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Phylogeny of Ensifera (Hexapoda: Orthoptera) Using Three Ribosomal Loci, with Implications for the Evolution of Acoustic Communication
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38 (2006) 510–530 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny of Ensifera (Hexapoda: Orthoptera) using three ribosomal loci, with implications for the evolution of acoustic communication M.C. Jost a,*, K.L. Shaw b a Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, USA b Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Received 9 May 2005; revised 27 September 2005; accepted 4 October 2005 Available online 16 November 2005 Abstract Representatives of the Orthopteran suborder Ensifera (crickets, katydids, and related insects) are well known for acoustic signals pro- duced in the contexts of courtship and mate recognition. We present a phylogenetic estimate of Ensifera for a sample of 51 taxonomically diverse exemplars, using sequences from 18S, 28S, and 16S rRNA. The results support a monophyletic Ensifera, monophyly of most ensiferan families, and the superfamily Gryllacridoidea which would include Stenopelmatidae, Anostostomatidae, Gryllacrididae, and Lezina. Schizodactylidae was recovered as the sister lineage to Grylloidea, and both Rhaphidophoridae and Tettigoniidae were found to be more closely related to Grylloidea than has been suggested by prior studies. The ambidextrously stridulating haglid Cyphoderris was found to be basal (or sister) to a clade that contains both Grylloidea and Tettigoniidae. Tree comparison tests with the concatenated molecular data found our phylogeny to be significantly better at explaining our data than three recent phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological characters. A high degree of conflict exists between the molecular and morphological data, possibly indicating that much homoplasy is present in Ensifera, particularly in acoustic structures. In contrast to prior evolutionary hypotheses based on most parsi- monious ancestral state reconstructions, we propose that tegminal stridulation and tibial tympana are ancestral to Ensifera and were lost multiple times, especially within the Gryllidae. -
Studies in Nearctic Desert Sand Dune Orthoptera: a New Genus And
Great Basin Naturalist Volume 25 Article 4 Number 3 – Number 4 12-31-1965 Studies in Nearctic desert sand dune Orthoptera: a new genus and species of stenopelmatine crickets from the Kelso Dunes with notes on its multi- annual life history and key. Part X Ernest R. Tinkham Indio, California Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Tinkham, Ernest R. (1965) "Studies in Nearctic desert sand dune Orthoptera: a new genus and species of stenopelmatine crickets from the Kelso Dunes with notes on its multi-annual life history and key. Part X," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 25 : No. 3 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol25/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. STUDIES IN NEARCTIC DESERT SAND DUNE OR'IHOPTERA A new (ienus and Species of Stenopehnatine Crickets fioni the Kelso Dunes with notes on its multi-annual life history and k(>\-. Part X Eitu'st R. Tinkliiiin' During the past decade the author has made a score of trips to the great Kelso Dunes studying its fauna and flora; the summers of 1957-1960 assisted by National Science Foundation grants. As these dunes lie 155 miles north of Indio. California, by road, a total of 6200 miles has been travelled in these trips during the period 1954-1964. -
The Early Evolution of Biting–Chewing Performance in Hexapoda
Chapter 6 The Early Evolution of Biting–Chewing Performance in Hexapoda Alexander Blanke Abstract Insects show a plethora of different mandible shapes. It was advocated that these mandible shapes are mainly a function of different feeding habits. This hypothesis was tested on a larger sampling of non-holometabolan biting–chewing insects with additional tests to understand the interplay of mandible function, feeding guild, and phylogeny. The results show that at the studied systematic level, variation in mandible biting–chewing effectivity is regulated to a large extent by phylogenetic history and the configuration of the mandible joints rather than the food preference of a given taxon. Additionally, lineages with multiple mandibular joints such as primary wingless hexapods show a wider functional space occupation of mandibular effectivity than dicondylic insects (¼ silverfish + winged insects) at significantly different evolutionary rates. The evolution and occupation of a compa- rably narrow functional performance space of dicondylic insects is surprising given the low effectivity values of this food uptake solution. Possible reasons for this relative evolutionary “stasis” are discussed. 6.1 Introduction Insecta sensu lato (¼ Hexapoda) display a high diversity of mouthpart shapes within the early evolved lineages which started to radiate approximately 479 million years ago (Misof et al. 2014). These shape changes were described qualitatively and were often stated to relate mainly to the type of food consumed (Yuasa 1920; Isely 1944; Evans and Forsythe 1985; Chapman and de Boer 1995). To the knowledge of the author, this and related statements regarding mouthpart mechanics being shaped by functional demands have never been tested in a quantitative framework. -
