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Ten Berge Pelgrimeren 12-06-2020 Tilburg University Pelgrimeren met een missie ten Berge, Gied DOI: 10.26116/jnw7-0012 Publication date: 2020 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): ten Berge, G. (2020). Pelgrimeren met een missie: Het Palestijnse ‘Kom en zie’-initiatief in cultuurwetenschappelijk en historisch-theologisch perspectief. Institute for Ritual and Liturgical Studies. https://doi.org/10.26116/jnw7-0012 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. okt. 2021 PELGRIMEREN MET EEN MISSIE Gied ten Berge Palestijnse christenen bleven de afgelopen decennia teveel uit beeld bij religieus gemotiveerde toeristen naar ‘het Land’. De financiële opbrengsten van pelgrimages en toerisme kwamen bovendien eenzijdig in Israël terecht. Om die reden deden christelijke Palestijnen onder het motto ‘Kom en zie’ in 2009 een door de Wereldraad van Kerken gesteunde oproep aan ge- loofsgenoten om naar hun land te blijven pelgrimeren en dat te doen met een christelijke boodschap ‘van vrede, liefde en verzoening’. In dit boek biedt Gied ten Berge, na een eerder als boek verschenen case- study, een reflectie op dit nieuwe fenomeen. Met oog voor vragen rondom ‘religie’ en ‘politiek’ onderzoekt hij de verhouding tussen het oude, reli- gieuze pelgrimage fenomeen en een modern, sociaal-cultureel fenomeen als toerisme. Hij belicht varianten van reizen naar ‘het Land’ aan de hand van theorieën uit de culturele en sociale wetenschappen en van recente ‘pelgrimsstudies’. Ten Berge laat zien hoe een fenomeen als ‘Kom en zie’ past binnen brede- re ontwikkelingen van ‘pelgrimeren met een missie’, maar ook van respon- sible tourism. Met aandacht voor de historische en theologische gelaagdheid van het pelgrimeren, worden verschillende motieven voor pelgrimeren sinds het ontstaan van het christendom uit het jodendom opgespoord. De auteur besluit met een aanzet voor een contextuele theologie van het pelgrimeren naar ‘het Land’ die zowel rekening houdt met de vertwijfeling van christelijke Palestijnse bewoners over hun situatie, als met ‘Kom en zie’-pelgrims die zich meervoudig verbonden voelen met ‘het Land’ en zijn bewoners. Gied ten Berge studeerde sociologie en theologie. Hij promoveerde in 2020 aan de Tilburg School of Catholic Theology. Eerder schreef hij samen met Wantje Fritschy Pelgrimeren naar de Morendoder. Onderweg naar Jacobus van Compos- PELGRIMEREN tela (Nijmegen 2006), Land van mensen. Christenen, joden en moslims tussen NSRL 23 Gied ten Berge confrontaties en dialoog (Nijmegen 2011) en Kom en zie! Nieuwe pelgrims in het Heilige Land (Nijmegen 2016). MET EEN MISSIE Het Palestijnse ‘Kom en zie’-initiatief in cultuurwetenschappelijk en historisch-theologisch perspectief PELGRIMEREN MET EEN MISSIE Het Palestijnse ‘Kom en zie’-initiatief in cultuurwetenschappelijk en historisch-theologisch perspectief Gied ten Berge Netherlands Studies in Ritual and Liturgy 23 PELGRIMEREN MET EEN MISSIE Colofon Pelgrimeren met een missie, by Gied ten Berge ISBN: 978-94-6375-861-1 Copyright © 2020 Gied ten Berge All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any way or by any means without the prior permission of the author and publishers. Published by: Institute for Ritual and Liturgical Studies, Protestant Theological University | Institute for Centre for Religion and Heritage, University of Groningen Secretary: IRiLiS De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam | PO box 7161, 1007 MC Amsterdam Phone: 020 5984744 | E-mail: [email protected] Orders: Centre for Religion and Heritage, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Oude Boteringestraat 38, 9712 GK Groningen Phone: 050 3634587 | E-mail: [email protected] Editorial board: prof.dr. Marcel Barnard (editor in chief, Amsterdam/Stellenbosch), dr. Mirella Klomp (Amsterdam), prof.dr. Joris Geldof (Leuven), dr. Martin Hoondert (Tilburg), dr. Andrew Irving (Groningen), prof.dr. Paul Post (Tilburg), prof.dr. Thomas Quartier (Nijmegen/ Leuven), prof.dr. Gerard Rouwhorst (Utrecht/Tilburg), and prof. dr. Eric Venbrux (Nijmegen). “Het evangelie verzekert ons dat God alle dingen nieuw Advisory board: prof.dr. Sible de Blaauw (Nijmegen), prof.dr. Bert Groen (Graz), prof. kan maken, dat de geschiedenis niet hoeft te worden dr. Benedikt Kraneman (Erfurt), dr. Jan Luth (Groningen), prof.dr. Peter Jan Margry herhaald, dat herinneringen