Major Classes of Antibiotics

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Major Classes of Antibiotics Name Examples Spectrum Mode of Action Biological Source Beta-Lactams Penicillins Penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate Gram-positive bacteria, gram- Inhibition of cell wall Penicillium notatum, (Clavamox, Augmentin), ampicillin, negative bacteria (synthetic synthesis by interrupting Cephalosporium species, oxacillin,piperacillin, forms) peptidoglycan formation Streptomyces clavuligerus piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn), (clavulanate) ticarcillin, ticarcillin/clavulanate (Timentin) Cephalosporins Cephalothin, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime Gram-positive & gram-negative Inhibition of cell wall Semi-synthetic bacteria synthesis Carbapenems Imipenem, meropenem Gram-positive & gram-negative Inhibition of cell wall Streptomyces cattleya bacteria synthesis Monobactams Aztreonam Gram-positive & gram-negative Inhibition of cell wall Chromobacterium violaceum bacteria synthesis Aminoglycosides Streptomycin, amikacin, gentamicin, Gram-positive & gram-negative Binds to bacterial ribosome Streptomyces griseus kanamycin, tobramycin, neomycin bacteria (esp. Pseudomonas causing misreading of (streptomycin), spp) mRNA resulting in Micromonospora spp inappropriate amino acid (gentamicin) insertion Quinolones Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Greatest efficacy against gram Interferes with activity of synthetic Marbofloxacin, Enrofloxacin -negative organisms bacterial DNA gyrase Less effective against gram- positive Glycopeptides Vancomycin, Teicoplanin Gram-positive bacteria (esp Interferes with cell wall Streptomyces orientales Staphylococcus aureus) synthesis by blocking transpeptidation Lincosamides Clindamycin, Lincomycin Gram-positive & gram-negative Blocks protein synthesis by Streptomyces lincolnensis bacteria (esp. Bacteroides spp) binding to bacterial ribosomes Macrolides Erythromycin, clarithromycin, Gram-positive & gram-negative Blocks protein synthesis by Streptomyces erythreus azithromycin bacteria, not enterics binding to bacterial Neisseria, Legionella, ribosomes Mycoplasma Ketolides Telithromycin Gram-positive and some gram- Intefere with protein Semi-synthetic derivative of negative aerobes synthesis by inhibiting erythromycin Oxazolidinones Linezolid Enterococci, streptococci, Bacteriostatic, inhibits synthetic staphylococci protein synthesis Streptogramins Dalfopristin, quinupristin Gram-negative anaerobes & Prevent binding of tRNA at Semi-synthetic streptococci, staphylococci the ribosome, inhibits protein synthesis Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim SMP/TMX Gram-positive & gram-negative Interferes with folate synthetic bacteria, except Pseudomonas production Tetracyclines Tetracycline, doxycycline Gram-positive & gram-negative Bacteriostatic, inhibits Streptomyces spp. bacteria, Rickettsias protein synthesis Nitroimidazole Metranidazole (Flagyl) Binds to DNA Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol Gram-positive & gram-negative Binds to 50S ribosomal Streptomyces venezuelae bacteria subunit and Interferes with protein synthesis Polypeptides Polymixin, bacitracin Gram-positive & gram-negative Inhibits cell wall production Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus bacteria subtilis Polyenes Amphotericin, nystatin Fungi Interfere with fungal plasma Streptomyces nodosus, membrane Streptomyces noursei Rifamycins Rifampin Gram-positive & gram-negative Inteferes with bacterial DNA- Streptomyces mediterranei bacteria, dependent RNA polymerase M. tuberculosis .

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Improved Taxonomy of the Genus Streptomyces
UNIVERSITEIT GENT Faculteit Wetenschappen Vakgroep Biochemie, Fysiologie & Microbiologie Laboratorium voor Microbiologie Improved taxonomy of the genus Streptomyces Benjamin LANOOT Scriptie voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen (Biochemie) Promotor: Prof. Dr. ir. J. Swings Co-promotor: Dr. M. Vancanneyt Academiejaar 2004-2005 FACULTY OF SCIENCES ____________________________________________________________ DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY UNIVERSITEIT LABORATORY OF MICROBIOLOGY GENT IMPROVED TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS STREPTOMYCES DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (Ph D) in Sciences, Biochemistry December 2004 Benjamin LANOOT Promotor: Prof. Dr. ir. J. SWINGS Co-promotor: Dr. M. VANCANNEYT 1: Aerial mycelium of a Streptomyces sp. © Michel Cavatta, Academy de Lyon, France 1 2 2: Streptomyces coelicolor colonies © John Innes Centre 3: Blue haloes surrounding Streptomyces coelicolor colonies are secreted 3 4 actinorhodin (an antibiotic) © John Innes Centre 4: Antibiotic droplet secreted by Streptomyces coelicolor © John Innes Centre PhD thesis, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Publicly defended in Ghent, December 9th, 2004. Examination Commission PROF. DR. J. VAN BEEUMEN (ACTING CHAIRMAN) Faculty of Sciences, University of Ghent PROF. DR. IR. J. SWINGS (PROMOTOR) Faculty of Sciences, University of Ghent DR. M. VANCANNEYT (CO-PROMOTOR) Faculty of Sciences, University of Ghent PROF. DR. M. GOODFELLOW Department of Agricultural & Environmental Science University of Newcastle, UK PROF. Z. LIU Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China DR. D. LABEDA United States Department of Agriculture National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria, IL, USA PROF. DR. R.M. KROPPENSTEDT Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen & Zellkulturen (DSMZ) Braunschweig, Germany DR.
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Genomic and Phylogenomic Insights Into the Family Streptomycetaceae Lead to Proposal of Charcoactinosporaceae Fam. Nov. and 8 No
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Primaxin Label
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Review Article
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2001), 51, 797–814 Printed in Great Britain The taxonomy of Streptomyces and related REVIEW genera ARTICLE 1 Natural Products Drug Annaliesa S. Anderson1 and Elizabeth M. H. Wellington2 Discovery Microbiology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, RY80Y-300, Rahway, Author for correspondence: Annaliesa Anderson. Tel: j1 732 594 4238. Fax: j1 732 594 1300. NJ 07065, USA e-mail: liesaIanderson!merck.com 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of The streptomycetes, producers of more than half of the 10000 documented Warwick, Coventry bioactive compounds, have offered over 50 years of interest to industry and CV4 7AL, UK academia. Despite this, their taxonomy remains somewhat confused and the definition of species is unresolved due to the variety of morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics that are observed at both the inter- and the intraspecies level. This review addresses the current status of streptomycete taxonomy, highlighting the value of a polyphasic approach that utilizes genotypic and phenotypic traits for the delimitation of species within the genus. Keywords: streptomycete taxonomy, phylogeny, numerical taxonomy, fingerprinting, bacterial systematics Introduction trait of producing whorls were the only detectable differences between the two genera. Witt & Stacke- The genus Streptomyces was proposed by Waksman & brandt (1990) concluded from 16S and 23S rRNA Henrici (1943) and classified in the family Strepto- comparisons that the genus Streptoverticillium should mycetaceae on the basis of morphology and subse- be regarded as a synonym of Streptomyces. quently cell wall chemotype. The development of Kitasatosporia was also included in the genus Strepto- numerical taxonomic systems, which utilized pheno- myces, despite having differences in cell wall com- typic traits helped to resolve the intergeneric relation- position, on the basis of 16S rRNA similarities ships within the family Streptomycetaceae and resulted (Wellington et al., 1992).
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