Etude Phytochimique Et Biologique Des Trois Alphitonia (Rhamnaceae) Endemiques a La Nouvelle-Caledonie

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Etude Phytochimique Et Biologique Des Trois Alphitonia (Rhamnaceae) Endemiques a La Nouvelle-Caledonie UNIVERSITE DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE UNITE DE FORMATION ET DE RECHERCHE DE PHARMACIE Ecole doctorale Science Technologie Santé THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE MENTION : PHARMACIE Spécialité : Phytochimie présentée et soutenue publiquement par Dima MUHAMMAD le 25 juin 2013 ETUDE PHYTOCHIMIQUE ET BIOLOGIQUE DES TROIS ALPHITONIA (RHAMNACEAE) ENDEMIQUES A LA NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE Sous la direction du Pr. Laurence VOUTQUENNE-NAZABADIOKO JURY Dr. Marc LITAUDON Rapporteur Dr. Mohamed HADDAD Rapporteur Pr. Catherine LAVAUD Président Pr. Sophie GANGLOFF Examinateur Dr. Alexandre MACIUK Examinateur Pr. Laurence VOUTQUENNE-NAZABADIOKO Directeur de Thèse 1 2 Remerciements Ce travail de thèse, dirigé par le Professeur Laurence VOUTQUENNE- NAZABADIOKO, a été réalisé au sein du groupe Isolement et Structure à l’Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR, UMR CNRS 7312), Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, en bénéficiant d’une bourse accordée par le ministère de l’enseignement supérieur de la Syrie. Tout d’abord, je tiens particulièrement à remercier l'ensemble des membres du jury qui m'ont fait l'honneur de leur présence. Je remercie Madame le Professeur Catherine LAVAUD tout d’abord pour m’avoir accueillie au sein de l’équipe Isolement et Structure et d'avoir accepté de juger ce travail. Madame le Professeur Sophie GANGLOFF pour son soutien lors de mon séjour dans le laboratoire de bactériologie, je lui suis également très reconnaissante de m’avoir fait l’honneur de juger ce travail. Tous mes remerciements à Monsieur le Docteur Marc LITAUDON, de l’Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (CNRS-ICSN) et à Monsieur le Docteur Mohamed HADDAD de l’Université Paul Sabatier PEPS-IRD, d’avoir accepté de se consacrer à la lecture de ce manuscrit et d’en être les rapporteurs, qu’ils soient assurés de ma profonde gratitude. Je remercie également Monsieur le Docteur Alexandre MACIUK de l’université de Paris Sud UPS-11 d’avoir accepté de juger ce travail. Je remercie très chaleureusement Madame le Professeur Laurence VOUTQUENNE-NAZABADIOKO d’avoir encadré ce travail. Ses conseils, son soutien et sa gentillesse m’ont été d’une grande aide pour l’aboutissement de ce travail, qu’elle soit assurée de ma profonde reconnaissance. 3 Je remercie également Monsieur le Professeur Jean-Hugues RENAULT, le Docteur Jane HUBERT et le Docteur Abdulmagid ALABDUL MAGID pour leurs aide et conseils scientifiques qui ont grandement contribué à la richesse de cette thèse. Madame le Docteur Hélène BOBICHON, je lui adresse mes plus vifs remerciements de m’avoir initiée et guidée à réaliser mes tests en cyto-toxicologie, qu’elle soit assurée de ma profonde gratitude. Je remercie également Monsieur le Professeur Mohammed NOUR de l’Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie de m’avoir confié ces plantes néo-calédoniennes. Je remercie le Docteur Dominique HARAKAT pour sa gentillesse et d’avoir accepté de réaliser les analyses en spectrométrie de masse. Je remercie toute l’équipe de RMN sous la direction de Monsieur le Docteur Jean-Marc NUZILLARD pour leurs conseils et de m’avoir permis de réaliser les analyses spectroscopiques de RMN. Je remercie également Nathalie LALUN, Chantal GRIMPLET et Mireille COUSINAT pour leur gentillesse et pour toutes les préparations faites pour que les tests biologiques soient réalisés dans les meilleures conditions. Un grand merci à tous les membres de l’équipe : Agathe, Charlotte, Nicolas, Benjamin, Anthony, à tous les doctorants et stagiaires (Nora et Alban) pour leur aide, leur bonne humeur et les repas partagés ensemble. Un merci spécial à Naima, qui était toujours présente, malgré la distance, pour m’encourager et m’aider à me redresser après chaque échec. A ma famille et à tous mes amis qui m’ont soutenue tout au long de ce travail. Finalement, je remercie toutes les personnes qui ont contribué d’une façon ou d’une autre à l’aboutissement de ce travail. 