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Alternativas Para Restauração Florestal De Pastagens Allan Camatta Mônico

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Alternativas Para Restauração Florestal De Pastagens Allan Camatta Mônico Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Alternativas para restauração florestal de pastagens Allan Camatta Mônico Tese apresentada para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Programa: Recursos Florestais. Opção em: Conservação de Ecossistemas Florestais Piracicaba 2019 2 Allan Camatta Mônico Licenciado e Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas Alternativas para restauração florestal de pastagens versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011 Orientador: Prof. Dr. SERGIUS GANDOLFI Tese apresentada para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Programa: Recursos Florestais. Opção em: Conservação de Ecossistemas Florestais Piracicaba 2019 2 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA - DIBD/ESALQ/USP Mônico, Allan Camatta Alternativas para restauração florestal de pastagens / Allan Camatta Mônico. – – versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011. - - Piracicaba, 2019 . 180 p. Tese (Doutorado) – – USP / Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. 1. Ecologia florestal 2. Restauração florestal de pastagens tropiais 3. Manejo da regeneração natural 4. Plantio de mudas I. Título 3 Dedico, à Deus, minha avó Ozília (in memoriam), meus pais e aqueles que verdadeiramente amam conservar e restaurar florestas! 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente agradeço à Deus, por toda luz e força na realização desse sonho e em cada passo de minha vida. Aos meus pais, pelo amor, exemplo e eterno incentivo à educação. Uma vida em contato constante e íntimo com a natureza, diante de todas as minhas aventuras, se materializa nessa tese apoiada por vocês! À minha avó Ozília (in memoriam), por sonhar que eu aprendesse a manipular bem uma calculadora. Ao meu amigo e orientador Prof. Sergius Gandolfi pela paciência, amizade, ensinamentos e eternas discussões. Aos meus queridos incentivadores da profissão e carreira acadêmica ainda na graduação, Prof. Dr. Felipe Zamborlini Saiter e Profa. Dra. Selma Hebling. À Luana Morello Barcellos, pelo companheirismo e apoio. Ao ―Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Bovinos de Corte do Instituto de Zootecnia de São Paulo, Sertãozinho, SP‖, de forma especial à diretora Dra. Joslaine Noely dos Santos Gonçalves Cirillo por ter aceitado prontamente a instalação do projeto de pesquisa no IZ e apoiado sua realização. Também agradeço à pesquisadora Maria Lucia Pereira Lima por toda atenção e ajuda dada na realização das atividades de campo no IZ. À todos os funcionários e amigos do IZ que em algum momento contribuíram para as atividades de campo. Agradeço especialmente ao Leu pela paciência e ajuda dedicada a mim e ao experimento. Também agradeço à Estela, que sempre cuidou de mim como um filho. Agradeço de coração à toda equipe IZ. Aos meus ―braços direitos‖ oficiais em campo: Renan, Wallacy, Welbert, Diego e principalmente ao Caio. Sem o suor e dedicação de vocês esse trabalho não seria possível. Meu muito obrigado. À todos colaboradores e estagiários que participaram das atividades em laboratório e campo: Fausto, Jão Pedro, Kiss, Gabriel, Jean, Nataniele, Olivia, Thayana, Janaína, Bruno, Anani, Thomas, Louise, Thamyres, Raíssa, Reinaldo, Sergio, Mônica, Josimar. À banca do exame de qualificação Dra. Débora Rother, Dra. Paula Meli e Prof. Dr. Ricardo Viani pelas críticas construtivas que fizeram ao trabalho. À banca da defesa do doutorado: Profa. Dra. Vera Lex Engel, Dr. Daniel Luis Mascia Vieira e Prof. Dr. Flavio Bertin Gandara Mendes. Obrigado pela pronta solicitude e dedicação. Ao Instituto Brasileiro de Análises – IBRA no apoio pela realização gratuita das análises químicas e texturais dos solos. Ao Instituto Terra pela doação de mudas e sementes para a realização do experimento. Aos esforços e pronto atendimento dos coletores de sementes Zé Severino, Carlos Tomé (Nativus sementes), Carlos Eduardo Bittencourt (Flora Tambaú) e Hélio (in memoriam). Ao viveiro Bioflora pelo empréstimo da motocoveadeira. De forma especial ao proprietário Dr. André Nave pelas dicas na concepção do projeto de pesquisa. Ao Prof. Dr. Miguel Cooper e ao técnico de laboratório Rossi pelo auxílio nas análises de densidade e umidade de solo. Ao Prof. Dr. José Leonardo Gonçalves pelas discussões sobre os solos das áreas e dicas de bibliografia. Também agradeço imensamente ao Sabino pela paciência e amizade, apoiando com os equipamentos e empréstimo dos canteiros. Ao Luis da Inovar Topografia e Geodésia, pela parceria para coleta de pontos com GPS. Ao Jose Waldemir Tomazini, da Usina São Francisco, que gentilmente cedeu os dados de precipitação. 