A Guide to Arthropods Bandelier National Monument
A Guide to Arthropods Bandelier National Monument Top left: Melanoplus akinus Top right: Vanessa cardui Bottom left: Elodes sp. Bottom right: Wolf Spider (Family Lycosidae) by David Lightfoot Compiled by Theresa Murphy Nov 2012 In collaboration with Collin Haffey, Craig Allen, David Lightfoot, Sandra Brantley and Kay Beeley WHAT ARE ARTHROPODS? And why are they important? What’s the difference between Arthropods and Insects? Most of this guide is comprised of insects. These are animals that have three body segments- head, thorax, and abdomen, three pairs of legs, and usually have wings, although there are several wingless forms of insects. Insects are of the Class Insecta and they make up the largest class of the phylum called Arthropoda (arthropods). However, the phylum Arthopoda includes other groups as well including Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles, etc.), Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes, etc.) and Arachnida (scorpions, king crabs, spiders, mites, ticks, etc.). Arthropods including insects and all other animals in this phylum are characterized as animals with a tough outer exoskeleton or body-shell and flexible jointed limbs that allow the animal to move. Although this guide is comprised mostly of insects, some members of the Myriapoda and Arachnida can also be found here. Remember they are all arthropods but only some of them are true ‘insects’. Entomologist - A scientist who focuses on the study of insects! What’s bugging entomologists? Although we tend to call all insects ‘bugs’ according to entomology a ‘true bug’ must be of the Order Hemiptera. So what exactly makes an insect a bug? Insects in the order Hemiptera have sucking, beak-like mouthparts, which are tucked under their “chin” when Metallic Green Bee (Agapostemon sp.) not in use. -
Orthoptera: Ensifera)?
Zootaxa 4291 (1): 001–033 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4291.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BD31B828-E7EF-46AD-B618-1BAAA2D63DBD Tackling an intractable problem: Can greater taxon sampling help resolve relationships within the Stenopelmatoidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera)? AMY G. VANDERGAST1,7, DAVID B. WEISSMAN2, DUSTIN A. WOOD3, DAVID C. F. RENTZ4, CORINNA S. BAZELET5 & NORIHIRO UESHIMA6 1U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Diego Field Station, 4165 Spruance Road Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Diego Field Station, 4165 Spruance Road Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4School of Marine & Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] 5Steinhardt Museum, Tel Aviv University, Department of Zoology, Sherman Building Rm. 403, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Conser- vation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] 61435-1 Kubocho, Matsusaka, Mie 515-0044, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] 7Corresponding Author Abstract The relationships among and within the families that comprise the orthopteran superfamily Stenopelmatoidea (suborder Ensifera) remain poorly understood. We developed a phylogenetic hypothesis based on Bayesian analysis of two nuclear ribosomal and one mitochondrial gene for 118 individuals (84 de novo and 34 from GenBank). -
Jerusalem Cricket
Colorado Insect of Interest Jerusalem Cricket Scientific Name: Stenopelmatus fuscus Haldeman Order: Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids, and Relatives) Family: Stenopelmatidae (Jerusalem, Sand or Stone Crickets) Figure 1. Jerusalem Cricket side -view. Photo courtesy of Description and Distinctive Features: Gene Nelson. The Jerusalem crickets (Figure 1, 2, and 3) are arguably one of the most bizarre looking insects you can find in Colorado. They are large insects (about an inch long), flightless with spiny legs. Their bulbous abdomen is often banded but the most noticeable feature is their very large, round and somewhat humanlike head (Figure 2). These odd insects usually attract attention when encountered and are called by many common names including “child of the earth”, “potato bug”, “skull head” and “old bald-headed man”. Distribution in Colorado: Within Colorado, Jerusalem crickets are most common in the western counties bordering Utah. They are also known to occur in extreme southeastern Colorado. Life History and Habits: Jerusalem crickets spend almost their entire life below ground. Females lay eggs in small masses in soil and early stages burrow through the soil. The front legs of Jerusalem crickets are thickened to allow them to dig, and they Figure 2. Jerusalem Cricket head-on view. Photo courtesy of Howard Evans. have large and powerful jaws. Much of their food consists of roots and tubers but they are omnivorous and will eat other insects as well as scavenge dead plant and animal matter. The adult stage is likely reached in about 1 ½ years after eggs hatch. The early instar nymphs remain below ground and periodically molt, which they do on their back. -
Jerusalem Cricket (Stenopelmatus Spp.) Jerusalem! I See Linkages: the Community Value of a Misunderstood Insect
