DOCSLIB.ORG

Population Displacement Strategies in Civil Wars by Adam G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Population Displacement Strategies in Civil Wars by Adam G Making Migrations: Population Displacement Strategies in Civil Wars by Adam G. Lichtenheld A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Associate Professor Ron Hassner, Chair Associate Professor Saira Mohamed Associate Professor Leonardo Arriola Associate Professor Aila Matanock Summer 2019 Making Migrations: Population Displacement Strategies in Civil Wars Copyright 2019 by Adam G. Lichtenheld 1 Abstract Making Migrations: Population Displacement Strategies in Civil Wars by Adam G. Lichtenheld Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Berkeley Associate Professor Ron Hassner, Chair Why do armed groups uproot civilians in wartime? This dissertation identifies variation across civil wars in three population displacement strategies – cleansing, depopulation, and forced relocation – and tests different explanations for their use. I develop a new “assortative” theory of displacement, which argues that while some strategies (cleansing) aim to expel undesirable or disloyal populations, others (forced relocation, and perhaps depopulation) seek to identify the undesirables or the disloyal in the first place. When combatants lack information about opponents’ identities and civilians’ loyalties, they can use human mobility to infer wartime sympathies through “guilt by location.” Triggering displacement forces people to send costly and visible signals of loyalty based on whether, and where, they flee. This makes communities more “legible,” enabling combatants to use people’s movements as a continuous indicator of affiliation and allegiance; and to extract rents and recruits from the population. I therefore show that in some cases, displacement is attractive because it offers unique solutions to information and resource problems in civil wars by acting as a sorting mechanism and a force multiplier. To evaluate my theory, I adopt a multi-method, multi-level research design that focuses on displacement by state actors, the primary perpetrators of these methods. I introduce a new dataset of population displacement strategies in 160 civil wars (1945–2008), disaggregated by type, and conduct a series of quantitative tests. The data show that strategic displacement has been much more common in wartime than previously thought. I also find that, consistent with my expectations, different displacement strategies occur in different contexts and appear to follow different logics. Cleansing is more likely in conventional wars, where territorial conquest takes primacy, and when counterinsurgents have access to group-level identifiers that link civilians to an armed group. Forced relocation – the most common displacement strategy – is more likely in irregular wars, where identification problems are most acute, and when counterinsurgents lack access to other group-level heuristics for inferring civilian loyalties. The evidence indicates that cleansing follows a logic of punishment. The results for relocation, however, are consistent with the implications of my assortative logic: it is more likely to be employed by resource-constrained incumbents fighting insurgencies in 2 “illegible” areas – rural, peripheral territories – and it correlates strongly with state efforts to mobilize the population into civilian defense forces. While the cross-national analysis lends indirect support for my arguments, a series of case studies provide direct evidence for the assortative logic. Two in-depth case studies, of civil wars in Uganda and Syria, are based on extensive field research conducted between 2016 and 2019, including hundreds of interviews with perpetrators and victims of displacement. An additional chapter features three shorter case studies of conflicts in Burundi, Vietnam, and Indonesia. As the most comprehensive study of strategic wartime displacement to date, this dissertation challenges some core assumptions about a devastating feature of modern conflict and an increasingly salient issue in world politics. My findings have important implications for research on forced displacement, civil war, and political violence, and can inform policy efforts to prevent, mitigate, and better respond to wartime migrations and their myriad consequences. i For the victims; for the uprooted. ii Contents Contents ii List of Figures iv List of Tables vi 1 Introduction1 1.1 Purpose and Relevance............................... 3 1.2 The Argument in Brief ............................... 8 1.3 Definitions...................................... 10 1.4 Scope Conditions .................................. 17 1.5 What We Know About Wartime Displacement ................. 19 1.6 Research Design................................... 