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Ethnopharmacological Survey Among Migrants Living in the Southeast

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Ethnopharmacological Survey Among Migrants Living in the Southeast Garcia et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2010, 6:29 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/6/1/29 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE RESEARCH Open Access Ethnopharmacological survey among migrants living in the Southeast Atlantic Forest of Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil Daniel Garcia1*, Marcus Vinicius Domingues1, Eliana Rodrigues2 Abstract Background: Understanding how people of diverse cultural backgrounds have traditionally used plants and animals as medicinal substances during displacements is one of the most important objectives of ethnopharmacological studies. An ethnopharmacological survey conducted among migrants living in the Southeast Atlantic Forest remnants (Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil) is presented herein. Methods: Ethnographical methods were used to select and interview the migrants, and botanical and zoological techniques were employed to collect the indicated resources. Results: We interviewed five migrants who described knowledge on 12 animals and 85 plants. Only 78 plants were present in Diadema, they belong to 37 taxonomic families; 68 were used exclusively for medicinal purposes, whereas 10 were reported to be toxic and/or presented some restriction of use. These taxa were grouped into 12 therapeutic categories (e.g., gastrointestinal disturbances, inflammatory processes or respiratory problems) based on the 41 individual complaints cited by the migrants. While the twelve animal species were used by the migrants to treat nine complaints; these were divided into six categories, the largest of which related to respiratory problems. None of the animal species and only 57 of the 78 plant species analysed in the present study were previously reported in the pharmacological literature; the popular knowledge concurred with academic findings for 30 of the plants. The seven plants [Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull., Artemisia canphorata Vill., Equisetum arvensis L., Senna pendula (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Zea mays L., Fevillea passiflora Vell. and Croton fuscescens Spreng)] and the two animals (Atta sexdens and Periplaneta americana) that showed maintenance of use among migrants during their displacement in Brazilian territory, have not been studied by pharmacologists yet. Conclusions: Thus, they should be highlighted and focused in further pharmacology and phytochemical studies, since the persistence of their uses can be indicative of bioactive potentials. Background human groups despite the considerable distances tra- Cultural mixing mediated by the migration of people velled and the consequent exposure to different cultures around the world has generated increasing interest in and vegetal resources. Numerous studies have collected recent years within the field of ethnopharmacology [1]. information on medicinal plants from ethnic groups Medicinal plants have been used by human societies whomigratedfromMexicototheU.S.A.[3,4];from throughout history, also across geographical barriers [2]. HaititoCuba[5];fromAfricatoSouthAmerica[6]; The continuous use of certain plants and animals for from Africa to Brazil [7]; from Colombia to London [8]; medicinal purposes over time reflects their potential from Suriname to the Netherlands [9]; from Albania to therapeutic value. Such substances become even more southern Italy [10,11]; from Germany to eastern Italy promising when they are persistently used by migrating [12]; and from Europe and Africa to eastern Cuba [1,13]. However, few studies have focused on migration * Correspondence: [email protected] within a country, such as that described by Rodrigues 1 Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Arthur et al. [14] regarding migrants from northeastern Brazil Ridel, 275 CEP, 09941-510, Diadema, S.P., Brazil Full list of author information is available at the end of the article who currently occupy the southeast. © 2010 Garcia et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Garcia et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2010, 6:29 Page 2 of 19 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/6/1/29 Brazil offers a favourable environment for studies focused on migration and medicinal plants/animals because it possesses a large area of 8,514,876.599 km2 [15] and boasts high indices of cultural and biological diversity. Brazil is inhabited by rural and urban popula- tions of 232 indigenous ethnic groups [16], 1,342 Qui- lombola groups (descendants of Afro-Brazilian people) [17], and mestizo groups derived from the miscegena- tion of Indian, Black, European and Asiatic people. Brazil also houses 55,000 species of higher plants [18] and almost 7% of global animal diversity was described (ca. 100,000 out of 1.5 million), though some estimates suggest that this number is significantly higher [19]. Migration between regions of this country encourages contact with the rich biological and cultural diversity and allows interpersonal interactions that contribute to the transformation of local medicinal therapies. According to Simões and Lino [20], the original Atlantic Forest covered approximately 1.3 million km2,spanning 17 Brazilian states from south to northeast; however, it Figure 1 Location of the Municipality of Diadema, in São Paulo currently covers only 14 states, and its area has been state, southeastern Brazil (black square). Interviewees’ migration reduced to 65,000 km2. Despite considerable fragmenta- from their cities of origin to Diadema, being PE (Pernambuco state), SE (Sergipe), MG (Minas Gerais) and SP (São Paulo), and the distance tion, the Atlantic Forest still contains more than 20,000 of the displacement in each case (in Km). plant species (8,000 endemic) and 1,361 animal species (567 endemic). It is the richest forest in the world in wood plants per unit area; the southern Bahia, for example, Diadema, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (23°41’10"S, 46°37’22"W) holds a record of 454 different species/ha [21]. (Figure 1), selecting, observing and interviewing The objective of this study was to perform an ethno- migrants living in the Atlantic Forest remnants. Dia- pharmacological survey among migrants from northeast- dema is located 16 kilometres from the capital São ern and southeastern Brazil who currently live in Paulo, covers an area of 30.65 km2, and is occupied by Atlantic Forest remnants in the municipality of Diadema 394.266 inhabitants [15], most of whom are migrants (São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil). We attempted to from other regions of Brazil. The municipality has a lit- understand how the medicinal use of certain plant and eracy rate of 6.8% [22], and its Human Development animal changed as a result of the migrants’ contact with Index is 0.79 [23]. The Atlantic Forest remnants found new therapies, diseases and natural resources found in in this city are rich in plants that are either native or Diadema. These findings were classified as either: main- introduced by the influence of those migrants present tenance, replacement, incorporation or discontinuation both in urban and rural areas. of plants/animals use. Migrants who had relevant knowledge regarding the These objectives are in agreement with several stated use of plants and animals for medicinal purposes were goals of ethnopharmacology, namely, to investigate how selected for interviews following the purposive sampling migration can influence knowledge of medicinal plants/ method [24]. Thus, we sought information about the animals, the extent to which displaced people incorpo- presence of migrants from herb traders, health care pro- rate new species into their therapeutic methods, and, in fessionals, and some local prayer-makers. According to particular, why individuals sometimes persistently Bernard [24], this sampling is also known as judgment adhere to old customs, before or even after they are sampling, utilized during qualitative research in particu- exposed to new possibilities. Therefore, we adopt the lar in those populations that are difficult to be localized, hypothesis that the use of plants/animals as medicines is the researcher selects interviewees based on their trial influenced by migratory movements, and access to nat- that they meet the criteria for the study of the phenom- ural resources available in the municipality of Diadema. enon of interest. After identifying potential interviewees, the researcher visited them to determine whether they Methodology did indeed possess knowledge on medicinal plants and Fieldwork whether they wanted to take part in this study. The eth- One of the authors (D. Garcia) spent 14 months (Sep- nopharmacological study was approved by the Ethics tember 2007 to November 2008) in the municipality of Committee of Universidade Federal de São Paulo Garcia et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2010, 6:29 Page 3 of 19 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/6/1/29 (UNIFESP’s Ethics Committee on Research 1969/07) city of origin and in Diadema), replacement (resources andConselhodeGestãodoPatrimônioGenético(No. that were replaced when migrants arrived in Diadema 02000.001 049/2008-71). The interviewees also signed because the original product was not available in Dia- consent forms granting permission to access their dema or was less effective than the new resource), incor- knowledge and collect botanical and zoological material. poration (resources used
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