Photos 1 and 2 SPECIES SPOTLIGHT: by Jeffery T. Wilcox1 Photos courtesy of the author Jerusalem Cricket (Stenopelmatus spp.) Jerusalem! I see linkages: The community value of a misunderstood insect As I was growing up in the San Francisco Bay Area in the ’60s and Those jaws are reputed to deliver a painful bite, but when handled ’70s, new tracts of homes quickly filled vacant fields as erstwhile gently in an open hand, none has ever offered to bite this author orchards and rangelands were sold off ahead of the rising land (Photo 1). values that augured a burgeoning population. When we weren’t But what’s with the name? Across its extensive range, this insect in school, those vacant fields were our playgrounds, places we goes by many names—potato bug and Jerusalem cricket, as escaped to after being pent up indoors, after weekend chores— mentioned, but also stone cricket, sand cricket, and skull insect and especially, once spring arrived. On those first warm, sunny (Riley 1888; Weissman 2005), each rooted in a behavioral or days of the year we bounded through the new grass, saltating from physiognomic anecdote. Although not a significant pest of the rock to rock, or between old boards, flipping each in hopes of “propitious esculent” (as John Reader subtitled his 2011 book, finding a mouse, a toad, or the first snake or salamander of the Potato), Stenopelmatus species are indeed opportunistically fond of season. Invariably, a cry would rise from the grasses: “Oh, gross, a potatoes (“potato bug”). The insects are often found under rocks potato bug!” followed by “Kill it, they bite!” Unfortunately, fear (“stone cricket”), and many Stenopelmatidae species are sand- being the root of that disgust, the potato bug often got squished. -
Jerusalem Cricket Class Order Family Species
Insecta Jerusalem Cricket Class Order Family Species Insecta Orthoptera Stenopelmatidae Stenopelmatus spp. Range Reproduction Special Adaptations The family is repre- Growth: gradual, molts several times. When disturbed, Jeru- sented worldwide. This Egg: laid in small masses in nest like holes; may overwinter. salem crickets make a genus is found in south- Nymph: takes about two years to reach adulthood. rasping sound by rub- ern Canada, the western Adult: lives for several months. In the Bay Area mating occurs in the bing their legs against a U.S. and south to Costa fall and so Jerusalem Crickets are most roughened spot on their Rica. likely to be encountered during this time. Their total abdomen; they also tap life span from hatching through adulthood may be their abdomen against up to 3 years. the surface of the ground Habitat Physical Characteristics to produce a drumming sound. Different species Temperate and tropical. Mouthparts: chewing. produce distinctly differ- Coastal sand, deserts, Wings: none in U. S. (winged spp. in Mexico & Central America) ent drumming patterns. interior montane and dune Legs: 3 pairs of spiny,Physical strong Characteristics legs. Male and female Jeru- habitats. Antennae: 1 pair. salem crickets find the Egg: oval, white with rough surface. opposite sex and correct Niche Color: shining pale amber-yellow to brownish with darker stripes on species during the mat- abdomen. (different spp. vary in color from light tan to black) They liveunder rocks ing season by picking up Body: large human-like head, soft bodied. andundrground in bur- Size: 20mm to 3 inches in size as adults depending on the species; the rows which they dig female tends to be larger than the male as in many insects. -
Surveys and Habitat Assessment of Endemic Insects at the Monahans Dune System
Surveys and Habitat Assessment of Endemic Insects at the Monahans Dune System Final Report Prepared for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department by Scott Longing, Ph.D. Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, [email protected], (806) 834-1965 Samuel Discua Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, [email protected] James Cokendolpher Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, [email protected], (806) 834-8729 November 14th, 2014 1 | P a g e Acknowledgements This project was made possible by funding from the Horned Lizard License Plate Program and the State Wildlife Grant Program of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Special thanks to Michael Smith and Arturo Tervarrez for their hospitality and for providing information and resources at Monahans Sandhills State Park. We thank Ronnie Miller for providing key access to the northern areas of Monahans Sandhills State Park through the Vest Ranch property. Numeorus entomologists kindly contributed records or facilitated the process of information gathering, including Ed Riley, James Reddell, Mike Quinn, Kojun Kanda, Darren Pollock and David Weissman. The field support of Justin Scott, Joanne Robles and William Tauber was greatly appreciated. Numerous students provided assistance with pinning, labelling, and cataloguing samples from the Monahans region: Joanne Robles, Ushio Kawai, Amanda Nichols, Rohith Kotha, Sergio Alejandro, Balaguera Reina, Devin Tucker, Janith Vermana, Medha Vemla, Lizette Rodriguez, David Randall, Vineetha Barre, Kasey Miller, Alex Gregg. Megan Leber, Ratna Venkata and Sravan Nuli. -
What Is an Arthropod?