24 2 An Assortative Theory of Displacement 29 2.1 The Sorting Logic of Strategic Displacement................... 32 2.2 The Capturing Logic of Strategic Displacement................. 49 2.3 Alternative Explanations for Strategic Displacement.............. 60 2.4 Conclusion...................................... 64 3 Forced Relocation in Uganda 66 3.1 Rebellions in Uganda, 1986–2006 ......................... 68 3.2 Methods and Data Sources............................. 73 3.3 Evidence for the Assortative Logic of Displacement .............. 77 3.4 Alternative Explanations.............................. 98 3.5 Conclusion......................................108 4 Cross-National Analysis of Wartime Displacement Strategies 110 4.1 Data and Measurement...............................112 4.2 Analysis .......................................126 4.3 Robustness Checks and Additional Tests.....................140 4.4 Conclusion......................................150 iii 5 Comparative Evidence of the Assortative Logic: Burundi, Vietnam, and Indonesia 153 5.1 From Cleansing to Regroupment in Burundi ..................155 5.2 Strategic Hamlets in Vietnam ...........................165 5.3 Relocating the Acehnese in Indonesia.......................175 5.4 Conclusion......................................184 6 Cleansing and Depopulation in Syria 186 6.1 The Syrian Civil War ................................189 6.2 Methods and Data Sources.............................191 6.3 Displacement by Pro-Government Forces ....................195 6.4 Alternative Explanations..............................217 6.5 Conclusion......................................220 7 Conclusion 221 7.1 The Politics of Wartime Displacement ......................222 7.2 Scholarly Implications ...............................227 7.3 Policy Implications .................................231 7.4 Concluding Thoughts................................241 References 242 A Global Trends in Aid 278 B List of Interviews in Uganda 280 C Field Sites in Uganda 287 D Violent Events Data in Uganda 290 D.1 ACLED Data, by Region (Raleigh et al. 2010 and Author) . 291 D.2 UCDP GED Data (Sundberg and Melander 2013) . 293 E Coding Strategic Displacement 297 E.1 Previous Data Collection Efforts..........................298 E.2 SDCC Coding Procedure..............................301 F Robustness Checks for Cross-National Analysis 303 F.1 Binary Logit Results.................................304 G List of Interviews in Syria 324 G.1 List of Interviews in Syria .............................325 H Violent Events Data in Burundi 326 iv List of Figures 1.1 Frequency of Strategic Wartime Displacement by Perpetrator (1945–2008).... 8 1.2 Forced Displacement Framework........................... 13 1.3 A Typology of Strategic Wartime Displacement................... 16 3.1 Internal Displacement in Uganda (1987–2008).................... 73 3.2 Map of Field Research Sites in Uganda........................ 76 3.3 Sketched Logic of IDP Policy.............................. 83 3.4 Settlement Patterns in Northern Uganda....................... 85 3.5 IDP Camp Identification Letter ............................ 87 3.6 UPDF Personnel and Rebel Groups (1987–2008)................... 94 3.7 LRA Violence in Uganda (1990–2008).........................102 3.8 ADF Violence in Uganda (1995–2003).........................103 3.9 Abductions in Uganda (1992–2006)..........................105 4.1 Frequency of Strategic Wartime Displacement by Perpetrator (1945–2008) . 118 4.2 Prevalence of State-induced Displacement Strategies . 120 4.3 Predicted Probability of Strategic Wartime Displacement . 131 4.4 Strategic Wartime Displacement and Mass Killing, by Decade . 134 4.5 Strategic Displacement and Mass Killing (Irregular Wars Only) . 135 4.6 Predicted Probability of Forced Relocation (Irregular Wars Only) . 139 4.7 Incumbent Capacity (Irregular Wars Only) .....................140 5.1 Military Battles and Rebel Attacks in Burundi (1993–2006) . 163 5.2 Civilians Deaths from Rebel and Government Attacks (1993 – 2006) . 164 6.1 Forced Displacement in Syria (2011–2018)......................192 6.2 Scorched Earth Massacres in Syria (2011–2013)...................198 6.3 Monthly Deaths from Violence by Pro-Regime Forces, 2012–2016 . 201 6.4 Deaths due to Violence by Pro-Regime Forces, 2011 – 2018 . 202 6.5 ‘Safety Pass’ Dropped by the Syrian Army......................206 6.6 Population in Syria by Sect...............................214 7.1 Third-Country Resettlements of Refugees, 1985-2017 . 239 v A.1 Total Annual Net Official Development Assistance (ODA), 1960-2016 . 279 A.2 Total Annual Humanitarian Aid, 1970-2016.....................279 D.1 LRA Violence in Uganda (1990-2008), by District..................291
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Syria: 'Nowhere Is Safe for Us': Unlawful Attacks and Mass