kunnen worden geheeld, dat (Amsterdam), prof.dr. Keith Pecklers (Rome/Boston), dr. Susan Roll (Ottawa), and de bittere vruchten van wraak en vijandigheid kunnen prof.dr. Martin Stringer (Swansea). worden overwonnen... Met die woorden van bemoediging besluit ik mijn pelgrimage naar de heilige plaatsen van Layout and design by Eva Huijts, persoonlijkproefschrift.nl onze verlossing en wedergeboorte in Christus.” Printing: Ridderprint | www.ridderprint.nl Foto omslag: het deel van de Afscheidingsmuur in Bethlehem waar Paus Franciscus in Paus Franciscus in de Heilig Graf Kerk in 2017 heeft gebeden, bewerkt met graffiti. Fotograaf: Marcin Mazur. Foto afkomstig Jeruzalem op de laatste dag van zijn pelgrimage uit het album “Separation Wall, West Bank, near Bethlehem 2017”. naar ‘het Land’ 15 mei 2009. PELGRIMEREN MET EEN MISSIE Het Palestijnse ‘Kom en zie’-initiatief in cultuurwetenschappelijk en historisch-theologisch perspectief Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. K. Sijtsma, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de Aula van de Universiteit op vrijdag 12 juni 2020 om 13:30 uur door Egidius Joannes Jozef Melchior ten Berge geboren te Haarlem, Nederland. Promotores: INHOUDSOPGAVE Prof. dr. P.J.J. van Geest, Tilburg University Prof. dr. P.G.J. Post, Tilburg University I NHOUDSOPGAV E 7 LIJST VAN AFKORTINGEN 10 Promotiecommissie: VOORWOORD 11 Prof. dr. M.J.H.M. Poorthuis, Tilburg University Prof. dr. C. van der Kooi, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Prof. dr. P.J.A. Nissen, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen ALGEMENE INLEIDING 13 Dr. C.M.A. Caspers, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen De aanleiding tot dit boek 13 Een ‘Kom en zie’-pelgrimage in de praktijk 14 Pelgrimeren: enkele theoretische benaderingswijzen 17 Vraagstelling, methode en structuur van dit boek 19 DEEL I PELGRIMAGES: THEORETISCHE BENADERINGEN EN EMPIRISCH 27 ONDERZOEK Inleiding bij Deel I 28 Hoofdstuk 1. Op de horizon ‘van pelgrim tot toerist’ 31 1.1 ‘De Pelgrim’ en ‘De Toerist’: een structurele tegenstelling? 31 1.2 De ‘topos’ onder de loep 34 1.3 Pelgrimage als vrijwillige ‘rite de passage’ 37 1.4 De potentieel kritische dimensie van rituelen 39 1.5 Responsible tourism 44 Hoofdstuk 2. In de pelgrims-‘arena’ van ‘het Land’ 49 2.1 Een pelgrims-‘arena’ 49 2.2 Birthright 56 2.3 Reizen van christenen in ‘het Land’ 58 Het Grieks-orthodoxe pelgrimeren: een doorkijk naar ‘het Paradijs’ 57 De Latijns-christelijke behoefte aan ‘spirituele revitalisatie’ 58 Christenzionistische pelgrimages naar een ‘sacrale staat’ 64 2.4 ‘Gedroomde’ pelgrimages naar Jeruzalem van studenten in Gaza 68 2.5 ‘Sharing’ in de ‘arena’ 70 Hoofdstuk 6. Pelgrimage en theologie sinds de Tweede Wereldoorlog 147 Bethlehem 71 6.1 De vredesbeweging als ‘pelgrimsbeweging’ na 1945 147 Nazareth 75 6.2 Christenzionistische theologie en protestantse en katholieke reacties 150 Christenzionistische theologie 150 Hoofdstuk 3. De dood van ‘de pelgrim’? 79 Protestantse kritiek op het christenzionisme en de ‘Landtheologie’ 152 3.1 ‘De pelgrim’ als anachronisme 79 Rooms-katholieke kritiek op Israël als Glaubensstaat 155 3.2 Reacties op Baumans visie op de ‘pelgrim’ en de ‘toerist’ 81 Een ‘verbeelde’ theologische visie op ‘het Land’ speciaal voor pelgrims 157 3.3 Pelgrims die verlangen naar een betere wereld 83 6.3 ‘Kom en zie’ en de kritiek op het westerse pelgrimeren 159 Pelgrimeren als ‘helen dat tegelijk een verzetten is’ 160 Conclusie bij Deel I 86 Niet-christelijke kritiek op de westerse pelgrim en de westerse toerist 162 Christelijke toerisme- en pelgrimskritiek uit de Global South 164 DEEL II Migranten en vluchtelingen als pelgrims beschouwd 168 PELGRIMS IN HISTORISCH EN THEOLOGISCH PERSPECTIEF 89 6.4 De theologie van de Living Stones 171 Michael Priors Living Stones 172 Inleiding bij Deel II 90 Mary Grey’s pelgrimages naar storied places 174 Palestijnse theologen en christelijke pelgrims 176 Hoofdstuk 4. Pelgrimeren en ‘het Land’ vanaf het begin van het christendom tot 94 6.5 De pelgrimstheologie van de Alternative Tourism Group 181 het einde van de Middeleeuwen Listening to the Living Stones 181 4.1 Weg uit Jeruzalem 94 De conferentie van Madaba van 2017 183 4.2 Terug naar Jeruzalem 100 Thomas Merton, de Berrigans en de Augustijnse ‘obedientia’ 184 4.3 Via Amoris 107 4.4 Missionaire monniken
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