Taxonomic Position of the Genus Puto Signoret (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Taxonomic Position of the Genus Puto Signoret (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae) ZOOSYSTEMATICA ROSSICA, 21(1): 97–111 25 JULY 2012 Taxonomic position of the genus Puto Signoret (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae) and separation of higher taxa in Coccinea Таксономическое положение рода Puto Signoret (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae) и разделение высших таксонов Coccinea I.A. GAVRILOV-ZIMIN & E.M. DANZIG И.А. ГАВРИЛОВ-ЗИМИН, Е.М. ДАНЦИГ I.A. Gavrilov-Zimin & E.M. Danzig, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg, 199034, Russia. E-mail: coccids@gmail.com Taxonomic characters of the families Pseudococcidae Cockerell, 1898, Putoidae Beadsley, 1969, Pennygullaniidae Koteja et Azar, 2008 and two superfamilies of Coccinea are discussed in view of phylogenetic meaning of these characters. It is shown that Putoidae Beadsley, 1969 is an unavailable name (nomen nudum); moreover, Putoidae sensu Williams et al., 2011 as a separate family considered in the superfamily Orthezioidea (= an informal group of “archeo- coccids”), is a taxonomic paradox that lies outside of both cladistic and evolutionary concepts in taxonomy and ignores the majority of well-known and carefully proven facts. There is not a single unique apomorphic character in the monotypic family Putoidae; all characters of the genus Puto Signoret, 1875 are plesiomorphies of all scale insects or synapomorphies with other mealybugs or with the closely related Ceroputo Šulc, 1898. Ceroputo is accepted here as a sub- genus of Puto. The monotypic fossil family Pennygullaniidae is considered by us a new subjec- tive synonym of Pseudococcidae. The taxonomic and nomenclatural problems connected with the higher taxa of scale insects and other groups of Homoptera are briefly discussed. Таксономические признаки семейств Pseudococcidae Cockerell, 1898, Putoidae Beadsley, 1969, Pennygullaniidae Koteja et Azar, 2008 и двух надсемейств подотряда Coccinea об- суждаются в свете филогенетического значения этих признаков. Показано, что Putoidae Beadsley, 1969 является непригодным названием (nomen nudum). Более того, Putoidae sensu Williams et al., 2011, принимаемое как отдельное семейство внутри надсемейства Orthezioidea (= неформальная группа “археококциды”), представляет собой таксономи- ческий парадокс, лежащий за рамками как кладистической, так и эволюционной кон- цепций в современной систематике и противоречащий большинству хорошо известных и тщательно изученных фактов. Монотипное семейство Putoidae не имеет ни одной уни- кальной апоморфной черты; все изученные признаки рода Puto Signoret, 1875 являются либо общекокцидными плезиоморфиями, либо синапоморфиями с другими мучнисты- ми червецами и близкородственным Ceroputo Šulc, 1898. Таксон Ceroputo принимается здесь как подрод Puto. Монотипное вымершее семейство Pennygullaniidae рассматрива- ется нами как новый субъективный синоним семейства Pseudococcidae. Кратко обсуж- даются также таксономические и номенклатурные проблемы, связанные с названиями высших таксонов кокцид и родственных групп Homoptera. Key words: mealybugs, scale insects, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coccoidea, Orthezioidea Ключевые слова: мучнистые червецы, кокциды, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coccoidea, Orthezioidea © 2012 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Scienсes 98 I.A. GAVRILOV-ZIMIN & E.M. DANZIG. TAXONOMIC POSITION OF THE GENUS PUTO INTRODUCTION practice (see works of E. Danzig, J. Koteja, E. Podsiadlo, R. Jashenko, I. Gavrilov and According to the paper of Williams et al. others)]: Aphidinea, Coccinea, Aleyrodin- (2011), recently published in Zootaxa, two ea, Psyllinea, Cicadinea. The International similar nominal genera of mealybugs, Puto Code of Zoological Nomenclature (below: Signoret, 1875 and Ceroputo Šulc, 1898, the Code) does not regulate now the taxo- which have been considered for many years nomic names higher than family-group as subjective synonyms, must not only be names. We follow the principle introduced distinguished as two separate genera but by Rohdendorf (1977) and consider the must be placed in two different families and suborder names as the family-group ones even in two different superfamilies of Coc- with their own coordination. cinea. Unfortunately, we cannot accept the Probably, it will be better to accept stan- opinion of the cited authors; below, we dis- dardized typified names for all animal higher cuss all the known taxonomic characters of taxa as it is done now for botanical names or Puto in comparison with other