    ‘NOWHERE IS SAFE FOR US’ UNLAWFUL ATTACKS AND MASS DISPLACEMENT IN NORTH-WEST SYRIA Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2020 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: Ariha in southern Idlib, which was turned into a ghost town after civilians fled to northern (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. Idlib, close to the Turkish border, due to attacks by Syrian government and allied forces. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode © Muhammed Said/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2020 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 24/2089/2020 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS MAP OF NORTH-WEST SYRIA 4 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 2. METHODOLOGY 8 3. BACKGROUND 10 4. ATTACKS ON MEDICAL FACILITIES AND SCHOOLS 12 4.1 ATTACKS ON MEDICAL FACILITIES 14 AL-SHAMI HOSPITAL IN ARIHA 14 AL-FERDOUS HOSPITAL AND AL-KINANA HOSPITAL IN DARET IZZA 16 MEDICAL FACILITIES IN SARMIN AND TAFTANAZ 17 ATTACKS ON MEDICAL FACILITIES IN 2019 17 4.2 ATTACKS ON SCHOOLS 18 AL-BARAEM SCHOOL IN IDLIB CITY 19 MOUNIB KAMISHE SCHOOL IN MAARET MISREEN 20 OTHER ATTACKS ON SCHOOLS IN 2020 21 5.
    [Show full text]
  • American University of Beirut Detection of Fake News in the Syrian
    AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT DETECTION OF FAKE NEWS IN THE SYRIAN WAR by ROAA AL FEEL A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science to the Department of Computer Science of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon January 2019 Acknowledgements I would like to use this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout my masters study and through the process of research- ing and writing this thesis. I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Fa- tima Abu Salem for giving me the opportunity to be involved in this research project and her invaluable guidance, patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and im- mense knowledge throughout this research. I am also grateful to the members of my thesis committee for all of their guidance throughout this process; your discussion, ideas, and feedback have been absolutely invaluable. I would also like to thank my friends at AUB who have shared this experience with me for all the fun we have had in this journey. And last but by no means least, I am extremely grateful to my parents and brother for all the love, support, and constant encouragement they have provided me with throughout my years of study. This accomplishment would not have been possible without you all. Thank you. v An Abstract of the Thesis of Roaa Al Feel for Master of Science Major: Computer Science Title: Detection of Fake News in the Syrian War After almost eight years of conflict, the humanitarian situation in Syria con- tinues to deteriorate year after year.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanctions Program: Syrien: Verordnung Vom 8. Juni 2012 Über Massnahmen Gegenüber Syrien (SR 946.231.172.7), Anhang 7 Origin: EU Sanctions: Art
    Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO Bilateral Economic Relations Sanctions Modification of 02.10.2017 with entry into force on 03.10.2017 Sanctions program: Syrien: Verordnung vom 8. Juni 2012 über Massnahmen gegenüber Syrien (SR 946.231.172.7), Anhang 7 Origin: EU Sanctions: Art. 10 Abs. 1 (Finanzsanktionen) und Art. 17 Abs. 1 (Ein- und Durchreiseverbot) Sanctions program: Syrie: Ordonnance du 8 juin 2012 instituant des mesures à l’encontre de la Syrie (RS 946.231.172.7), annexe 7 Origin: EU Sanctions: art. 10, al. 1 (Sanctions financières) et art. 17, al. 1 (Interdiction de séjour et de transit) Sanctions program: Siria: Ordinanza dell'8 giugno 2012 che istituisce provvedimenti nei confronti della Siria (RS 946.231.172.7), allegato 7 Origin: EU Sanctions: art. 10 cpv. 1 (Sanzioni finanziarie) e art. 17 cpv. 1 (Divieto di entrata e di transito) Amended Individuals SSID: 200-36113 Name: Saji' Darwish Title: Major General DOB: 11 Jan 1957 Good quality a.k.a.: a) Saji (Sajee, Sjaa) b) Jamil c) Darwis Justification: a) Holds the rank of Major General, a senior officer and former Commander of the 22nd Division of the Syrian Arab Air Force, in post after May 20112011. Operates in the chemical weapons proliferation sector and is responsible for the violent repression against the civilian population: as a senior ranking officer of the Syrian Arab Air Force and Commander of the 22nd Division until April 2017 he holds responsibility for the use of chemical weapons by aircraft operating from airbases under the control of the 22nd Division, including the attack on Talmenes that the Joint Investigative Mechanism reported was conducted by Hama airfield-based regime helicopters.