4 À mes parents, mes frères et sœurs À la Syrie 5 6 SOMMAIRE Liste d’abréviations 7 Introduction 11 I. Synthèse bibliographique 15 I.1. La Nouvelle-Calédonie "Richesse et Endémisme" 17 I.1.1. Types de végétation 18 I.1.2. Analyse des différentes unités taxonomiques de la flore des plantes 19 vasculaires de Nouvelle-Calédonie I.1.2.1. Les Ptéridophytes 19 I.1.2.2. Les Gymnospermes 19 I.1.2.3. Les Angiospermes monocotylédones 19 I.1.2.4. Les Angiospermes dicotylédones 19 I.2. Etude botanique 20 I.2.1. Place dans la systématique 20 I.2.2. La famille des Rhamnaceae (A. L. de Jessieu 1789) 22 I.2.2.1. Description botanique 23 I.2.2.2. Intérêt économique 24 I.2.2.3. Intoxications 24 I.2.3. Le genre Alphitonia 24 I.2.3.1. L’espèce Alphitonia neocaledonia 25 I.2.3.1.1. Description botanique 25 I.2.3.1.2. Habitat et répartition géographique 26 I.2.3.1.3. Les différentes utilisations d’A. neocaledonica 27 I.2.3.2. L’espèce Alphitonia xerocarpa 27 I.2.3.2.1. Description botanique 27 I.2.3.2.2. Répartition géographique 29 I.2.3.3. L’espèce Alphitonia erubescens Baill 29 I.2.3.3.1. Description botanique 29 I.2.3.3.2. Répartition géographique 30 I.3. Composition chimique des Rhamnaceae 31 I.3.1. Polyphénols 31 I.3.1.1. Les flavonoïdes 31 1.3.1.1.1. Les dérivés du 2-phénylchromone 32 1.3.1.1.2. Les dérivés du 2-phénylchromane 32 1.3.1.1.3. Les chalcones et aurones 33 7 I.3.1.2. Dérivés polyphénoliques isolés des Rhamnaceae 33 I.3.1.3. Dérivés phénoliques isolés du genre Alphitonia 36 I.3.2. Saponosides et triterpènes 37 I.3.2.1. Triterpènes pentacycliques 39 I.3.2.2. Triterpénoïdes tétracycliques 41 I.3.2.3. Phytostérols 42 I.3.3. Dérivés quinoniques 43 I.3.4. Alcaloïdes 46 I.3.4.1. Alcaloides cyclopeptidiques 47 I.3.4.2. Alcaloides de type isoquinoleïne 48 1.4. Propriétés biologiques des Rhamnaceae 51 1.4.1. Principales propriétés biologiques des métabolites secondaires 51 I.4.1.1. Composés phénoliques 51 I.4.1.2. Dérivés triterpéniques 51 1.4.1.3 Alcaloïdes 52 I.4.2. Approche ethnopharmacologique 52 II. ETUDE PHYTOCHIMIQUE DES TROIS ALPHITONIA 55 II.1. Etude phytochimique d’Alphitonia xerocarpa et Alphitonia erubescens 57 II.1.1. Etude phytochimique des branches d’A. xerocarpa 60 II.1.1.1. Identification des composés isolés de l’extrait acétate d’éthyle des 60 branches d’A. xerocarpa II.1.1.1.1. Détermination structurale du composé xb3 61 II.1.1.1.2. Détermination structurale des composés xb1 et xb2 70 II.1.1.1.3. Détermination structurale du composé xb4 75 II.1.2. Etude phytochimique des feuilles d’A. xerocarpa 79 II.1.2.1. Identification des composés isolés de l’extrait acétate d’éthyle 81 II.1.2.1.1. Détermination structurale du composé xf4 81 II.1.2.1.2. Détermination structurale du composé xf3 84 II.1.2.1.3. Détermination structurale du composé xf1 85 II.1.2.1.4. Détermination structurale du composé xf2 86 II.1.2.2. Identification des composés isolés de l’extrait hydro-alcoolique 90 II.1.2.2.1. Détermination structurale du composé xf17 90 II.1.2.2.2. Identification des saponosides xf5-xf9 à jujubogénine 97 II.1.2.2.2.1. Détermination structurale de la génine I (jujubogénine) 97 II.1.2.2.2.2. Détermination structurale des composés xf5 et xf6 106 II.1.2.2.2.3. Détermination structurale du composé xf7 111 8 II.1.2.2.2.4. Détermination structurale des composés xf8 et xf9 113 II.1.2.2.3. Identification des saponosides xf10-xf12 à 22α-hydroxy- 118 jujubogénine II.1.2.2.3.1. Détermination structurale de la génine II (22α-hydroxy- 118 jujubogénine) de xf10 II.1.2.2.3.2. Détermination structurale du composé xf10 119 II.1.2.2.3.3. Détermination structurale du composé xf11 121 II.1.2.2.3.4. Détermination structurale du composé xf12 124 II.1.2.2.4. Détermination structurale du saponoside xf13 128 II.1.2.2.4.1. Détermination structurale de la génine III 128 II.1.2.2.4.2. Détermination structurale de la partie osidique de xf13 131 II.1.2.2.5. Détermination structurale des saponosides xf14-xf16 dérivés du 132 16,17-seco-dammarane II.1.2.2.5.1. Détermination structurale de la partie osidique des composés 133 xf14-xf16 II.1.2.2.5.2. Détermination structurale de la partie aglycone du composé 134 xf16 II.1.2.2.5.3. Détermination structurale de la partie aglycone du composé 140 xf15 II.1.2.2.5.4. Détermination structurale de la partie aglycone du composé 142 xf14 II.1.2.2.5.5. Analyse des spectres de masse 143 II.1.2.2.6. Détermination structurale des flavonoïdes isolés de la fraction hydro- 146 alcoolique II.1.2.2.6.1. Détermination structurale du composé xf18 146 II.1.2.2.6.2. Détermination structurale du composé xf19 150 II.1.2.2.6.3. Détermination structurale des composés xf20 et xf21 153 II.1.2.3. Conclusion sur l’étude phytochimique des feuilles et branches 156 II.1.3. Etude phytochimique des écorces de tronc d’A. xerocarpa 158 II.1.3.1. Identification des triterpènes isolés de la fraction I 159 II.1.3.1.1. Détermination structurale du composé xe1 159 II.1.3.2.
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