scale insects was accepted for insects by paleontologists and in view of evolutionary significance of (History of Insects, 2002). In this case all these characters. proboscidian insects will be covered by the Before further discussion, we need to name Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781. Howev- clarify our concept of the taxonomic posi- er, in view of numerous disputes about the tion of scale insects as a whole and related future of the Code we avoid accepting typi- groups, because: 1) it is not possible to con- fied names for taxa higher than suborders. sider the questions of higher classification The name Hemiptera Linnaeus, 1758, within Coccinea without consideration of frequently used (often under pressure from relationships of scale insects with other pro- editors of journals) in coccidological litera- boscidian insects; 2) many different classifi- ture as an order name for all the groups of cations have been proposed for hemipteroid proboscidian insects, is not accepted by us insects, especially in the last years [see, for in this sense, because: 1) this name was used example, the reviews of Brożek et al. (2003), by C. Linnaeus for proboscidians + thrips Forero (2008), Kluge (2010a, b)]; 3) there (Fig. 1); therefore it is an older synonym for are some nomenclatural problems connect- Condylognatha Börner, 1904; 2) for many ed with names of higher taxa of scale insects years until now, this name has been used by and other hemipteroids; 4) two principally numerous authors for true bugs (Heterop- different approaches to higher classification tera) only; 3) there are at least two sepa- of hemipteroid insects (cladistic and evolu- rate orders (Heteroptera and Homoptera) tionary) are present in the literature. within the “order Hemiptera” accepted by It seems that the oldest non-typified different modern authors. A similar taxo- name for all scale insects is Gallinsecta De nomic situation exists with the well-known Geer, 1776 (Kluge, 2000, 2010a, b). But, and widely used name Rhynchota Burmeis- instead of this name (and several other non- ter, 1835, which originally covered not only typified old names), during the entire his- proboscidians but also Siphunculata. More- tory of coccidology different typified names over, this name is preoccupied by Rhyncho- have been preferred by coccidologists: Coc- ta Billberg, 1820 (= Aphaniptera Kirby et cidae, Coccoptera, Coccoidea, Coccomor- Spence, 1815) (Kluge, 2010a). The oldest pha, Coccinea, Coccina, etc. We recognize name which covers all the recently accept- the scale insects and other homopterans ed proboscidian insects (and only them) as suborders of the order Homoptera, and is Arthroidignatha Spinola, 1850 (Kluge, use the special ending “-nea” for all typified 2000, 2010a, b). Although this name has suborder names in Homoptera [following not been used in entomological literature Pesson (1951) and internal coccidological for many years, in the modern difficult taxo- © 2012 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Scienсes, Zoosystematica Rossica 21(1): 97–111 I.A. GAVRILOV-ZIMIN & E.M. DANZIG. TAXONOMIC POSITION OF THE GENUS PUTO 99 Fig. 1. Copy of p. 343 from “Systema Naturae” by C. Linnaeus (1758). nomic and nomenclatural situation with the filter chamber of the digestive tract as well names Hemiptera and Rhynchota we prefer as ability to produce honeydew can be con- to use Arthroidignatha for all proboscidian sidered as synapomorphies of Homoptera insects. (Hamilton, 1981; Lambdin, 2001; D’Urso, As for the widely known and frequently 2002; present paper). We do not see any rea- discussed order name Homoptera Latreille, son to ignore these characters and prefer the 1810, we do not see serious reasons to re- probable morphological synapomorphies of ject it. It originally covered all probocidians Hemelytrata (see, for example, Emeljanov, without true bugs but with the addition of 1987) or believe the untestable data of mo- thrips. However, all other authors used this lecular cladograms based on a small number name in its modern composition, i.e. with- of studied taxa (Campbell et al., 1995; von out thrips. The notion about paraphyletic Dohlen & Moran, 1995; others; see also our content of Homoptera auct. [for review, see comments below, in the section “The data of for example, von Dohlen & Moran (1995) or DNA sequencing”). A detailed historical re- Gullan (1999)] is merely a hypothesis that vision of different phylogenetic reconstruc- considers some facts and ignores others. Ac- tions of proboscidian insects was given by cording to the cladistic point of view, the Brożek et al. (2003) and by Forero (2008) problem boils down to considering synapo- and will not be repeated here. In any case, morphies of the Hemelytrata Fallen, 1829 whether further investigations support the (Cicadinea+Coleorrhyncha+Heteroptera) hypothesis about the paraphyly of the Ho- in contrast to synapomorphies of Homop- moptera or not, it cannot be a reason to reject tera. Some authors (for example, Gullan, the taxon Homoptera. 1999) even affirm that Homoptera is char- The cladistic dogma about rejecting acterized by plesiomorphic characters only. paraphyletic