    [Show full text]
  • United States District Court for the District of Columbia
    UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL NOTICE GIVEN NO EARLIER THAN 7:00 PM EDT ON SATURDAY 9 JULY 2016 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CATHLEEN COLVIN, individually and as Civil No. __________________ parent and next friend of minors C.A.C. and L.A.C., heirs-at-law and beneficiaries Complaint For of the estate of MARIE COLVIN, and Extrajudicial Killing, JUSTINE ARAYA-COLVIN, heir-at-law and 28 U.S.C. § 1605A beneficiary of the estate of MARIE COLVIN, c/o Center for Justice & Accountability, One Hallidie Plaza, Suite 406, San Francisco, CA 94102 Plaintiffs, v. SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, c/o Foreign Minister Walid al-Mualem Ministry of Foreign Affairs Kafar Soussa, Damascus, Syria Defendant. COMPLAINT Plaintiffs Cathleen Colvin and Justine Araya-Colvin allege as follows: INTRODUCTION 1. On February 22, 2012, Marie Colvin, an American reporter hailed by many of her peers as the greatest war correspondent of her generation, was assassinated by Syrian government agents as she reported on the suffering of civilians in Homs, Syria—a city beseiged by Syrian military forces. Acting in concert and with premeditation, Syrian officials deliberately killed Marie Colvin by launching a targeted rocket attack against a makeshift broadcast studio in the Baba Amr neighborhood of Homs where Colvin and other civilian journalists were residing and reporting on the siege. 2. The rocket attack was the object of a conspiracy formed by senior members of the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad (the “Assad regime”) to surveil, target, and ultimately kill civilian journalists in order to silence local and international media as part of its effort to crush political opposition.
    [Show full text]
  • Was the Syria Chemical Weapons Probe “
    Was the Syria Chemical Weapons Probe “Torpedoed” by the West? By Adam Larson Region: Middle East & North Africa Global Research, May 02, 2013 Theme: US NATO War Agenda In-depth Report: SYRIA Since the perplexing conflict in Syria first broke out two years ago, the Western powers’ assistance to the anti-government side has been consistent, but relatively indirect. The Americans and Europeans lay the mental, legal, diplomatic, and financial groundwork for regime change in Syria. Meanwhile, Arab/Muslim allies in Turkey and the Persian Gulf are left with the heavy lifting of directly supporting Syrian rebels, and getting weapons and supplementary fighters in place. The involvement of the United States in particular has been extremely lackluster, at least in comparison to its aggressive stance on a similar crisis in Libya not long ago. Hopes of securing major American and allied force, preferrably a Libya-style “no-fly zone,” always leaned most on U.S. president Obama’s announcement of December 3, 2012, that any use of chemical weapons (CW) by the Assad regime – or perhaps their simple transfer – will cross a “red line.” And that, he implied, would trigger direct U.S. intervention. This was followed by vague allegations by the Syrian opposition – on December 6, 8, and 23 – of government CW attacks. [1] Nothing changed, and the allegations stopped for a while. However, as the war entered its third year in mid-March, 2013, a slew of new allegations came flying in. This started with a March 19 attack on Khan Al-Assal, a contested western district of Aleppo, killing a reported 25-31 people.
