SHORT HISTORY. 1665. Carignan Regiment Arrived in New France
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Bourgeois De La Compagnie
LES BOURGEOIS DE LA COMPAGNIE NORD-OUEST RÉCITS DE VOYAGES, LETTRES ET RAPPORTS INÉDITS RELATIFS AU NORD-OUEST CANADIEN PUBLIES AVEC UNE ESQUISSE HISTORIQUE et des Annotations 1A, R. MASSOtf Deuxième Série ' QUÉBEC DE L'IMPRIMERIE GÉNÉRALE A. COTÉ ET <i 1890 RÉCITS DE VOYAGES LETTRES ET RAPPORTS INÉDITS RELATIFS AU NORD-OUEST CANADIEN DEUXIÈME SÉRIE 1. M. John McDonald, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. " Autobiographical Notes", 1*791-1816. 2. M. George Keith, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord- Ouest. Lettres à l'honorable E. McKenzie: 1807- 1817.—Les départements de la Rivière Mackenzie et du " Lac d'Ours "—Great Bear Lake.—Légendes. 8. M. John Johnston, traiteur libre, du Sault Ste-Marie. " An account of Lake Superior ", 1792-1807. 4. M. Samuel H. "Wilcocke. Narrative of circumstances attending the death of the late Benjamin Frobisher, Esq., a Partner of the North-West Company", 1819. — Luttes contre Lord Selkirk et la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hud- son. 5. M. Duncan Cameron, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. " A sketch of the customs, manners and way of living of the Natives in the barren Country àbout Nipi- gon " :—Extraits de son journal, 1804-1805.—La traite avec les sauvages. 6. M. Peter G-xant, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord- Ouest. " The Sauteux Indians ", vers 1804. — ri — 7. M. James McKenzie, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. Extraits de son journal de 1199. — Le département d'Atkabasca. 8. M. James McKenzie. " Some account of the King's Posts, the Labrador Coast and the Island of Anticosti, by an Indian Trader residing there several years ; with a Descrip tion of the Natives, and the Journal of a trip through those Countries, in 1808, by the same Person." 9. -
The Feast of the Dead Among the Seventeenth Century Algonkians of the Upper Great Lakes Author(S): Harold Hickerson Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol
The Feast of the Dead among the Seventeenth Century Algonkians of the Upper Great Lakes Author(s): Harold Hickerson Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 62, No. 1, (Feb., 1960), pp. 81-107 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/666909 Accessed: 07/05/2008 15:12 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We enable the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org The Feastof the Dead Amongthe SeventeenthCentury Algonkiansof the UpperGreat Lakes1 HAROLD HICKERSON Indiana University DURING the middle three decades of the 17th century, before French traders and missionaries had gained a permanent foothold in the Sault Ste. -
New France (Ca
New France (ca. 1600-1770) Trade silver, beaver, eighteenth century Manufactured in Europe and North America for trade with the Native peoples, trade silver came in many forms, including ear bobs, rings, brooches, gorgets, pendants, and animal shapes. According to Adam Shortt,5 the great France, double tournois, 1610 Canadian economic historian, the first regular Originally valued at 2 deniers, the system of exchange in Canada involving Europeans copper “double tournois” was shipped to New France in large quantities during occurred in Tadoussac in the early seventeenth the early 1600s to meet the colony’s century. Here, French traders bartered each year need for low-denomination coins. with the Montagnais people (also known as the Innu), trading weapons, cloth, food, silver items, and tobacco for animal pelts, especially those of the beaver. Because of the risks associated with In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded transporting gold and silver (specie) across the the first colonial settlement at Quebec on the Atlantic, and to attract and retain fresh supplies of St. Lawrence River. The one universally accepted coin, coins were given a higher value in the French medium of exchange in the infant colony naturally colonies in Canada than in France. In 1664, became the beaver pelt, although wheat and moose this premium was set at one-eighth but was skins were also employed as legal tender. As the subsequently increased. In 1680, monnoye du pays colony expanded, and its economic and financial was given a value one-third higher than monnoye needs became more complex, coins from France de France, a valuation that held until 1717 when the came to be widely used. -
Political Profit and the Invention of Modern Currency
