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Coconut and Other Palm Use in Mexico and the Philippines*

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Coconut and Other Palm Use in Mexico and the Philippines* 20 PRINCIPES [VoL.28 Princtpes,28(1),1984, pp. 20 30 Coconutand Other Palm Use in Mexico and the Philippines* Pesro GuzN{AN-Rrvas The Spanish Galleons which sailed has exploited an abundantly distributed between Manila and Acaoulco from 1565 group of palms, a samplingof which fol- to l8l5 brought to Mexico merchandise lows:(l) and a limited number of Filipino settlers. Areca caliso Becc.-alcohol; ingre- In the Philippines, certain aspects of dtent for ihm6. material culture involving palms, espe- Areca catechz L.-ingredient for ikm5 cially the coconut, rest in a high degree (or buyo); black and red dyes; edible buds; of dependence of native economies on sheathing leaves for mats, hats, slippers, palms for many needs, ranging from etc.; source of tannin; vermifuge. essential foods to raw materials for man- Areca ipot Becc.-ingredient of buyo; ufacture and household industries. This also an ornamental. dependence is a trait which one would log- Arenga ambong Becc.-for its edible ically expect the Filipino immigrant to the buds. coastlands of southwest Mexico to have Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr.-the brought with him and to have transmitted well-known k,dong; vinegar, sugar, starch; to local peoples. edible seeds and buds; soft fiber (baro); bnrshes, brooms, alcohol, tubd. FilipinoUse of Palms Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc.-bas- kets. alcohol. ta6ri. A basic group of less than two dozen Calamus spp.-rattans: bent-wood, speciesof palms provide the natives of the stick-reed, cane-chairs, and furniture; food Philippines with foods and materials for and water; structural material; cordage. diverse requirements of the local econ- Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart.- omy: alcohol, bags, baskets, brooms, the anibong fish-tail palms, sources for brushes, buttons, charcoal, caulking, alcohol, barolt frber, starches, structural chairs, dyes, fertilizers, fibers, furniture, 'raincoats, materrals, tubd. fuel, hats, mats, ornaments, Cocos nucifera L.-niig, for baskets, rattans, slippers, starches, structural brooms, brushes, coir fiber, charcoal, fer- materials, sugars, tannin, thatching, vin- tilizer, food, oil, fuel, utensils, thatching, egars, and wines. Traditionally, the native structural material, vinegar, and wine. Corypha elata Roxb.-alcohol, bags, * This paper represents an edited version of chap- "Geographic baskets, beads, brooms, buri and bunta,l ter three of the study influences of the Galleon trade on New Spain," Reuista Geogrd.Jica fibers, foods, mats, slippers, starches, sug- (Mexico) 53: 5 81, 1960. It is reprinted with the ars, thatching, vinegar, tubd.. permission of the Instituto Pan-Americano de Geo- Daernonorops spp. rattans. grafia e Historia. Cenera and species have been cor- Heterospathe elata Scheff. buyo rected to conform to currently accepted names. The ingredient, food, pith-helmets. quotations in Spanish, German, and French irrcluded in the original have been translated into English. Liuistona. rotundifulia (Lam.) Mart.- Dennis Johnson, Field Editor. (and.ha.u,palma braua), structural mate- 21 l 9B4l GUZMAN.RIVAS:PALM USEIN MEXICO some rials, troughs and flues, poles, flooring, ing is a sampling of palms of food, thatching, palm-leaf raincoats. nomic value in southwest Mexico: Liuistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. Sabal mexicana Mart.-Palma brooms. redonda of Michoac6n and Guerrero; Metroxylon sa6'u Rottb.-alcohol' paLma reaL or de micheros, used as fruits fiber, food, mats, starches, thatching, thatching or for chair seats; edible structural materials, lri.bd. (micheros). Washingtonia robusta H. A. Wendl. Ittypa fruticans Wurmb.-alcohol, pctlmct bags, brooms, fibers, edible seeds, pith- palma blanca, palma colorada, (Lind.) helmets, mats, palm-leaf raincoats, sug- negra; and, Washingtonia flifera cultivated, ars, thatching (perh,apsthe most resistant H. A. Wendl. are commonly bas- to the elements), vinegar, fubd. with some importance for thatching, Phoenix Loureirii Kunth.-palm-leaf kets, cordage, food. (H.B.K.) Bl.- raincoat. Cryosophila nana of Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) Moore the palma de escr,tba,or soYamiche so-called buiga de china or bufiga de Michoac6n and Cuerrero. Brahea clulcis H.B.K.-structural iol6, often employed as a substitute for Areca catechlt in the preparation oI ikm5, material, thatching, food. the universal Filipino masticatory consist- Brahea spp.-palma blancct, Pa.lma and ing of betel pepper' lime and areca nut. negra, paLma de Tlaco; edible pulp The wide availability of these and many buds. other species of palms in limestone for- Phoenix da.ctylifera L.