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Site Effect Characteristics of Damage Concentrated Area Due to the 2003 Colima Earthquake (M7.6), Mexico

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Site Effect Characteristics of Damage Concentrated Area Due to the 2003 Colima Earthquake (M7.6), Mexico 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 2151 SITE EFFECT CHARACTERISTICS OF DAMAGE CONCENTRATED AREA DUE TO THE 2003 COLIMA EARTHQUAKE (M7.6), MEXICO T. Enomoto1, J. Lermo2, M. Navarro3, N. Abeki4, K. Masaki5 SUMMARY In 21st of January, 2003, Colima City, the capital city of Colima Province, was attacked the Colima Earthquake (M7.6) occurred in subduction zone along to the Pacific Coast of Mexico and suffered many damages for buildings which were one or two storied masonry or masonry wall with RC framed buildings. The epicentre was located about 200 km southeast far from Colima City. The estimated seismic zone was just northern area of the 1985 Michoacan, Mexico Earthquake (M8.1). Also there were many big earthquakes occurred in this subduction zone and, actually in 1995, Colima Earthquake (M7.9) was occurred at just northern area of the 2003 Colima Earthquake and serious damages of buildings were distributed in Manzanillo but the damages were very slight in Colima City. After the 1995 Colima Earthquake, the seismic microzoning was performed in Colima City using earthquake and microtremor measurements. So, we investigated the relationship between the damaged building distribution and the result of microzoning. And also, in order to investigate the ground shaking characteristics at damage concentrated area in Colima City, we observed microtremors densely, about 160 points, in this area. The damage concentrated area was divided into three regions, Region 1 was Villa de Alvarez region, Region 2 was historic center region and Region 3 was business region, were located and caught by small rivers. In averaged predominant period of surface shallow soil structures of each region, it’s about 0.11 and 0.56 sec in Region 1, about 0.13 and 0.4 sec in Region 2 and also about 0.17 and 0.33 sec in Region 3. And it’s not so clear but there appeared long period in H/V spectral characteristics, about 2.0 – 3.0 sec in all regions due to the deep soil structure.1Especially, in Region 1, we performed more detailed analysis about the site effect. INTRODUCTION The 2003 Colima, Mexico Earthquake (Ms7.6) occurred at 20:06:31 in 21 st January, 2003 (Local time), the epicenter had located at near the Pacific Coast in Mexico, and the heavy 1 1 Kanagawa Univ., Japan, 2 UNAM, Mexico, 3 Almeria Univ., Spain, 4 Kanto Gakuin Univ., Japan, 5 Aichi Institute of Technology, Japan damages for residents and building structures were distributed widely in Colima State and many damages were concentrated in Colima City, the capital city of Colima State. The epicentral distance was about 200km far from Colima City in south-west direction and the source region was located in subduction zone along to the Pacific Coast at Mexico. This subduction zone is very high seismic activity and then many big earthquakes which have large magnitude, it’s about 8.0 in Mw scale, for examples, the 1985 Michoacan, Mexico Earthquake (Mw8.2) had occurred in the just south region of the 2003 Colima Earthquake along to the subduction zone and recently the 1995 Colima, Mexico Earthquake (Mw7.9) had also occurred in the just north region of the 2003 Colima Earthquake. In the 1995 Colima, Mexico Earthquake, the damage concentrated area was very different from the area where were damaged due to the 2003 Colima Earthquake. The heavy damaged area due to the 1995 Colima Earthquake was Manzanillo City where is faced to the Pacific Coast but the heavy damaged area due to the 2003 Colima Earthquake was Colima City where is located at about 200km inside from the Pacific Coast and there were not so heavy damages in Manzanillo City. Of course, the location of epicenter, source region, scale of magnitude and damaged building characteristics were different between both earthquakes but it’s very strange that even if the epicentral distance of Manzanillo City was shorter than that of Colima City in the 2003 Colima Earthquake, but the damages in Colima City were heavier than those in Manzanillo City. One of the reasons that realized such difference in both earthquake, we thought that the underground conditions in deep structure and in shallow structure in this region, mainly concerned to the shallow soil conditions. After the 1995 Colima Earthquake, the microzoning study was performed in the damage investigation in Colima City by using microtremor observations and the investigated results were already reported. We have made the densely microtremor observations at damage concentrated areas in Colima City and evaluated