Political Profit and the Invention of Modern Currency Dror Goldberg Department of Economics Bar Ilan University Abstract The Massachusetts currency of 1690 was the first inconvertible paper money to be supported solely by a legal tender law. The circumstances that led to its creation exceed the typical story of wartime specie shortage. Due to temporary political constraints of that turbulent period, the currency could be neither backed by land nor granted a full legal tender status, as was then standard. Instead, it had to be disguised from England as a simple, private-like IOU. By pleasing both its pay-demanding troops and England, the government maximized its probability of survival subject to the constraints. * [email protected]. I thank John Hanson for his guidance. I benefited from suggestions and comments of Katherine Engel, Farley Grubb, Richard Johnson, John McCusker, William Roberds, James Rosenheim, Winifred Rothenberg, Peter Rousseau, George Selgin, Richard Sylla, and seminar participants at Texas A&M University and at the ASSA, EHS, and SSHA meetings. The Melbern G. Glasscock Center for Humanities Research at Texas A&M University provided financial support. 1 Monetary innovation, the development of new forms of money, has not received much systematic study from economic historians. Richard Sylla, “Monetary Innovation in America” 1. Introduction Paper money is one of the most powerful political and economic tools in history. Its Chinese inventors supported it first with convertibility but later simply forced everyone to accept it in trade (or else). Our modern paper money, in contrast, has a much weaker legal status: it merely discharges monetary obligations (e.g., contractual debts and taxes), which are denominated in its unit of account. -
Anishinaabe Doodem Pictographs: Narrative Inscriptions and Identities
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304336141 Anishinaabe Doodem Pictographs: Narrative Inscriptions and Identities Chapter · January 2016 CITATIONS READS 0 145 1 author: Cory Willmott Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 27 PUBLICATIONS 26 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Chinese Blue and White Cross-stitch View project Voices in Wood: Northwest Coast Carving View project All content following this page was uploaded by Cory Willmott on 23 June 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. 5 Anishinaabe doodem Pictographs: narrative inscriptions and identities Cory WiLLMoTT introduction A shaft of winter sunlight dazzled the snow-filled yard and cut through the double-glass doors, marking a path across the middle of the table, where it splashed diffused light onto the piles of coloured seed beads. On this industri- ous Sunday afternoon in January 1999, Diana Whiteduck and I were creating beaded eyeglass cases with animal motifs to be sold at the Toronto First Na- tions Day festival held annually in June. I designed the motifs for a beadwork class that I co-taught at the Native Women’s Resource Center in Toronto with Debbie MacDonald, a beadworker of Cree descent who grew up in Toronto. Diana, an Algonkin whose family roots in Ontario spread from Golden Lake through Mattawa to North Bay, was an especially accomplished beadworker who was well known for high-quality items such as moccasins and pipe bags. As Diana added row upon row of brown beads to fill in a bear paw motif, the conversation turned to her doodem,1 the Bear. -
Imagining the Cultural Geography of Voyageurs
ch04.qxd 2/5/08 9:04 AM Page 55 Writing, Ritual, and Folklore: Imagining the Cultural Geography of Voyageurs CAROLYN PODRUCHNY Carolyn Podruchny teaches History at York University. When I was a child in a small town on the prairies, I walked to school every day. By the time I reached Grade 6, I felt as if I could walk to my elementary school blindfolded. I knew every house along the streets, every shortcut through backyards, every crack on the sidewalks. When I started junior high school, my sense of the town was altered. I had to walk in a different direction, learn a new route, new cracks in the sidewalks. My sense of the town changed even more when I began high school, and walked in yet another direction. At 16 I learned to drive, and the world around me grew exponentially. I explored the surrounding countryside on my own, ventured to the city to hang out at the malls, and made day trips to the beach. I loved the wide-open skies, the miles and miles of straight roads framed by telephone wires, the sense that you could see the earth curving away in the distance. During summer vacations, my family took long car trips to British Columbia, the Maritimes, and California, and for the first time I saw oceans, mountains, and deserts. Yet the centre of my life remained my parents’ house, located roughly in the centre of the North American continent. When I moved east to Montreal to attend university, my world shifted, my ground tilted; I felt disoriented. -
Money Past Present and Future Lesson Plan