-widely culti- the mations, dense humid woods in mountain vated. It is interesting to note that slopes.in secondaryforesl'- sylvan areas- term ddtil is given to Muntingia cala- along tidal streams, and in fresh and buraL. and more often, in northern Mex- the brackish-water swamps provided native ico, lo Yuccn. spp. Howevet, dd'til in of Phoe- settlements with products sufficient to sup- Philippines is applied to the fruit port town industries. Outstanding, by far, nix, and appears in native flialects every- in the historicaland economicgeography where as such or in phonetic variants of many Philippine areas are l'{yPo, (ld.tires, rdtiles, etc.). (Lind. Arenga, Calamus, Corypha, and Areca. CaLyp tr ogyne ghie sbr eghtiana The primacy among palms everywhere, & H. A. Wendl.) H. A. Wendl.-thatch- from coastal areas to inland elevations uP ing. ro 4,500 feet. belong. to lhe coconut Chamaedorea tepejilctte Liebm. ex palm.'') Mart.-edible spathes. Orbignya cohune (Mart.) Dahlgr. ex MexicanUtilization of Palms Standley Acrocomia, mexicana Karw. ex contrast, the palm family in In sharp Mart.-coyol, edible; also an intoxicating is represented rather poorly by a \lerico liquor. small number of economic relatively Bactris spp. The family is better represenled species. In considering the list just given and economic flora of central and south- in the that for the economically useful palms of America. Apart from the introduced ern the Philippines, some points are to be the most valued individ- Cocos nucifera noted: ualsof Palmaerestricled to the soulhwesl Mexican coastlands are some members of I. Brahea dulcis is comParable to the genera Sabal, CryosophiLa, Brahea, Corypha elata of the Philippines in eco- Orbignya and. Acrocomirz.(tt)The follow- nomic value. The Mexican species is found PRINCIPES [Vor. 28 from Nuevo Le6n and Sinaloa in the north a culture complex based on the coconut to Oaxaca in the south, and is known in palm antedated the European in the Michoac6n and Guerrero as cocoiste, southeast Asiatic tropics. In the Pacific palma dulce, pa.lma de sombrero, palma tropics of the New World the coconut palm soyal, etc. It is also often used as struc- was to be found in at least the coastlands tural material, thatching and food. In spite from Panama to Colombia around the of a wide geographical distribution, its use- 1520s. Quite interestingly, it appears from fulness is known but not exploited. Bruman's researches that the coconut was 2. Cocos nucifera (known generally not introduced in southwest Mexico until only in the coco-series,such as cocotero, 1539 (probably in Colima).(s)The date is palma de coco, coco de agual, coco sienificant because it shows the relative decastillo, etc.) is cited by Standley as ,r"*rr"r, of the coconut palm grove as an being put to many uses in Mexico (struc- element of the landscape and the native tural material, rafts, thatching, tub6, food, economy in southwest Mexico at the time milk, vinegar, containers, etc.) approxi- of the entry of Spain in the Philippines in mately the same uses as those obtainable 1565. The early historical evidence from Orbignya cohune. However, as far reviewed by Bruman attesting to the pres- as one was able to observe in the tierra ence of the coconut palm in the New caliente of the sot.rthwestcoast, most of World shows the lack of any definite cul- the recorded uses for coconut could not ture complex associated with it locally, be verified. Apart from the exploitation of apart from the consumption of its nut. It the copra, other utilization was sporadic may explain why rnembers of L6pez de or non-existent. Legazpi's expeditionary staff, who could 3. It is evident that there is almost no be assumed to have had fair knowledge of correspondence between the Palmae of the native economies in at least sections Mexico and those of the Philippines. A of the southwest coast of Mexico, do not vexing puzzle is why Arengn, Nypa., Cor- appear to have been familiar nor cogni- ypha, and. Calarnus were not introduced zanr of the uses of the palm. Their in southwest Mexico, in the valley of encounter in the Visayas islands with the Tecom6n, in San Blas and Manzanillo, and versatile exploitation of the palm was in the lowlands of the Balsas and in Guer- apparently quite a revelation to them. rero, in spite of a long history of contact, Forty years after the probable date of through trade and migration, between the introduction into Colima, the coconut palm Pacific coastlands of Mexico and the Phil- groves do not appear as yet to have any ippines. strong impact on the economic geography of southwest Mexico. It is definitely known were abundant in Colima in The GoconutPalm that coconuts 1587, but curiously enough, some rela- The Coconutin the SouthwestMexi- ciones geogr6,f,cas torching on the coast- can Coastlands. The problem involving lands either make no mention of coconuts the center of origin of the coconut palm or mention them only incidentally. The "Relaci6n whether in the Old World regions such as de lTancitaro", for example, Indonesia and Malaysia, following de Can- goes into details about the productiveness dolle, oi in New World tropical coasts as of rhe tierra caliente and the commerce proposed by Cook-is a problem that in tropical fruits. without mentioning the "is enters only remotely in considering the coconut at all. Colima Spanish with role of the coconut palm in transplanting more then forty households these significant elements of southeast Asian Spaniards make a living from growing culture in Mexico.(a)It is quite certain that cacao trees and livestock raisinq .
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