    [Show full text]
  • Complaint for of the Estate of MARIE COLVIN, and Extrajudicial Killing, JUSTINE ARAYA-COLVIN, Heir-At-Law and 28 U.S.C
    Case 1:16-cv-01423 Document 1 Filed 07/09/16 Page 1 of 33 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CATHLEEN COLVIN, individually and as Civil No. __________________ parent and next friend of minors C.A.C. and L.A.C., heirs-at-law and beneficiaries Complaint For of the estate of MARIE COLVIN, and Extrajudicial Killing, JUSTINE ARAYA-COLVIN, heir-at-law and 28 U.S.C. § 1605A beneficiary of the estate of MARIE COLVIN, c/o Center for Justice & Accountability, One Hallidie Plaza, Suite 406, San Francisco, CA 94102 Plaintiffs, v. SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, c/o Foreign Minister Walid al-Mualem Ministry of Foreign Affairs Kafar Soussa, Damascus, Syria Defendant. COMPLAINT Plaintiffs Cathleen Colvin and Justine Araya-Colvin allege as follows: INTRODUCTION 1. On February 22, 2012, Marie Colvin, an American reporter hailed by many of her peers as the greatest war correspondent of her generation, was assassinated by Syrian government agents as she reported on the suffering of civilians in Homs, Syria—a city beseiged by Syrian military forces. Acting in concert and with premeditation, Syrian officials deliberately killed Marie Colvin by launching a targeted rocket attack against a makeshift broadcast studio in the Baba Amr neighborhood of Case 1:16-cv-01423 Document 1 Filed 07/09/16 Page 2 of 33 Homs where Colvin and other civilian journalists were residing and reporting on the siege. 2. The rocket attack was the object of a conspiracy formed by senior members of the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad (the “Assad regime”) to surveil, target, and ultimately kill civilian journalists in order to silence local and international media as part of its effort to crush political opposition.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Configurations Contextualising Transformation Processes and Lasting Crises in the Middle East and North Africa Politik Und Gesellschaft Des Nahen Ostens
    Politik und Gesellschaft des Nahen Ostens Rachid Ouaissa · Friederike Pannewick Alena Strohmaier Editors Re-Configurations Contextualising Transformation Processes and Lasting Crises in the Middle East and North Africa Politik und Gesellschaft des Nahen Ostens Series Editors Martin Beck, Institute of History, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Cilja Harders, Institut für Politikwissenschaft, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Annette Jünemann, Institut für Internationale Politik, Helmut Schmidt Universität, Hamburg, Germany Rachid Ouaissa, Centrum für Nah- und Mittelost-Stud, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany Stephan Stetter, Institut für Politikwissenschaften, Universität der Bundeswehr München, München, Germany Die Reihe beschäftigt sich mit aktuellen Entwicklungen und Umbruchen̈ in Nor- dafrika, dem Nahen Osten, der Golfregion und darüber hinaus. Die politischen, sozialen und ökonomischen Dynamiken in der Region sind von hoher globaler Bedeutung und sie strahlen intensiv auf Europa aus. Die Reihe behandelt die gesa- mte Bandbreite soziopolitischer Themen in der Region: Veränderungen in Konfikt- mustern und Kooperationsbeziehungen in Folge der Arabischen Revolten 2010/11 wie etwa Euro-Arabische und Euro-Mediterrane Beziehungen oder den Nahost- konfikt. Auf nationaler Ebene geht es um Themen wie Reform, Transformation und Autoritarismus, Islam und Islamismus, soziale Bewegungen, Geschlechterver- hältnisse aber auch energie- und umweltpolitische Fragen, Migrationsdynamiken oder neue Entwicklungen in der Politischen Ökonomie. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf innovativen politikwissenschaftlichen Werken, die die gesamte theoretische Breite des Faches abdecken. Eingang fnden aber auch Beiträge aus anderen sozialwissen- schaftlichen Disziplinen, die relevante politische Zusammenhänge behandeln. This book series focuses on key developments in the Middle East and North Africa as well as the Gulf and beyond. The regions’ political, economic and social dynam- ics are of high global signifcance, not the least for Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Suheil Al-Hassan and the Syrian Army?