the predominant frequency due to the shallow soil structures and compared with the building structures. In this paper, we would like to show the results of the distribution of the predominant period obtained from microtremor observation and the damages of building structures. OUTLINE OF THE 2003 COLIMA EARTHQUAKE 1) - 2) The epicenter was located at N18.22, W104.6 and the focal depth was about 10km deep. The magnitude was evaluated Mw7.6 [SSN] and also the several institute have estimated and reported and reported as Mw7.4 [Harvard Univ.] and Mw7.8[USGS]. The source parameters were estimated as L=60km, W=30km, M0=1.6x1020Nm and Dmean=1.5m and the source mechanism was also estimated as a low angle thrust type slip occurred in plate boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate. The main damaged areas were Colima State and Jalisco State indicated in Fig.1. As for the human damages, the death was 26, the injured was about 1000 [Reported at 23rd of January, 2003] and as for the damages of building structures were about 22000 in the damaged area, mainly in Colima State. Fig.1 Location of Epicenter and evaluated seismic intensity due to the 2003 Colima Earthquake of 23 January, 2003. Table 1 Statistical information about building damages Name of Town Total Number of Number of DamagedNumber of Slightly Number of Middle Number of Heavily Damage Ratio Heavily Damage Ratio Colima Prov. Buildings Buildings Damaged Buildings Damaged Buildings Damaged Buildings (DR) (HDR) (NN) (DN) (SN) (MN) (HN) （％） （％） Armeria 6,869 2,500 1,375 507 125 5.5 1.8 Colima（City） 32,315 6,801 1,148 1,122 1,208 5.5 3.7 Comala 4,524 413 113 86 214 5.7 4.7 Coquimatlan 4,387 1,334 451 577 307 13.6 7.0 Cuahtlemoc 6,514 367 171 116 80 2.1 1.2 Ixtlahuacan 1,305 604 0 513 91 26.6 7.0 Manzanillo 31,466 2,609 162 36 111 0.4 0.4 Minatitlan 1,989 341 67 274 0 6.9 0.0 Tecoman 22,851 5,124 158 301 203 1.5 0.9 Villa de Alvarez 20,110 2,200 248 465 603 4.2 3.0 Total 132,330 22,293 3,893 3,997 2,942 3.7 2.2 DR=（HN＋0.5*MN）/NN, HDR=HN/NN, Number of Heavily Damaged Building : Going to Demolish Villa de Alvarez Colima City Fig. 2 Location of cities and towns in Colima Province Table 1 and Fig.2 show the statistical information about the damages of building structures. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURE IN COLIMA CITY The geological condition in Colima City and its vicinity is related to the volcanic materials from the Colima Volcano which is located at about 100km far from Colima City in the north-east direction. Colima Volcano is very active in the recent volcanic activity and erupted in December, 2002, about one month before the occurrence of the 2003 Colima, Mexico Earthquake. In the south part of Colima City, there are widely distributed the basement rock constituted by limestone and the volcanic materials from Colima Volcano was stopped the flow down by the outcropped basement rock and accumulated and covered the basement rock. Basically, the ground surface is gently inclined from northeast to southwest direction influenced by the Colima Volcano’s activity. Colima City was developed on the deposit of the volcanic materials from Colima Volcano. The elevation of northeast area in Colima City where is the highest point is 540m high and of southwest area where is the lowest point is 440m high and ground surface level in the city area and its vicinity is gently inclined along to northeast to southwest direction as mentioned above. Fig.3 shows the geological situation in Colima City. The surface geology is different depending on the areas in the city and they are divided into 4 categories, (i) Acidic Volcanic Breccia (Bva), (ii) Arenaceous Conglomerate (ar-cg), (iii) Conglomerate (cg), (iv) Alluvial Stratum (al). According to the above mentioned categories indicated in Fig.3, the north-east part of Colima City is constituted by Andesite Conglomerate and the west part of Colima city is constituted by arenaceous conglomerate and the almost all area of Colima City is constituted by volcanic materials of Colima Volcano including Andesite Conglomerate. The area of southeast part of Colima City is developing the alluvial deposit and the depth of alluvial deposit is not so thick and, basically, the main soil materials are constituted by gravel stratum. And there are many small rivers which are flowing down from northeast to southwest direction according to the inclination of landform in Colima City. Damaged Area Fig. 3 Geological condition in Colima RESULTS OF MICROZONING STUDY 3) – 4) The profile of deep underground structure at the area of Colima City and its vicinity is not so clear but, in general, the basement rock is constituted by tuff and the depth of the volcanic materials covered the basement rock is estimated about 800m deep.
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