5 Ao amigo Raul Marcilio Modenezi e seu pai, pelo apoio na compra de insumos. Ao amigo Marcel Pinton de Camargo, por todo apoio com os voos com drone. À Maria Andréia Moreno, do Lastrop, pelos contatos com os ajudantes e empréstimo dos germinadores. À Prof. Dra. Ana D. L. Coelho Novembre e à Helena Pescarin Chamma, pela ajuda com as análises das sementes. Aos companheiros de república durante o doutorado: Fábio, Luis, Rodrigo, Beiça, Josimar e Alexandre. À minha segunda família Ronaldo, Martinha, Pedro e Bruni pela acolhida e amizade nesses 10 anos de Piracicaba. Aos amigos especiais da família Lerf: Cris, Bel, Laíne, Leandro, Renato, Nino, Jeanne, Maria, Thaís Diniz, Thais Haddad, Cinthia, Michel, Ana Paula, Sergio, Vilinha, Rafa, Júlia Mangueira, Julia Barbosa, Tati, Kiss, Anani, Marininha, Mari, Débora e os que agora me fogem à memória. De forma especial agradeço ao Prof. Dr. Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues por ter me permitido mergulhar no mundo da restauração durante o estágio da graduação no LERF/ESALQ/USP. Agradeço de forma especial aos amigos lerfianos pelas forças dadas na identificação de plantas (Ana Paula), confecção do mapa (Cris), revisão dos resumos em inglês (Nino), análises estatística do Capítulo 1 (Rafa), curva de dominância-diversidade (Débora). Ao Pequeno, pela paciência e disposição na ajuda com as análises estatísticas. Aos técnicos do Lerf Flávio, Vande e principalmente ao Xicão, por todo apoio na logística de implantação do experimento. À Escola Superior de Agricultura ―Luis de Queiroz‖ e ao ―Programa de Recursos Florestais‖ por me permitirem cursar o doutorado. Em especial à querida Gi, por todo carinho, atenção e ajuda fornecida durante todo o período do curso. Valeu Gi. À Dra. Claudia Mira Attanasio pela atenção e apoio com o temático. Ao Centro Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ), pela bolsa de estudos concedida no início do curso (#140968/2016-4). Ao Fundo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), pelo suporte com a bolsa de estudos (#2016/16242-1) e através do Projeto Temático (#2013/50718-5). Por fim agradeço a todos que de alguma forma se envolveram com este estudo e contribuíram com a realização do mesmo, mas a memória não me permite recordar. Meu muito obrigado! 6 EPÍGRAFE As nossas preces são atendidas, não quando recebemos o que pedimos, mas quando somos desafiados a sermos, o que somos capazes de ser, em um caminho certo, de um viver feliz... (Vovó Ozília, in memoriam) 7 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 1. INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2. METODOLOGIA ........................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.1. Área de estudo.................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2. Delineamento experimental ............................................................................................................... 18 REFERÊNCIAS .................................................................................................................................................. 24 2. O EFEITO DO MANEJO DA REGENERAÇÃO NATURAL NA ESTRUTURAÇÃO FLORESTAL DE PASTAGENS ................................................................................................................................................ 35 RESUMO ............................................................................................................................................................. 35 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... 36 2.1. INTRODUÇÃO .............................................................................................................................................. 36 2.2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ............................................................................................................................... 43 2.2.1. Tratamentos utilizados ....................................................................................................................... 43 2.2.2. Coleta dos dados ................................................................................................................................ 45 2.2.2.1. Regeneração natural ....................................................................................................................................
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