MONEY THROUGHOUT HISTORY Tevau Amole (red feather money coil) (salt block) Solomon Islands, Oceania Ethiopia, Africa Before 1700 to 1980 C.E. 525 to 1894 C.E. E Rai (Yap stone) Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, Oceania 1400 C.E. to today Tajadero (Aztec hoe and axe money) Mesoamerica, North America 800 to 1600 C.E. Tea brick Tabua China, Russia, Central Asia (whale teeth) 800 to 2000 C.E. Fiji, Oceania Cowrie 1800 C.E. to today 7 (shells) & FUTUR PRESENT PAST, Africa, Asia, Europe 7000 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. BANKOFCANADAMUSEUM.CA/LEARN @BOCMUSEUM MONEY: MONEY THROUGHOUT HISTORY Tevau Amole (red feather money coil) (salt block) This currency is from the Before iceboxes or Santa Cruz islands, which refrigerators, people used are part of the Solomon salt to preserve food. Salt Islands in Oceania. The coils was quite hard to come by, were made with the tiny made for the most part by feathers of the Scarlet evaporating sea water. Because Honeyeater bird. The salt was rare and valuable, many island’s Indigenous Nand ÚĜýåųåĹƋÏƚĬƋƚųåŸƚŸåÚĜƋ±ŸĵŅĹåƼţFƋ people would catch the tiny is believed the ancient Romans paid birds, plucking a few their soldiers with salt—or at least feathers and then setting paid them a sum of money for them free. It took between 50,000 and 60,000 feathers to make acquiring salt. This pay was known as one coil. The coils were traditionally used for purchasing goods Ÿ±Ĭ»ųĜƚĵ±ĹÚĜŸƋĘåųŅŅƋŅüƋĘå)ĹčĬĜŸĘ or services or as a wedding gift. They have not been used on the word “salary.” This salt brick is from islands since the 1980s. -
Grand Portage As a Trading Post: Patterns of Trade at "The Great Carrying Place"
Grand Portage as a Trading Post: Patterns of Trade at “the Great Carrying Place” By Bruce M. White Turnstone Historical Research St. Paul, Minnesota Grand Portage National Monument National Park Service Grand Marais, Minnesota September 2005 On the cover: a page from an agreement signed between the North West Company and the Grand Portage area Ojibwe band leaders in 1798. This agreement is the first known documentary source in which multiple Grand Portage band leaders are identified. It is the earliest known documentation that they agreed to anything with a non-Native entity. Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ii List of Illustrations ............................................................................................................. ii Preface ............................................................................................................................... iii Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 Trade Patterns .....................................................................................................................5 The Invention of the Great Lakes Fur Trade ....................................................................13 Ceremonies of Trade, Trade of Ceremonies .....................................................................19 The Wintering Trade .........................................................................................................27 -
Kaskaskia Under the French Regime
>77.392 1348 Kaskaskia Under the French Regime By Natalia Maree Belting UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA : 1948 ILLINOIS STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES is the general title for a series of monographs in history, economics, sociology, political science, and allied fields. Each volume consists of approximately 450 pages, priced at four dollars. A volume may include two, three, or four individual monographs. Trices of individual numbers are indicated in the list of titles on the back cover. Volumes I-IX are now wholly out of print and therefore not listed. Requests for exchanges should be addressed to the ]£xchange Department, University of Illinois Library, Urbana. All communications concerning sale or subscrip- tion should be addressed to the University of Illinois Press, L^rbana. ILLINOIS STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Volume XXIX, Number 3 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE GRADUATE COLLEGE BOARD OF EDITORS Clarence A. Berdahl D. Philip Locklin Raymond P. Stearns UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 800—5-48—32393 =: press:: Kaskaskia Under the French Regime By Natalia Maree Belting UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA : 1948 Copyright, 1948, by the University of Illinois Press. All rights reserved. Permission for reproduction in any form may be obtained from the Publisher, MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS -oT I. Introduction 7 II. Kaskaskia Beginnings 10 III. The Village of Kaskaskia 23 IV. Life in the Village 41 V. Making a Living 52 VI. Social Life and Customs 68 Appendix : Extracts from the Parish Registers 79 Notes on the Census of 1752 86 Bibliography 121 Index to Names 127 -^ Chapter I INTRODUCTION The story of the French in the IlHnois country in the eighteenth century is an important and romantic chapter in the history of the United States. -