Recommended publications
  • Based on Comparative Morphological Data AF Emel'yanov Transactions of T
    The phylogeny of the Cicadina (Homoptera, Cicadina) based on comparative morphological data A.F. Emel’yanov Transactions of the All-Union Entomological Society Morphological principles of insect phylogeny The phylogenetic relationships of the principal groups of cicadine* insects have been considered on more than one occasion, commencing with Osborn (1895). Some phylogenetic schemes have been based only on data relating to contemporary cicadines, i.e. predominantly on comparative morphological data (Kirkaldy, 1910; Pruthi, 1925; Spooner, 1939; Kramer, 1950; Evans, 1963; Qadri, 1967; Hamilton, 1981; Savinov, 1984a), while others have been constructed with consideration given to paleontological material (Handlirsch, 1908; Tillyard, 1919; Shcherbakov, 1984). As the most primitive group of the cicadines have been considered either the Fulgoroidea (Kirkaldy, 1910; Evans, 1963), mainly because they possess a small clypeus, or the cicadas (Osborn, 1895; Savinov, 1984), mainly because they do not jump. In some schemes even the monophyletism of the cicadines has been denied (Handlirsch, 1908; Pruthi, 1925; Spooner, 1939; Hamilton, 1981), or more precisely in these schemes the Sternorrhyncha were entirely or partially depicted between the Fulgoroidea and the other cicadines. In such schemes in which the Fulgoroidea were accepted as an independent group, among the remaining cicadines the cicadas were depicted as branching out first (Kirkaldy, 1910; Hamilton, 1981; Savinov, 1984a), while the Cercopoidea and Cicadelloidea separated out last, and in the most widely acknowledged systematic scheme of Evans (1946b**) the last two superfamilies, as the Cicadellomorpha, were contrasted to the Cicadomorpha and the Fulgoromorpha. At the present time, however, the view affirming the equivalence of the four contemporary superfamilies and the absence of a closer relationship between the Cercopoidea and Cicadelloidea (Evans, 1963; Emel’yanov, 1977) is gaining ground.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
    1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses).
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa,Phylogeny and Higher Classification of the Scale Insects
    Zootaxa 1668: 413–425 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)* P.J. GULLAN1 AND L.G. COOK2 1Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A. E-mail: pjgullan@ucdavis.edu 2School of Integrative Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. Email: l.cook@uq.edu.au *In: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (Eds) (2007) Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1668, 1–766. Table of contents Abstract . .413 Introduction . .413 A review of archaeococcoid classification and relationships . 416 A review of neococcoid classification and relationships . .420 Future directions . .421 Acknowledgements . .422 References . .422 Abstract The superfamily Coccoidea contains nearly 8000 species of plant-feeding hemipterans comprising up to 32 families divided traditionally into two informal groups, the archaeococcoids and the neococcoids. The neococcoids form a mono- phyletic group supported by both morphological and genetic data. In contrast, the monophyly of the archaeococcoids is uncertain and the higher level ranks within it have been controversial, particularly since the late Professor Jan Koteja introduced his multi-family classification for scale insects in 1974. Recent phylogenetic studies using molecular and morphological data support the recognition of up to 15 extant families of archaeococcoids, including 11 families for the former Margarodidae sensu lato, vindicating Koteja’s views. Archaeococcoids are represented better in the fossil record than neococcoids, and have an adequate record through the Tertiary and Cretaceous but almost no putative coccoid fos- sils are known from earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Scale Insect Genera Puto Signoret (Hemiptera