    Suheil al-Hassan and the Syrian Army's Tiger Forces By Lucas Winter Journal Article | Jul 22 2016 - 9:50am Suheil al-Hassan and the Syrian Army’s Tiger Forces Lucas Winter Introduction This paper looks at the genesis, evolution and growth of the Syrian Army’s “Tiger Forces” and their leader Suheil al-Hassan. The paper shows how Hassan has played an important role since conflict began in 2011. It attributes his transformation from special forces commander to leader of military campaigns to an ability to harness the Syrian Army’s full infantry, artillery and airpower better than any other loyalist field commander. Given the Syrian Army’s manpower shortages, rampant corruption and rivalry-laden bureaucracy, this is no small feat. Al-Hassan has become a key symbol in the Syrian loyalist camp, able to project more combined arms power than anyone else in Syria. His success on the battlefield comes less from tactical or strategic insights than from his ability to thrive within the loyalist camp’s opaque and rivalry-laden bureaucracy. For this he has become a symbol to regime supporters, proof that the war can be won by working within the system. Suheil al-Hassan and the "Tiger Forces" Suheil al-Hassan (September 2014) The Syrian Arab Army’s (SyAA) answer to Erwin Rommel is a man named Suheil al-Hassan. Nicknamed “The Tiger” (al-Nimr), al-Hassan has emerged as the SyAA’s best-known commander in the current Syrian War. Since 2012 he and his “Tiger Forces” have achieved a string of battlefield victories.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria Peace Talks in Geneva: a Road to Nowhere
    Syria Peace Talks in Geneva: A Road to Nowhere Radwan Ziadeh March 27, 2017 Syria Peace Talks in Geneva: A Road to Nowhere Radwan Ziadeh On March 3, 2017, the United Nations’ Special Istanbul. The anti-government protests Envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura, concluded intensified but were not under the opposition’s the last round of Syria peace negotiations in control. At the same time, the international Geneva by saying that it was a step forward community was focused elsewhere—on the fall because it succeeded in securing a final agenda of the Qadhafi regime and its aftermath. for another round of talks. The UN Security Council was united enough to It is interesting to note that the new measure of pass Resolution 1973 to “protect the civilians” of progress in peace talks, according to the United Libya by all necessary means. However, the Nations, is to create an agenda for the next council later became divided and polarized on round of talks! This reflects exactly how the Syria when Russia and China began to veto negotiations in Geneva have become: a goal statements critical of the Syrian regime. In 2011 unto themselves, instead of providing a bridge and 2012, the council could not issue any to end the Syrian crisis, now entering its seventh condemnations of the continued violence by the year. Syrian government against its own people because Russia used its veto twice. Prelude to the Geneva Communiqué of 2012 The Syrian opposition realized the need for After the eruption of the Syrian uprising in building an international coalition outside the 2011, the Syrian opposition faced the mammoth security council which could develop some task of building and structuring itself quickly.