MERCHANT TRADE in LOUISBOURG, ILE ROYALE by Ch^Istqphe%, Moore Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies University of Ottawa
MERCHANT TRADE IN LOUISBOURG, ILE ROYALE by Ch^IstQPhe%, Moore ^-rr- ire.' Submitted to The School of Graduate Studies University of Ottawa in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts (History) March 1977 © C. Moore, Ottawa, Canada, 1977 UMI Number: EC55708 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform EC55708 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter One: Economic Conditions in lie Royale 13 Shipping 15 Imports 20 Exports 23 The Balance of Trade 26 Government Spending 30 The Balance of Exchange 34 An Economy for Merchants 40 Chapter Two: The Merchants of Louisbourg 40 1. Profile of the Merchant Community 40 2. Activities of Merchants 51 -Merchant-fishermen 51 -Other Wholesale Traders 61 -Shipowning, cargo-owning, factorage 66 -Wholesale to Retail Trade 74 Chapter Three: The Conduct of Business 80 1. Business Practices 80 2. Legal Supervision of Trade 94 Chapter Four: Merchants and Economic Growth in lie Royale 105 1. -
The Ottawa: Traders of the Upper Great Lakes
THE OTTAWA: TRADERS OF THE UPPER GREAT LAKES THE OTTAWA: TRADERS OF THE UPPER GREAT LAKES 1615-1700 By LEO GILBERT WAISBERG, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University September 1977 MASTER OF ARTS (1978) McMaster University (Anthropology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Ottawa, Traders of the Upper Great Lakes AUTHOR: Leo Gilbert Waisberg, B.A. (York University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Richard J. Preston NUMBER OF PAGES: xxii + 203 ii ABSTRACT The fur trade of the Upper Great Lakes region during the 17th century is examined with the aid of ethnohistorical documents and source materials. Analysis is focused upon the role of the Ottawa, an important collection of native American middlemen, on the French- oriented fur trade. The Ottawa, a loose political federation of Algonkian-speaking peoples, exhibited a rather variable economic adaptation during this era; while territorial or ecological factors are considered in this study, it was concluded that social organizational 1 forms and economic relations were modified, significantly, and continually throughout the 17th century 7 by changing Ottawa perceptions of trade strategies. These perceptions revolved around traditional cultural norms and conventions as well as strictly market considerations such as supply/ demand fluctuations. The trade itself, a melange of European and native customs and orthodoxies, was manipu- lated in various ways to ensure high levels of consumption. In effect, the trade financed an intensification of traditional reciprocity, egalitarianism and factional politics; international relations were also affected, as iii the influx of wealth was used to extend the influence of Ottawa chiefs among other nations, or to engage in the subtleties of baroque power politics with the English and French. -
Introduction Section
INTRODUCTION 58 2.5 The Fur Trade along the Ottawa River Through the 17th century, an almost endless stream of men plied the Ottawa River on long and dangerous fur‐gathering expeditions. Their contribution to the fur trade was critical to the survival of New France. The Ottawa River was a route of choice for travel to fur‐harvesting areas, and was considered simply to be an extension of the St. Lawrence. The story of the fur trade along the Ottawa River can and should be told from at least two perspectives: that of the Europeans who crossed the ocean to a foreign land, taking great personal risks in pursuit of adventure and profit, and that of the First Nations Peoples who had been living in the land and using its waterways as trade conduits for several thousand years. The very term “fur trade” only refers to half of this complex relationship. From a European perspective, there was a “fur trade,” since animal (primarily beaver) pelts were the commodity in demand. First Nations groups, on the other hand, were engaged in a trade for needles, thread, clothing, fishing hooks, axes, kettles, steel strike‐a‐lights, glass beads, alcohol, and other goods, mainly utilitarian items of metal (Kennedy 88). A more balanced account of the fur trade10 along the Ottawa River begins with the context in which both trading parties chose to engage in an exchange of goods. 2.5.1 European Demand Change in the Ottawa River region in the 17th and 18th centuries was shaped in large part by European demand for beaver pelts.