    Zootaxa 2802: 1–22 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A study of the scale insect genera Puto Signoret (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Putoidae) and Ceroputo Šulc (Pseudococcidae) with a comparison to Phenacoccus Cockerell (Pseudococcidae) D.J. WILLIAMS1, P.J. GULLAN2,3,6 , D.R. MILLER4, D. MATILE-FERRERO5 & SARAH I. HAN2 1Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K. 2Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A. E-mail: pjgullan@ucdavis.edu 3Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., 0200, Australia. E-mail: penelope.gullan@anu.edu.au 4U.S. Department of Agriculture, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, Building 005, Barc-West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A. E-mail: Douglass.miller@ars.usda.gov 5Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique etÉvolution, UMR 7205, MNHN-CNRS, Entomologie. 45, rue Buf- fon, CP 50, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. 6Corresponding author: E-mail: pjgullan@ucdavis.edu Abstract For almost a century, the scale insect genus Puto Signoret (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) was considered to be- long to the family Pseudococcidae (the mealybugs), but recent consensus accords Puto its own family, the Putoidae. This paper reviews the taxonomic history of Puto and family Putoidae, compares the morphology of Puto to that of Ceroputo Šulc and Phenacoccus Cockerell, and reassesses the status of all species that have been placed in Puto to determine wheth- er they belong to the Putoidae or to the Pseudococcidae.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Pupillarial Scale Insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Angophora in Coastal New South Wales, Australia
    Zootaxa 4117 (1): 085–100 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4117.1.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5C240849-6842-44B0-AD9F-DFB25038B675 A new pupillarial scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Angophora in coastal New South Wales, Australia PENNY J. GULLAN1,3 & DOUGLAS J. WILLIAMS2 1Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia 2The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences (Entomology), London SW7 5BD, UK 3Corresponding author. E-mail: penelope.gullan@anu.edu.au Abstract A new scale insect, Aolacoccus angophorae gen. nov. and sp. nov. (Eriococcidae), is described from the bark of Ango- phora (Myrtaceae) growing in the Sydney area of New South Wales, Australia. These insects do not produce honeydew, are not ant-tended and probably feed on cortical parenchyma. The adult female is pupillarial as it is retained within the cuticle of the penultimate (second) instar. The crawlers (mobile first-instar nymphs) emerge via a flap or operculum at the posterior end of the abdomen of the second-instar exuviae. The adult and second-instar females, second-instar male and first-instar nymph, as well as salient features of the apterous adult male, are described and illustrated. The adult female of this new taxon has some morphological similarities to females of the non-pupillarial palm scale Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell (Phoenicococcidae), the pupillarial palm scales (Halimococcidae) and some pupillarial genera of armoured scales (Diaspididae), but is related to other Australian Myrtaceae-feeding eriococcids.
    [Show full text]
  • Coccidology. the Study of Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (E-Journal) Revista Corpoica – Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (2008) 9(2), 55-61 RevIEW ARTICLE Coccidology. The study of scale insects (Hemiptera: Takumasa Kondo1, Penny J. Gullan2, Douglas J. Williams3 Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) Coccidología. El estudio de insectos ABSTRACT escama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: A brief introduction to the science of coccidology, and a synopsis of the history, Coccoidea) advances and challenges in this field of study are discussed. The changes in coccidology since the publication of the Systema Naturae by Carolus Linnaeus 250 years ago are RESUMEN Se presenta una breve introducción a la briefly reviewed. The economic importance, the phylogenetic relationships and the ciencia de la coccidología y se discute una application of DNA barcoding to scale insect identification are also considered in the sinopsis de la historia, avances y desafíos de discussion section. este campo de estudio. Se hace una breve revisión de los cambios de la coccidología Keywords: Scale, insects, coccidae, DNA, history. desde la publicación de Systema Naturae por Carolus Linnaeus hace 250 años. También se discuten la importancia económica, las INTRODUCTION Sternorrhyncha (Gullan & Martin, 2003). relaciones filogenéticas y la aplicación de These insects are usually less than 5 mm códigos de barras del ADN en la identificación occidology is the branch of in length. Their taxonomy is based mainly de insectos escama. C entomology that deals with the study of on the microscopic cuticular features of hemipterous insects of the superfamily Palabras clave: insectos, escama, coccidae, the adult female.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Insects David Grimaldi and Michael S