    [Show full text]
  • Consumed by War the End of Aleppo and Northern Syria’S Political Order
    STUDY Consumed by War The End of Aleppo and Northern Syria’s Political Order KHEDER KHADDOUR October 2017 n The fall of Eastern Aleppo into rebel hands left the western part of the city as the re- gime’s stronghold. A front line divided the city into two parts, deepening its pre-ex- isting socio-economic divide: the west, dominated by a class of businessmen; and the east, largely populated by unskilled workers from the countryside. The mutual mistrust between the city’s demographic components increased. The conflict be- tween the regime and the opposition intensified and reinforced the socio-economic gap, manifesting it geographically. n The destruction of Aleppo represents not only the destruction of a city, but also marks an end to the set of relations that had sustained and structured the city. The conflict has been reshaping the domestic power structures, dissolving the ties be- tween the regime in Damascus and the traditional class of Aleppine businessmen. These businessmen, who were the regime’s main partners, have left the city due to the unfolding war, and a new class of business figures with individual ties to regime security and business figures has emerged. n The conflict has reshaped the structure of northern Syria – of which Aleppo was the main economic, political, and administrative hub – and forged a new balance of power between Aleppo and the north, more generally, and the capital of Damascus. The new class of businessmen does not enjoy the autonomy and political weight in Damascus of the traditional business class; instead they are singular figures within the regime’s new power networks and, at present, the only actors through which to channel reconstruction efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Picador December 2019
    PICADOR DECEMBER 2019 PAPERBACK The Inflamed Mind A Radical New Approach to Depression Edward Bullmore Worldwide, depression will be the single biggest cause of disability in the next twenty years. But treatment for it has not changed much in the last three decades...until now. In this game-changing book, University of Cambridge Professor of Psychiatry Edward Bullmore reveals the breakthrough new science on the link between depression and inflammation of the body and brain. He explains how and why we now know that mental disorders can have their root cause in the immune PSYCHOLOGY / system, and outlines a future revolution in which treatments could be PSYCHOPATHOLOGY / specifically targeted to break the vicious cycle of stress, inflammation, and DEPRESSION depression. Picador | 12/31/2019 9781250318169 | $18.00 / $24.50 Can. Trade Paperback | 256 pages | Carton Qty: 32 The Inflamed Mind goes far beyond the clinic and the lab, representing a whole 8.3 in H | 5.4 in W new way of looking at how mind, brain, and body all work together in a Includes 15 black-and-white illustrations throughout sometimes-misguided effort to help us survive in a hostile world. It offers insights into the story of Western medicine, how we have got it wrong as well as Subrights: UK: Short Books; tr.: The Gener right in the past, and how we could start getting to grips with depression and Company; 1st Ser: Picador, Aud.: Picador other mental disorders much more effectively in the future. Other Available Formats: Hardcover ISBN: 9781250318145 • For readers of Atul
    [Show full text]
  • The 12Th Annual Report on Human Rights in Syria 2013 (January 2013 – December 2013)
    The 12th annual report On human rights in Syria 2013 (January 2013 – December 2013) January 2014 January 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Genocide: daily massacres amidst international silence 8 Arbitrary detention and Enforced Disappearances 11 Besiegement: slow-motion genocide 14 Violations committed against health and the health sector 17 The conditions of Syrian refugees 23 The use of internationally prohibited weapons 27 Violations committed against freedom of the press 31 Violations committed against houses of worship 39 The targeting of historical and archaeological sites 44 Legal and legislative amendments 46 References 47 About SHRC 48 The 12th annual report on human rights in Syria (January 2013 – December 2013) Introduction The year 2013 witnessed a continuation of grave and unprecedented violations committed against the Syrian people amidst a similarly shocking and unprecedented silence in the international community since the beginning of the revolution in March 2011. Throughout the year, massacres were committed on almost a daily basis killing more than 40.000 people and injuring 100.000 others at least. In its attacks, the regime used heavy weapons, small arms, cold weapons and even internationally prohibited weapons. The chemical attack on eastern Ghouta is considered a landmark in the violations committed by the regime against civilians; it is also considered a milestone in the international community’s response to human rights violations Throughout the year, massacres in Syria, despite it not being the first attack in which were committed on almost a daily internationally prohibited weapons have been used by the basis killing more than 40.000 regime. The international community’s response to the crime people and injuring 100.000 drew the international public’s attention to the atrocities others at least.
    [Show full text]