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. 1 Introduction to the Arthropods What Is an Arthropod? The subjects of this book are the arthropods that live among us, primarily the insects but also some of their relatives, such as arachnids, millipedes, centipedes, and a few crustaceans. When formally classified, these animals are placed in the phylum Arthropoda, which comprises a huge number of species with a tremendous diversity of forms and habits. Nonetheless, all arthropods share certain features that together define them as a distinct form of life: (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 1-1 Three representative arthropods. (a) Dragonfly (insect), (b) julid millipede, and (c) windscorpion (arachnid). All show the basic external features of arthropods including an exoskeleton, segmenta- tion of the body, jointed appendages, and a body design that is bilaterally symmetrical. Photograph of the dragonfly courtesy of Brian Valentine; photograph of the millipede courtesy of Jim Kalisch/ University of Nebraska; photograph of the windscorpion by Jack Kelly Clark and provided courtesy of the University of California IPM Program. Cranshaw_Ch01.indd 1 5/6/2013 1:06:43 PM © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. 2 CHAPTER 1 • All arthropods have a body supported by a hardened external skeleton (exoskeleton), a reverse The Diversity and type of engineering compared to our internal skeleton. -
The Complex Tibial Organ of the New
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The complex tibial organ of the New Zealand ground weta: sensory adaptations for vibrational signal Received: 12 October 2016 Accepted: 7 April 2017 detection Published: xx xx xxxx Johannes Strauß 1, Kathryn Lomas2 & Laurence H. Field3 In orthopteran insects, a complex tibial organ has evolved to detect substrate vibrations and/or airborne sound. Species of New Zealand weta (Anostostomatidae) with tympanal ears on the foreleg tibia use this organ to communicate by sound, while in atympanate species (which communicate by substrate drumming) the organ is unstudied. We investigated the complex tibial organ of the atympanate ground weta, Hemiandrus pallitarsis, for vibration detection adaptations. This system contains four sensory components (subgenual organ, intermediate organ, crista acustica homolog, accessory organ) in all legs, together with up to 90 scolopidial sensilla. Microcomputed tomography shows that the subgenual organ spans the hemolymph channel, with attachments suggesting that hemolymph oscillations displace the organ in a hinged-plate fashion. Subgenual sensilla are likely excited by substrate oscillations transmitted within the leg. Instead of the usual suspension within the middle of the tibial cavity, we show that the intermediate organ and crista acustica homolog comprise a cellular mass broadly attached to the anterior tibial wall. They likely detect cuticular vibrations, and not airborne sound. This atympanate complex tibial organ shows elaborate structural changes suggesting detection of vibrational stimuli by parallel input pathways, thus correlating well with the burrowing lifestyle and communication by substrate-transmitted vibration. Different groups of orthopteran insects, including grasshoppers (Caelifera), crickets, tettigoniids and weta (Ensifera), have evolved diverse and complex signalling systems based on the production and reception of sound or substrate vibration1–5. -
NEWS in Evolutionary Biology San Diego State University December 2008
NEWS in Evolutionary Biology San Diego State University December 2008 Welcome! This is our first Electronic Newsletter designed to update you on the latest faculty and student research in Evolutionary Biology at SDSU! We also wish to encourage you to contribute to our program, which supports undergraduate and graduate student research in EB. As former students and faculty at SDSU we thank you for supporting our program. You are the reason that we enjoy a long-standing strength and excellent reputation in Evolutionary Biology! We have a record of success in mentoring MS students and we will soon begin accepting students in our Joint Doctoral Program in EB with UC Riverside. We need your help to continue to provide our students with excellent research opportunities and resources! Donate Now Please help us to support our program activities and student research. The Evolutionary Biology Program Area has two donation accounts, administered by the Campanille Foundation of San Diego State University: EB EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FUND This fund is used to support EB program activities including travel and honoraria for speakers, student conference registration, student research supplies, and small equipment items. EB SCHOLARSHIP This is a small, competitive grant to support graduate student research. These funds may be used for research supplies, field work costs, and travel to professional meetings. TO DONATE: Go to http://giveonline.sdsu.edu/giving Put dollar amount under "Donation amount". Leave next two menus alone. Under "Please direct my gift to another school, department or program:" type either: "EB Education and Research Fund" or "EB Scholarship". Continue with payment.