand rule sodium D-lines radiant intensity right-handed axes sol (cf gel) radiation (distinguish kinds) rms (root-mean-square) solarconstant radiation pure rocket motion solarwind radio astronomy roentgen (unit) solenoid radio fiquency ROM solid radioactive dating ROYGBIV solid angle radioauive decay RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) solstice radioactive series Rutherford scattering solute radioactivity solution radiography S solvent radiometer effect sonic boom satellite rainbow sound barrier saturation random systematic) error source (cf. (cf sawtooth wave sink) rareearths space-time scalar vector) rareg- (t$. theory of relativity scalar product special (dot) specific energy scalar field Rayleigh criterion specific entropy scattering Rayleigh scattering specific gravity schlieren Rayleigh-Taylor instability specific heat ScWinger (wave) equation reactor, nuclear specific heat capacity specific volume T , tritium spectral line tunnel effect (quantum mechanics) Bridge collapse specaograph,spectn>scope Tacoma Narrows turbulent (cf. laminar) flow Taylor series paradox (relativity) * spectrum twin speed (cf. velocity) telescope television speed of light U temperature e speed of sound tensile strength ultraviolet (W) sphericalpolarcoordinates tension uncertainty principle spin; spin momentum angular unifonn circular motion spontaneous stimulated) tensor (cf. velocity unit vector emission terminal Tesla coil spontaneous fission (unit) V (unit) tesla square degree Nikola squarewave Tesla, Vale4KX therm (unit) square well VandeGraaf€generator thermal conductivity standarddeviation VanderWaalsfOrce thermal equilibrium standardtemperatureandpressure vaporpressure neutron variable(dependentand (STP) thermal thermalradiation standing wave independent) thermionic emission Stark effect vector (cf. scalar) thennocouple statics (cf- dynamics) vector (cross) product thermodynamic cycle stationary orbit vector field thermodynamics, laws of statistical mechanics velocity (cf. speed) thermometer steady state (d.transient) vernier Stefan-Bolmann law Thermos flask VIBGYOR thermostat step function vignetting threshold steradian radian) (unit) virtual real) image (cf. time (cf. stimulated (cf;spontaneous) viscosity (dynamic, kinematic) time dilation, re^ .,tic emission . volt (unit) ton (unit of weight) stoichiometry volume ton of refrigeration (unit) stokes (unit) volume integral ton of TNT (unit of explosive strain (cf; stress) volume (d. weight) percent Stratosphere energy) tonne ("metric ton"; unit of mass) stress (cf-strain) W sublimation torque watt (unit) torr (unit) successive approximations wave equation internal reflection superconductivity total wave function superposition of waves transducer wave guide transformer superposition principle wave motion transient steady integral (cf- state) wave number surface transistor surface tension wavelength 9 transition elements symmetry wave-patticle duality transmutation synchronous orbit weber (unit) synchrotron, synchrotron radiation transverse (cf. longitudinal)wave weight (d.mass) trigonometric functions systematic (cf. random) error weight (cfi volume) pemnt triple point of water weightlessness

B-7 Wheatstone bridge z Wien displacement law Zeeman effect Work X

Y y = ax + b (equation of straight line) Young's modulus

B-8 Recycled Recyclable