    Cambridge University Press 0521821495 - Evolution of the Insects David Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel Index More information INDEX 12S rDNA, 32, 228, 269 Aenetus, 557 91; general, 57; inclusions, 57; menageries 16S rDNA, 32, 60, 237, 249, 269 Aenigmatiinae, 536 in, 56; Mexican, 55; parasitism in, 57; 18S rDNA, 32, 60, 61, 158, 228, 274, 275, 285, Aenne, 489 preservation in, 58; resinite, 55; sub-fossil 304, 307, 335, 360, 366, 369, 395, 399, 402, Aeolothripidae, 284, 285, 286 resin, 57; symbioses in, 303; taphonomy, 468, 475 Aeshnoidea, 187 57 28S rDNA, 32, 158, 278, 402, 468, 475, 522, 526 African rock crawlers (see Ambermantis wozniaki, 259 Mantophasmatodea) Amblycera, 274, 278 A Afroclinocera, 630 Amblyoponini, 446, 490 aardvark, 638 Agaonidae, 573, 616: fossil, 423 Amblypygida, 99, 104, 105: in amber, 104 abdomen: function, 131; structure, 131–136 Agaoninae, 423 Amborella trichopoda, 613, 620 Abies, 410 Agassiz, Alexander, 26 Ameghinoia, 450, 632 Abrocomophagidae, 274 Agathiphaga, 560 Ameletopsidae, 628 Acacia, 283 Agathiphagidae, 561, 562, 567, 630 American Museum of Natural History, 26, 87, acalyptrate Diptera: ecological diversity, 540; Agathis, 76 91 taxonomy, 540 Agelaia, 439 Amesiginae, 630 Acanthocnemidae, 391 ages, using fossils, 37–39; using DNA, 38–40 ametaboly, 331 Acari, 99, 105–107: diversity, 101, fossils, 53, Ageniellini, 435 amino acids: racemization, 61 105–107; in-Cretaceous amber, 105, 106 Aglaspidida, 99 ammonites, 63, 642 Aceraceae, 413 Aglia, 582 Amorphoscelidae, 254, 257 Acerentomoidea, 113 Agrias, 600 Amphientomidae,
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Insects
    CY501-C08[261-330].qxd 2/15/05 11:10 PM Page 261 quark11 27B:CY501:Chapters:Chapter-08: 8 TheThe Paraneopteran Orders Paraneopteran The evolutionary history of the Paraneoptera – the bark lice, fold their wings rooflike at rest over the abdomen, but thrips true lice, thrips,Orders and hemipterans – is a history beautifully and Heteroptera fold them flat over the abdomen, which reflected in structure and function of their mouthparts. There probably relates to the structure of axillary sclerites and other is a general trend from the most generalized “picking” minute structures at the base of the wing (i.e., Yoshizawa and mouthparts of Psocoptera with standard insect mandibles, Saigusa, 2001). to the probing and puncturing mouthparts of thrips and Relationships among paraneopteran orders have been anopluran lice, and the distinctive piercing-sucking rostrum discussed by Seeger (1975, 1979), Kristensen (1975, 1991), or beak of the Hemiptera. Their mouthparts also reflect Hennig (1981), Wheeler et al. (2001), and most recently by diverse feeding habits (Figures 8.1, 8.2, Table 8.1). Basal Yoshizawa and Saigusa (2001). These studies generally agree paraneopterans – psocopterans and some basal thrips – are on the monophyly of the order Hemiptera and most of its microbial surface feeders. Thysanoptera and Hemiptera suborders and a close relationship of the true lice (order independently evolved a diet of plant fluids, but ancestral Phthiraptera) with the most basal group, the “bark lice” (Pso- heteropterans were, like basal living families, predatory coptera), which comprise the Psocodea. One major issue is insects that suction hemolymph and liquified tissues out of the position of thrips (order Thysanoptera), which either their prey.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Scale Insects (Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha : Coccomorpha) of New Caledonia
    Checklist of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) of New Caledonia Christian MILLE Institut agronomique néo-calédonien, IAC, Axe 1, Station de Recherches fruitières de Pocquereux, Laboratoire d’Entomologie appliquée, BP 32, 98880 La Foa (New Caledonia) mille@iac.nc Rosa C. HENDERSON† Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142 (New Zealand) Sylvie CAZÈRES Institut agronomique néo-calédonien, IAC, Axe 1, Station de Recherches fruitières de Pocquereux, Laboratoire d’Entomologie appliquée, BP 32, 98880 La Foa (New Caledonia) scazeres@iac.nc Hervé JOURDAN Institut méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS IRD Université d’Avignon, UMR 237 IRD, Centre IRD Nouméa, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa cedex (New Caledonia) herve.jourdan@ird.fr Published on 24 June 2016 Rosa Henderson† left us unexpectedly on 13th December 2012. Rosa made all our recent c occoid identifications and trained one of us (SC) in Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha slide preparation and identification. The idea of publishing this article was largely hers. Thus we dedicate this article to our late and dear Rosa. Rosa Henderson† nous a quittés prématurément le 13 décembre 2012. Rosa avait réalisé toutes les récentes identifications de cochenilles et avait formé l’une d’entre nous (SC) à la préparation des Hemiptères Sternorrhynques entre lame et lamelle. Grâce à elle, l’idée de publier cet article a pu se concrétiser. Nous dédicaçons cet article à notre chère et regrettée Rosa. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:90DC5B79-725D-46E2-B31E-4DBC65BCD01F Mille C., Henderson R. C.†, Cazères S. & Jourdan H. 2016. — Checklist of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) of New Caledonia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Divergence of Major Scale Insect Lineages (Hemiptera)
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Putting scales into evolutionary time: the divergence of major scale insect lineages (Hemiptera) Received: 14 October 2015 Accepted: 08 March 2016 predates the radiation of modern Published: 22 March 2016 angiosperm hosts Isabelle M. Vea1,2 & David A. Grimaldi2 The radiation of lowering plants in the mid-Cretaceous transformed landscapes and is widely believed to have fuelled the radiations of major groups of phytophagous insects. An excellent group to test this assertion is the scale insects (Coccomorpha: Hemiptera), with some 8,000 described Recent species and probably the most diverse fossil record of any phytophagous insect group preserved in amber. We used here a total-evidence approach (by tip-dating) employing 174 morphological characters of 73 Recent and 43 fossil taxa (48 families) and DNA sequences of three gene regions, to obtain divergence time estimates and compare the chronology of the most diverse lineage of scale insects, the neococcoid families, with the timing of the main angiosperm radiation. An estimated origin of the Coccomorpha occurred at the beginning of the Triassic, about 245 Ma [228–273], and of the neococcoids 60 million years later [210–165 Ma]. A total-evidence approach allows the integration of extinct scale insects into a phylogenetic framework, resulting in slightly younger median estimates than analyses using Recent taxa, calibrated with fossil ages only. From these estimates, we hypothesise that most major lineages of coccoids shifted from gymnosperms onto angiosperms when the latter became diverse and abundant in the mid- to Late Cretaceous. Living insect species that feed on vascular plants comprise some 40% of the described insect diversity1, and so it appears that plants have had a profound efect on the diversiication of insects.
    [Show full text]
  • IUFRO World Series Vol. 19 Global Forest Decimal Classification
    International Union of Forest Research Organizations Union Internationale des Instituts de Recherches Forestières Internationaler Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten Unión Internacional de Organizaciones de Investigación Forestal IUFRO World Series Vol. 19 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Globale Forstliche Dezimal- Klassifikation (GFDK) Editors: Barbara Holder Jarmo Saarikko Daryoush Voshmgir Prepared by IUFRO Working Party 6.03.03 Global Forest Decimal Classification ISSN 1016-3263 ISBN 3-901347-61-5 IUFRO, Vienna 2006 Recommended catalogue entry: Holder, B., Saarikko, J. and Voshmgir, D. 2006. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC). IUFRO World Series Vol. 19. Vienna. 338 p. Classification: GFDC: 0--014, UDC: 025.45 Published by: IUFRO Headquarters, Vienna, Austria, 2006 © 2006 IUFRO IUFRO Headquarters c/o Mariabrunn (BFW) Hauptstrasse 7, A-1140 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43-1-877 01 51-0; Fax: +43-1-877 01 51 -50 E-Mail: office@iufro.org; Internet: www.iufro.org Available from: IUFRO Headquarters (see above), and Library Austria Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape. Unit: Documentation, Publication & Library, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, A-1131 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43-1-87838-1216; Fax: +43-1-87838-1215 E-Mail: gudrun.csikos@bfw.gv.at; Web: http://bfw.ac.at/ ISBN 3-901347-61-5 Price 35 Euro plus mailing costs Printed by: Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) GFDC website: http://iufro.andornot.com/GFDCDefault.aspx Editors
    [Show full text]